ICT - 095 - Unit 2 - Week 3 - S version.pdf

ICT095: Information Technology Basics Fall 2023/2024 Week 3 Reference: Technology In Action, 17th edition, published by Pearson © 2022 Unit 2: Overview of different areas of IT • Software ❑ Application Software ❑ Database ❑ Software Engineering ❑ Programming 2 Software (What?) A set of instruc...

ICT095: Information Technology Basics Fall 2023/2024 Week 3 Reference: Technology In Action, 17th edition, published by Pearson © 2022 Unit 2: Overview of different areas of IT • Software ❑ Application Software ❑ Database ❑ Software Engineering ❑ Programming 2 Software (What?) A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. • An instruction set (program) helps users to interact with and use the computer. How is software created? 1. Proprietary (or commercial) software: Created by companies for profit and then sold to you. 2. Open-source software: Available free of charge and with few licensing and copyright restriction. Types of software: - Application software - System software 3 Application Software (What?) The software you use to do tasks at home, school, and work. (Examples) • Web browsers • Virus protection software • Backup and recovery software Luenendonk, M. (2022, December 2). What is Application Software: Types and Examples | FounderJar. FounderJar. https://www.founderjar.com/application-software/ 4 Application Software Software distribution 1. Local installation: • Paying a one-time fee for either an electronic download or a disc of the software. • Software can be run anytime ( no internet connection required). • Given the option to upgrade to a new version by repaying for a repurchase or an upgrade. 5 Application Software Software distribution (Cont. ) 2. Software as a service (SaaS): • A vendor hosts the software online. • The software is accessed over the Internet(no installation required on HDD). • The program can only be used when connected to the Internet. • Often free of charge. • Not as full-featured as locally installed versions. Examples: Google Docs and Microsoft Office Online 6 Application Software Software distribution (Cont. ) 3. Subscription: • Requires monthly or annual fee to use the software. • After the fees are paid, the software will become available for download and installation on the computer. • Software can be used without an internet connection. Examples: Adobe Creative Cloud, Microsoft Office 365 7 Application Software Most common way for buying a software • Software is purchased online and downloaded to the computer. • If the used machine has an optical drive (a DVD or Blu-ray reader), the software can be purchased in disc form (Gaming consoles software). • Mobile devices software are sold electronically through online sites. Examples: App Store (Apples), Microsoft Store (Microsoft), Google Play (Google ) 8 Application Software • If you are a student, you can buy substantially discounted software that is not different from regularly priced software). • Microsoft and Adobe, often offer their products to students at a discount. • Some software developers offer beta versions of their software free of charge. • Beta version: An application that is still under development. Why do Beta version exist? To help developers find errors, or bugs reported by their program users. Beta version Risks? (Think) 9 Application Software • Users are advised to upgrade software periodically. • Software developers improve the functionality of their software by releasing a software upgrade. • Subscription or using the cloud-based SaaS model are upgraded automatically. • In between upgrades, developers will make available software updates (software patches). 10 Application Software Software Licenses: An agreement between the user, and the software company which outlines the acceptable uses of the program. • Software don’t belong to users. • Users purchase a license. • Single license vs multiuser licenses. • Open-source software requires Public License. Can you use a Software on your device when you don’t own the license? • No, it is considered a participation in software piracy. 11 Database (What?) A collection of related data that can be stored, sorted, organized, and queried • If a database isn’t set up correctly, you may end up not getting the type of information you are seeking. (Why?) • Manages large amounts of data efficiently. • Enables information sharing. • Promotes data integrity. Database Monitoring. (n.d.). Rakuten India. https://corp.rakuten.co.in/technology-innovation/observability/database-monitoring/ 12 Database How do databases make information sharing possible? Data Centralization • A centralized source ensures that everyone can access the same data. • Many databases control who has access to the data ( data security) 13 Database How do databases ensure that data is accurate? Data integrity ( accurate and reliable) Data integrity checks would prevent a duplicate entry. • Large and complex databases can be time-consuming and expensive to set up and administer. Database administrator: An IT professional who is responsible for designing, constructing, and maintaining databases. 14 Database Types of databases 1. Flat Databases: Represented as a list or simple table. • Most word processing and spreadsheet applications have tools to help you create a flat database. Disadvantages of flat databases: • Duplication • Inconsistency • Inappropriate data • Incomplete data 15 Database Types of databases 2. Relational Databases: Operates by organizing data into various tables based on logical groupings • Most commonly used type of database. Relationship: A link between tables that defines how the data is related. 16 Database 2. Relational Database (Cont. ) Relationships types: • One to many relationship: A record appearing only once in one table while having the capability of appearing many times in a related table. • One to one relationship: For each record in a table, there is only one corresponding record in a related table. • Many to many relationship: Multiple records in one table being related to multiple records in a second table and vice versa. 17 Database 3. Object-oriented database It handles unstructured data, such as audio clips, video clips, pictures, and extremely large documents better. • Due to the greater variety of data used in businesses, object-oriented databases are becoming more popular. • Data needs to undergo a costly conversion process 18 Database Database management system (DBMS): A software that allows a computer to perform database functions. DBMS Operations: 1. Storing and defining data. 2. Viewing, adding, deleting, and modifying data. 3. Querying (extracting) data 4. Outputting data. 19 Database Defining data How are data organized in a relational database? A. Fields: ▪ Displayed in columns. ▪ Each field is identified by a field name. B. Records: A group of related fields (rows) C. Tables: A group of related records 20 Database Storing data • Data can be manually entered into a database (inefficient) (Why?) • Most databases import data from other files (web-based data, spreadsheets, data from other database) Input forms: Used to control how new data is entered into a database. 21 Database Structured Query Language (SQL) • To extract records from a database, you use a query language. • Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, IBM DB2, and MySQL are examples of popular databases that use SQL 22 Database Outputting data • Information is derived by querying, sorting, and filtering the data. • We use reports to represent information (output). Alternate Row Colours in Microsoft Access 2007 Report | Database Solutions for Microsoft Access | databasedev.co.uk. (n.d.). http://www.databasedev.co.uk/alternate_rows_2007.html 23 Software Engineering (What?) An engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production. • Software engineering is concerned with the practicalities of developing and delivering useful software. Why is it important? • To produce reliable and trustworthy systems economically and quickly. Software process: A sequence of activities that leads to the production of a software product. Sommerville, I. (2011, January 1). Software Engineering. Addison Wesley Longman. 24 Software Engineering Software process models: A simplified representation of a software process. Waterfall model: A plan driven process that includes cascaded phases. • The result of each phase is one or more documents that are approved. • The following phase should not start until the previous phase has finished. Waterfall Model Sommerville, I. (2011, January 1). Software Engineering. Addison Wesley Longman. 25 Programming • People face a wide array of tasks on a daily basis. • Some tasks are complex and require creative thought and a human touch. • Repetitive tasks which follow a series of clear steps are candidates for automation with computers. • Automation is achieved through programming. • knowing the basics of programming is important to help people use computers productively. • Basic programming knowledge enables users to add features that support their personal needs • Macros: A small program that groups a series of commands to run as a single command. 26 Programming (What?) The process of translating a task into a series of commands that a computer will use to perform that task. Program development life cycle (PDLC): 1. Describing the problem 2. Making a plan 3. Coding 4. Debugging 5. Testing and documentation. Cartoon Computer - Unlimited Download. cleanpng.com. (n.d.). cleanpng.com. https://cleanpng.com/png-computer-programming-programmer-clip-art-coder-png-115378/ 27 Programming 28 Programming What kind of problems can computer programs solve? ▪ Repetitive tasks. ▪ Tasks that work with electronic information. ▪ Tasks that follow a series of clear steps are good candidates for computerization. What kinds of problems can computers not solve? ▪ Problems requiring intuition or spontaneous creativity. • Computers don’t think as humans do. They can only follow instructions and algorithms. 29 Programming How do programmers create problem statements? • Data: The raw input that users have at the start of the job. • Information: The result, or output, that the users require at the end of the job. • Method: The process of how the program converts the inputs into the correct outputs. How do programmers handle bad inputs? • Error handling: Describing what the program should do if the input data is invalid. • Testing plan: lists specific input numbers that the programmers would typically expect the user to enter. 30 Exercise What are the three elements of the following problem statement? Say you want to compute how much money you’ll earn working at a parking garage. Your salary is $7.50 per hour for an eight-hour shift, but if you work more than eight hours a day, you get time and a half, which is $11.25 per hour, for the overtime work. To determine how much money, you will make in any given day, you could create a simple computer program to do the work for you. 31 Programming Standard format for a problem statement • Most companies have their own format for documenting a problem statement. • All problem statements include the same basic components: ▪ Input ▪ Output ▪ Processing ▪ Error handling 32 Programming Problem Statement for the Parking Garage Example 33 Programming Programming languages • New languages emerge every year, and existing languages change dramatically. • All programming languages have four common elements: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Rules of syntax Keywords set A group of supported data types A set of allowed operators Types And Programming Languages Text - Unlimited Download. cleanpng.com. (n.d.). cleanpng.com. https://www.cleanpng.com/png-types-and-programming-languages-computer-programmi2621548/download-png.html 34 Programming Syntax: an agreed-upon set of rules defining how a language must be structured Statement: Sentence in a code Syntax error: Violations of the strict, precise set of rules that define the programming language L. (2020, April 20). R if else elseif Statement. Learn by Example. https://www.learnbyexample.org/r-if-else-elseif-statement/ 35 Programming Program written in C++ 36 Thank You 37