HUM 1 Midterm Notes PDF

HUM 1 - MIDTERM NOTES >Literary Genres, Figures of Speech, Contextual Reading Approach LITERARY GENRES Prose - is a form of literature that uses ordinary language and has a natural flow of speech. Poetry - is a genre of literature that uses imaginative and often rhythmic language to express an ide...

HUM 1 - MIDTERM NOTES >Literary Genres, Figures of Speech, Contextual Reading Approach LITERARY GENRES Prose - is a form of literature that uses ordinary language and has a natural flow of speech. Poetry - is a genre of literature that uses imaginative and often rhythmic language to express an idea, evoke emotion, or tell a story. Fiction - any story or novel that is created from the author's imagination, as opposed to being based on facts or real events. Sub-genres of Fiction: 1. Thrillers - Use cliffhangers, red herrings, and story twists to keep readers guessing until the very end. 2. Epistolary - Are the works of fiction that are written in the form of letters or other documents. 3. Horror - Plot and characters are tools used to elicit a terrifying sense of dread 4. Historical - Involves actual historical figures or events within historical settings 5. Romance - Centers around love stories between two people. 6. Speculative Fiction - Knows no boundaries; there are no limits to what exists beyond the real world. 7. Utopian - Societies viewed as better than the one in which we live. 8. Dystopian - Societies viewed as worse than the one in which we live. 9. Science Fiction - Are speculative stories with imagined elements that don’t exist in the real world. 10. Steampunk - Sub-genre of science fiction that incorporates retro futuristic technology and aesthetics inspired by 19th century industrial steam powered machinery 11. Cyberpunk - Tends to focus on a combination of lowlife and high tech 12. Biopunk - Focuses on biotechnology rather than mechanical cyberware and information technology. 13. Fantasy - Are speculative fiction stories with imaginary characters set in imaginary universes. 14. Magical Realism - Depict the world truthfully, plus add magical elements. 15. Realist Literature - Are set in a time and place that could actually happen in the real world. 16. Flash Fiction - A genre of fiction, defined as a very short story. Also known as sudden fiction , short-short stories, micro-fiction or micro-stories. 3 Characteristics of Flash Fiction: Brevity - compresses an entire story into the space of a few paragraphs. A complete plot - it has a beginning, middle, and end. Surprise - incorporates surprise usually in the form of a twist ending or an unexpected last line. 17. Chick Lit - Generally deals with the issues of modern women humorously and lightheartedly. 18. Mystery - The nature of an event, usually a murder or other crime, remains mysterious until the end of the story. Non-Fiction - A genre which encompasses essays, biographies, memoirs, and other written works that are based on facts and real events. Sub-genres of Non-Fiction: 1. History - Consists of true accounts of historical eras and events. 2. Biographies, Autobiographies, & Memoirs - Focuses on the life story of a particular subject. Biographies - written in the third person about someone other than the author. 3. Autobiographies - a factual and historical account of one’s entire life from beginning to end. Memoirs - the author shares their memories from a specific time period or reflects upon a string of themed occurences throughout their life. 4. Travel Guide - Offer suggestions and practical information for travelers bound for a particular destination. 5. Travelogues - Recount an author’s specific experience traveling somewhere 6. Academic Texts - Designed to instruct readers on a particular topic. 7. Philosophy & Insight - Runs the gamut from traditional philosophy to scientific theories, to analysis of scientific or cultural phenomena. 8. Journalism - A broad subgenre of non-fiction and one that encompasses many media. 9. Self-help & Instruction - Talks about managing finances, boosting self-esteem, staying organized, building relationships, and succeeding in business. 10. Guides & Manuals - Focused on specific skills. 11. Humor & Commentary - Analysis and reflection on real-world events are distilled through the prism of an author’s point of view. 12. Drama - The portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the performance of written dialog that can be performed on stage, on film, radio 13. Comedy - Lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provides a happy conclusion. 14. Tragedy - Use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death.  15. Farce - A nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or engages slapstick humor. 16. Melodrama - An exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly to the senses of the audience 17. Musical Drama - Dramatists not only tell their stories through acting and dialogue, but through dance as well as music. Poetry - a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words Poems - a composition that uses words to evoke emotions in an imaginative way; a form of self-expression that knows no bounds Textula - entire poems are written and read on mobile phones; its origins to traditional tagalog form of poetry called Tanaga Contextual Reading Approaches - This is a method of analyzing a text within the context of its historical and cultural setting, as well as its textuality. - It includes examining the author’s background to understand how it influences their work. Biographical Approach - Understanding the author's life can help you understand his or her work thoroughly. - Reading the author's biography or autobiography helps you see how his experiences shape his or her work directly and indirectly. Sociocultural Context - is the way in which the features of the society it is set in impact on its meaning. There are two aspects to social context: the kind of society in which the characters live, and the one in which the author’s text was produced. Historical Context - is entangled with its social context, as underlying norms and convention are historically specific. Cultural Context - is related to the society where individuals are raised in and at how the culture affects behavior. It incorporates values that are learned and attitudes that are shared among groups of people. It includes beliefs, meanings, customs, ideas, language, norms. The four aspects of cultural context are setting, lifestyle, purpose, and falling action. Applying the theory: - FIRST STAGE: recognition and recall - SECOND STAGE: readers explore the cultural context - THIRD STAGE: readers respond to the text Social context can affect the extent to which writers and readers share common experiences and expectations about a text. Cultural context will affect the fundamental assumptions, beliefs, and aspirations that they bring to the reading of a text. FIGURES OF SPEECH - a phrase or word having different meanings than its literal meanings. It conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to another, which has connotation or meaning familiar to the audience. That is why it is helpful in creating vivid rhetorical effect - is not only used to embellish the language, but also cause a moment of excitement when reading 1. Personification - When a writer gives human traits to non-human or inanimate objects. 2. Hyperbole - An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. 3. Understatement - intentionally downplays or minimizes the significance or intensity of a situation, often to be rhetorical or satirical or to (counterintuitively) create emphasis.  Ex: “You killed my family. And I don't like that kind of thing." 4. Simile - It involves comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid. - Uses “like”, “as” 5. Metaphor - Is a comparison between two things that are otherwise unrelated. 6. Pun - Manipulation of words that have more than one meaning, this plays with words that have multiple meanings or words that sound similar but mean different things Types: - Homophonic Pun: when your pun relies on the way words sound alike but have different meanings and spellings Ex: A bicycle can’t stand on it’s own because it is two-tired. - Homographic Puns: are defined as words that are spelled the same way but have different meanings Ex: Always trust a glue salesman. They tend to stick to their word. - Compound Puns: include two punny words in one statement or they rely on the sound of two words blended together to make a joke. Ex: Everyone thinks my runny nose is funny, but it’s snot. 7. Alliteration - The repetition of an initial consonant sound. Ex: "She sells seashells by the seashore." 8. Anaphora - The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. Ex: "Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the wrong time on the wrong day." 9. Antithesis - The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases. Ex: "Keep your friends close and your enemies closer." 10. Apostrophe - Directly addressing a nonexistent person or an inanimate object as though it were a living being. Ex: "Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to." 11. Assonance - Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words. Ex: "How now, brown cow?" 12. Chiasmus - A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed. Ex: “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate” John F. Kennedy 13. Antimetabole - Inverse structure using the same words Ex: “Pleasure’s a sin, and sometimes sin’s a pleasure.” 14. Euphemism - The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. Ex: “He’s not poor- he’s economically disadvantaged.” Adult entertainment > Pornography Ample proportions > Obese or fat Armed intervention > War Batting for the other side > Homosexual Between jobs > Unemployed Bun in the oven > Pregnant 15. Irony - The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Ex: "Oh, I love spending big bucks," said my dad, a notorious penny pincher. 16. Litotes - Consists of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Ex: “A million dollars is no small chunk of change. 17. Metonymy - A word of phrase is substituted for another with which it's closely associated. Ex: "The power of the crown was mortally weakened." 18. Onomatopoeia - The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. Ex: “The clap of thunder went bang and scared my poor dog.” 19. Oxymoron - Incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side Ex: We went to the dry lake. 20. Paradox - A statement that appears to contradict itself. Ex: "This is the beginning of the end," said Eyore, always the pessimist. 21. Synecdoche - A part is used to represent the whole. Ex: “Tina is learning her ABC's in preschool.” 22. Repetition - A figure of speech where a word or phrase within a sentence is repeated. Ex: He came, He saw, He conquered. (The pronoun ‘He‘ is repeated thrice for emphasis.)