HIST 102 Exam.pdf

HIST 102 Exam #1 Lecture Outline (Fall 2024) HISTORICAL DEBATES OVER HISTORY Key Concepts Historical debates about the purpose of history Relevance of history to the present Lecture Outline What is purpose of history? Why study it? Can it change? “whether...

HIST 102 Exam #1 Lecture Outline (Fall 2024) HISTORICAL DEBATES OVER HISTORY Key Concepts Historical debates about the purpose of history Relevance of history to the present Lecture Outline What is purpose of history? Why study it? Can it change? “whether the purpose of American history is to make Americans proud of the nation’s glorious past or to encourage citizens to reflect on its moral failures” Examples of different versions of history and relevance to the present IMMIGRATION/RISE OF THE CITY Key Concepts Gilded Age robber barons and relationship with American economy and people Rise of the cities and the challenges immigrants faced coming into the U.S. in the late -Gilded Age- A critic tee on the outside not so in the inside Example: Everyone said America is good but in reality in not so good. -Robber Barons: Someone who becomes head of an industry Example of Robber Barons: John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, J.P Morgan, Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffet, Elon Musk, Mike Zukerberg. THE INDUSTRAIL REVOLUTION MADE PEOPLE LIVE CLOSER TO THEIR WORK BECAUSE THEY CREATED OUR FIRST COMMUNITY AND PEOPLE BACK THEN HAD TO WALK MILES AND MILES TO WORK SO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION MADE IT EASIER FOR PEOPLE TO GO TO WORK. Glided: Meaning coated in gold but not solid gold In-migration- meaning somone who moves to different parts of the same country 1880-1920: OLD NEW IMMIGRANTS COULDN’T COME IN THIS LARGE AMOUNT OF PEOPLE. 1900-1912: UNITED STATES ADDED 1 MILLION NEW IMMIGRANTS EVERY SINGLE YEAR WHITE NO ANGLO IRISH SAXON WEED PRASITINS APPLY - New York City 1859 - 20% of Americans lived in a city - Unpathed roads - Small buildings - 1900- double to 40% of Americans lived in a city - 1920 50% - 1860, No city had no population over 100,000,000 - 1890, 3 cities had 100,000,000 people NYC, Chicago, Philadelphia - 1900, NYC had 3.5 million people - 1890 Chicago 3x in 20 years 19th/early 20th centuries Discrimination, violence, and intimidation as methods of social control Lecture Outline Gilded Age o Robber Barons ▪ Nelson Rockefeller ▪ JP Morgan ▪ Andrew Carnegie ▪ Cornelius Vanderbilt Population growth o Technology o Declining quality of life o Immigration Where did they come from? What were they like? Why did they come? Push/pull factors ▪ New vs. Old Immigrants- NEW IMMIGRANTS - SOUTHERN/EASTERN EUROPE - CATHLOICS, JEWISH, AND ACCORDOX - ITALIANS HIGHLY ILL-LITERATE - ETHNIC - POOR - WRITE IN NATIVE LANGUAGE OLD IMMIGRANTS - NORTHERN/WESTERN EUROPEANS - PARISTIN - WEALTHY - HIGHLTY LITERATE - CULTURE - FOOD ▪ Ellis Island- THE STOPPING POINT FOR MOST IMMIGRANTS COMING FROM THE EAST (NYC) (COMING FROM EUROPE) (CHECK POINT) Angel Island: THE STOPPING POINT FOR IMMIGRANTS COMING FROM THE WEST COAST (CALIFORNIA) Nativism- Xenophobia (fear of FORIENERS (OUTSIDERS)) o American Protective Association- APART OF NATIVISM  - ROMAN CATHOLICS - FOUNDED IN 1887 - FEARS- JOBS AND OPPORTUNITIES - 1882- WORLD WAR II BANNED - CHINESE IMMIGRANTS o Immigrant "threat" in workforce- IN 1850 CHINESE IMMIGRANTS WERE PROMSIED OF JOBS AT RAILROADS o Dumbbell tenements- BECAUSE OF HOW BUILDINGS LOOKED (THEY WERE SHAPED AS DUMBELLS BECAUSE OF HOW SMALL THEY WERE.) Chinese Exclusion Act- CALIFORNIA PEOPLE COMPLAINED BECAUSE OF SCHOOLS AND GROWING AND LEARNING WITH IMMIGRANT KIDS. IT STOPPED AFTER WORLD WAR II BECAUSE WE WERE ALLIES WITH THE CHINESE BECAUSE WE BOTH WERE AGAINST JAPAN AND PEARL HARBOR. CHINESE WERE COMING ILLGEALY FROM NORTHERN (CANADA) AND SOUTHERN (MEXICO) BORDERS. DIFFERENT COMPANIES USE THE CHINESE EXLUSION ACT TO HELP SALES AND PROMOTE BOTH THE COMPANT AND THE ACT. Comparison to treatment of Black Americans (ie, lynching)o “justifications” for lynching Many people were lynched down south but still were a lot of lynching in other states. There were crowds who would come watch these lynches, and white citizens thought it was a fun gathering to watch another black person get lynched. o Jesse Washington: Hanging, burning, Jessie Washington was burned and hung. In 1960, at 17 years old, he had mental delays, and accused of murdering a white woman which was also his boss. He was not given a fair trial, instead, was lynched by white citizens. o Mary Turner: A pregnant woman, that was lynched, and the white citizens cut her belly open and took the baby out and killed the baby and Mary Turner. IMPERIALISM Key Concepts Justifications for U.S. expansion, imperialism, and examples of empire building in the late 19th century Teddy Roosevelt’s continuation of American imperialism Lecture Outline IMMPERIALISM: Alfred Thaher Mahan- THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY 1660-1783 (1890) HE HAD THE ABILITY TO CONTROL THE SEA EVERYONE HAD POWER TO DO SO THE UNITED STATES NEEDS A NAVY, IF WE REVAMPED OUR NAVY THEN WE NEED A COUPLE OF KEY NEEDS INCLUDING AN EMPIRE, OWN NAVAL BASE AROUND THE WORLD. THE UNITED STATES HAD A UNQUIE PROBLEM WICH WAS GEOGRAPHY PANAMA CANAL WAS A CANAL TO SLOVE THIS PROBLEM. SAW A BIG INCREASE IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY BEFORE 1898 THE UNITED STATES WAS 10TH RANK NAVY AFTER SPANISH AMERICAN WAR UNITED STATES WAS 5 TH RANK NAVY AFTER WORLD WAR II UNITED STATES WAS 1ST RANK NAVY  Justifications for expansion: o "Old” Manifest Destiny o Frontier Thesis - HE GOES TO THE CONFERENCE AND READS HIS ARTICLE SENSES FROM (1890)- POPULATION -HIS ARGUMENT WAS “FRONTIER IS CLOSED” THERE IS NO FRONTIER -HE MEANS ENOUGH PEOPLE LIVED IN WEST & EAST AND WEREN’T LIVING THE AMERICAN DREAM KEEP GOING WEST MORE OPPORTUNITES THEN NO MORE. AFTER THIS POINT WE JUST LIKE EUROPE NO MORE OPPORTUNITY LEFT. o “New” Manifest Destiny - MORE ABOUT EXPANDING OUTSIDE THE USA BORDERS - US INVOLVMENT IN HAWAII - QUEEN LILOKILANI LIKED THE IDEA OF THE US COMOING AND BUYING LAND UNTIL EXTRACTING MORE MONEY AND LAND FROM HAWAII. - THEY FORCED THE KING OUT OF HAWAII AND THE US INTRODUCED QUEEN LILOKILANI - SHE DENIED THEM AND WENT TO US PRESIDENT MCKINNELLY AND ASKED FOR HELP BECAUSE SHE LIED. - THEY PUT THE QUEEN ON HOUSE ARREST AND STOLE HAWAII FROM HER - DURING THIS PROCESS PRESIDENT MCKINNELY GETS DETAILS ABOUT HER LYING AND PAUSED EVERYTHING UNTIL THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR - CUBA REVOLUTION - COLONY OF SPAIN - SPAIN DID NOT HAVE MUCH LET IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE - 1850-60S, CUBANS FIGHTING SPANISH RULE Hawaii o Queen Liloukilani Cuban Revolution o “Yellow Journalism” o deLome letter o USS Maine Spanish American War o Teller Amendment o Commodore George Dewey/Philippines o Rough Riders o Buffalo Soldiers - USA IS WATCHING REALLY CLOSELY BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO GO MILES AWAY FROM THEIR HOME - CUBA IS FIGHTING FOR THEIR INDEPENDENCE - THEY SYMPHIZE WITH EACH OTHER - AS US IS WATCHING WE SEE A NEW TYPE OF JOURNALISM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” - IT WAS CALLED YELLOW BECAUSE THEY WERE YELOW - PEOPLE CALLED GENERAL WYLLER CALLED HIM GENERAL BUTCHER WYLLER - MCKINNELY TRIES TO WORK OUT A DEAL - SPANISH SAYS THEY WILL RELEASE THEM FROM CONCENTRATION CAMPS - IT BACKFIRES AND US NEWSPAPER WANT TO SEE WAR - MCKINNELY DOES NOT WANT IT AND SPANISH TALK SMACK TO MCKINELY - SPAIN WILL NOT GRANT INDEPENDENCE TO CUBA - DE LOME LETTER WAS SUPPOSE TO BE A PRIVATE LETTER TO MCKINNELY BUT TURNS OUT TO BE PULISHED TO THE PUBLIC - 6 DAYS LATER THE USS MAINE WAS ANCHORED IN CUBA, AND THE USS MAINE EXPLODED - SPANISH THOUGHT IS WAS AN ACCIDENT - US THOUGHT SPAIN DID IT AND PUT A BOMB INSIDE BUT TRULY IS WAS SOME OTHER ACCIDENT. - ROOSEVELT (GENERAL FOR THE NAVY) WAS CONVINCED THAT IS WAS NOT AN ACCIDENT - AND DECALRED WAR WITH SPAIN ON MARCH 8, 1988 CALLED THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR- “ A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR” - THE WAR WAS VERY SHORT FROM APRIL-AUGUST 1988 - 1 MILLION MEN FOUGHT IN THE WAR - 500 WOUDNED AND KILLED  - IT WAS A SUCCESFUL WAR FOR THE US- SHINY NAVY, DEFEATED THE SPANISH IN PHILIPINES, PHILIPENIES WAS A COLONY OF SPAIN. - 2 FRONT WAR IN CUBA AND PHILIPINES - ROOSELVT SENDS TROOPS/NAVY TO PHILIHPINES TO FIGHT “BATTLE OF MANILA WAY” - TOLD PEOPLE TO FIGHT THE SPANISH IN PHILIPINES - ROOSEVELT THEN GOES TO CUBA HIMSELF TO FIGHT CUBA AND DROPS DOWN FROM SECERTARY OF NAVY AND FOUGHT HIMSELF IN CUBA. - TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERS GO TO CUBA TO FIGHT - ROUGH RIDERS: TEDDY THOUGHT THEY WERE READY FOR WAR - THEN THERE WAS BUFFALO SOLDIERS THAT WERE ALL BLACK SOLDIERS - THE BUFFALO SOLDIERS WERE THE FRONT LINE OF THE WAR FOR THE US GOING INTO THE WAR BECAUSE ROOSEVELT DID NOT CARE IF THEY DIED BECAUSE THEY WERE BLACK. - ROUGH RIDERS THAT WERE WHITE DID NOT WANT TO FIGHT WITH BUFFALO SOLDERIS BLACKS. - THE US PROMISES THAT AFTER CUBA WINS ITS INDEPENDECE THAT THE US WON’T TAKE CUBA AUTOMATICALLY - US PASSES THE TELLER ADMENDMENT- WHICH SAYS THE US ENTER THIS WAR IN ORDER TO HELP CUBA’S INDEPENDENCE - MCKINNELY NOW FINNALY GOT HAWAII BECAUSE WE GOYT A COLONY IN PHILIPINES. o Treaty of Paris (1898) Provisions 1. Cuba is Independent (free) 2. United States gets some of Spain’s stuff (Philippines, Puerto Rico, Island of Guam) 3. Spain gets paid 20 million (Spain doesn’t want to sign this treaty). *Significant because the US is finally an empire* Platt Amendment (1901) Conditions for Cuban Independence: 1. Cuba’s not allowed to make treaties with any country without the United States permission.  2. The US could intervein in Cuba’s politics, economic policies, anytime the US wanted too. 3. Cuba was required to sell or lease land so that the US can build a Naval base THAT ONLY THE UNITED STATES CAN USE, in Cuba’s land. Foraker Act 1900 Puerto Rico- Not independence Puerto Rico- APART OF THE USA NOW. Roosevelt Foreign Policy o Panama Canal- A canal that France started digging from Panama ONLY SOME OF IT, then they gave up on it, then the US did the rest. THIS WAS TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S BIGGEST AND BEST ACCOMPLISHMENT. o Great White Fleet: A ship that sailed all around the world to display a type of force- had a problem with Japan. “NEW NAVY” It sailed to Toyoko to show how powerful the US Navy was to show intimidation. PROGRESSIVISM Key Concepts Goals of the Progressive Movement and how Teddy Roosevelt was an agent of change How Taft and Wilson continued the Progressive agenda Election of 1912 and splits in the Republican Party that led to Wilson’s victory Women’s activism for social uplift (and how it carries into the present day) Lecture Outline Muckrakers- This was meant as criticism and states of different things. o Upton Sinclair- Upton Sinclair was a muckraker who wrote the novel, The jungle, after going undercover to see what real life was like for immigrant workers. It was about an immigrant family who came to the US for a better life and better jobs, but instead found employers, landlords, and bankers who exploited them. The main character worked in a meat packing plant Chicago, and Sinclair shows how super nasty the meat industry was at the time, worth meat that had rats and human they needed a socialist revolution. He is significant because Teddy Roosevelt read the book, threw legislation to get the Pure Food and Drug Act into law. o Lewis Hine- A person who took pictures of working children and was trying to bring awareness to the fact that children were working because they had small hands and things that could get into small areas that adults couldn’t, and they would get paid very less such as 2 cents. And this resulted in laws that were required. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire- A fire that new immigrants and that women would work in sewing machines, and the owner would lock the workers inside of the room and they had to spend all day sewing clothes and other materials and had to eat at the station and only got let outside to use the bathroom, and a fire broke out and all women were trying to get out, because there was a fire, but the owner locked the door so women started jumping out the window to try not to get burned but ended by dying because the jump was too high. Square Dealo Consumer protection ▪ The Jungle (1906)- A novel written from Upton Sinclair and was about the lives that these immigrants’ workers would lie, and that they were told to come to America for a better life and better jobs but turned out to be false and had to work in low high-intensity labor jobs such as meat packing. ▪ Pure Food and Drug Act- An act that did not require any type of sanitation and required to label everything that was going into products and list what is inside of the product. o TR and Trusts: Department of commerce and labor Strengthened the interstate ▪ Department of Commerce and Labor ▪ Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) o TR and the Environment