NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health PDF

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health İstanbul Kent University Nutrition and Dietetic Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Topics Week 1 Basic Demographic Concepts and...

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health İstanbul Kent University Nutrition and Dietetic Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Topics Week 1 Basic Demographic Concepts and Data Sources Week 2 Demographic Indicators Week 3 World population Week 4 Population Structure and Change Week 5 Fertility/ Mortality Week 6 Migration and Urbanization Week 7 Midterm Week 8 Population Policies/ Population and Nutrition Week 9 Maternal and Child Health Week 10 Anthropometric Indicators of Nutrition Week 11 Sustainable Development Goals Week 12 Homework Presentation Week 13 Homework Presentation Week 14 Homework Presentation Week 15 Final Exam Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Structure and Change Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Structure One of the most important characteristics of populations is their heterogeneity. age They are the most basic characteristics in demography: gender Other characteristics include education level, occupations, ethnic group, marital status, place of residence, etc. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Structure All characteristics of the population have an impact on the calculation of rates of demographic change. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Gender Structure of the Population Demographic events differ by gender: Only women can give birth. Men are more likely to die than women. While being born/dying, more men are being born/dying. Men are more likely to migrate. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Age Structure Age Completed/ Finished Age It shows how many full Exact Age years have passed since the This refers to the person's person's date of birth. It is completed age from the checked whether the date of birth to the present, birthday is celebrated or plus the number of years not. This age definition also lived to the current age. includes ages with zeros. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Age Structure We use the completed age more than the exact age. Because it is much easier to calculate the completed age than the exact age. For the exact age, only the years need to be calculated. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Age Reporting Errors Age not known Age rounding up/down Age misreporting Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Age Reporting Errors Age not known It is often the case that the person was not registered in the population on time, for the reasons that there is no need to know his/her age or that he/she has a low level of education. In fact, the date of birth is better known than age because the date of birth is fixed, whereas age is a constantly changing phenomenon and can be more difficult to keep in mind. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Age Reporting Errors Age not known SOLUTION: Proportional Distribution ❖ Proportional distribution is the distribution of the age of those whose age is unknown to those whose age is known. ❖ However, this distribution is used when the number of unknown ages is small. ❖ If the proportion of unknown ages is high (5-10% and above), it is important how to distribute them, and using this method causes errors. For example, if most of those who do not know their age are elderly, we can include some of them in the young population by proportional distribution. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Age Rounding/ Aggregation ❖ Preference for ages ending with certain numbers. This preference is usually for ages ending in 0 and 5. ❖ Although not as much as 0 and 5, there may also be clusters on 2 and 8. Such errors can be detected both visually and mathematically. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Age Misreporting Age aggregation is a form of age misreporting. Misreporting often seen; In societies where the traditional structure dominates, where age is a prestige Age increasing Among men who have reached military service age but have not yet done their military service Age reduction Among women who have never been married in societies where the phenomenon of marriage is important Age reduction SOLUTION: False declarations are very difficult to detect and correct. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Key Indicators for Age and Gender Structure: Median Age Gender Ratio Dependency Ratio Population Pyramids Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Median Age The age that divides the population into two equal parts. The value in the middle after the age distribution of the population is sorted in ascending order. Half of the population is younger, and half is older than the median age. Median median calculation for classified data: Lo: Lower limit of the age group in which the p/2nd person falls fo: Total population of the age group of the p/2nd person ∑fo: Is the sum of the populations of all age groups before the age group of the p/2nd person Lecturer i: The width of the age group that the p/2nd personBeyzanur belongs to ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Gender Structure and Proportions of the Population Demographic indicators of gender structure; General Gender Ratio: Number of men per 100 women in total population Age Specific Gender Ratio: Number of men per 100 women of a given age Sex Ratio at Birth: Number of boys born for every 100 girls born pK: female population pxK : Female population at age xbK : number of girls born pE: male population pxE : Male population at age x bE : number of boys born Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Gender Structure and Proportions of the Population Number of males per 100 females in the 0-14 age group (overall sex ratio) = 105,3 Number of males per 100 females in the 60-74 age group (overall sex ratio) = 91,9 Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Dependency Ratios The general dependency ratio shows the numerical size of the dependent population that is dependent on producers. The 15-64 age group is the producer group. In a society, the 0-14 age group under the age of 15 and the population over the age of 65 are the consumer group. The consumer group depends on the producer group. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Dependency Ratios General dependency ratios (GDRs) are a rough indicator. The group considered to be productive also includes the unemployed. If desired, this group can be calculated separately. Then the real dependency ratio can be revealed. In developed countries, the dependent population is small, and the productive population is large. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Dependency Ratios P0-14 dependent group Child dependency ratio (CDR)= P15-64 producer group Elderly dependency ratio (EDR)= P65+ dependent group P15-64 producer group P0-14 + P65+ General (total) dependency ratio (GDR)= dependent group P15-64 producer group P65+ dependent group I Elderly-child ratio (ECR)= P0-14 dependent group II P0-14 : Population under 15 years of age P15-64 : Population aged 15 years and over Population under 65 years Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL P65+ : Population aged 65 and over Nutrition and Dietetic  Dependency Ratios Example; 2010 population in province A; 0-14 years old population= 1.318.546 Population aged 65 and over= 126.550 Population aged 15-64= 2.123.111 Child Dependency Ratio= 0-14 age group/15-64 age group x 100 CDR= 1.318.546/ 2.123.111 x 100= %62.1 Commentary: In 2010 in Province A; 62.1%: In the province, for every 100 productive population (15-64 years old) there are 62 child dependent population (0-14 years old). Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Dependency Ratios Example; 2010 population in province A; 0-14 years old population= 1.318.546 Population aged 65 and over= 126.550 Population aged 25-64= 2.123.111 Elderly Dependency Ratio=65 and over/15-64 age group x 100 EDR= 126.550/ 2.123.111 x 100= %5.9 Commentary: In 2010 in Province A; 5.9%: For every 100 producers (aged 15-64), there are 5.9 elderly consumers (aged 65 and over). Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Dependency Ratios Example; 2010 population in province A; 0-14 years old population= 1.318.546 Population aged 65 and over= 126.550 Population aged 25-64= 2.123.111 General (Total) Dependency Ratio=0-14 years and 65 years and over/15-64 age group x 100 GDR 1.445.096/ 2.123.111 x 100= %68.0 Commentary: In 2010 in province A; 68.0%: For every 100 productive population (15-64 years old), there are 68 child or elderly consumers. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Dependency Ratios In countries with very high fertility; Child dependency Elderly dependency In countries with low fertility; Child dependency Elderly dependency Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Pyramid A population pyramid is a twin histogram made of bars. It became the standard and general rule that men were written on the left of the pyramid and women on the right. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Pyramid When population growth is high, the population pyramid takes the shape of a typical pyramid. It has a shape that is wide at the base and narrows towards the top Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Pyramid If the base of the population pyramid is wide, this means the population is increasing. In other words, fertility is high. The fact that the pyramid narrows towards older ages means that the risk of mortality is lower in these age groups due to the higher risk of mortality. It is a graph of underdeveloped/developing countries. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Pyramid Population pyramid when there is no population growth (population is stable); It changes from a pyramid to a rectangular shape. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Pyramid Fertility and mortality rates are low. There is a low youth population, and the population is concentrated in older ages. A narrow base in the population pyramid means that the new generation is smaller than the previous generation, which is a sign that the population has started to decline. This is the graph of developed countries. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey In Turkey, policies to increase population continued until the mid-1950s. These were generally based on economic grounds. In 1929, families with more than 5 children were exempted from some taxes. In 1930, medals were awarded to families with 6 or more children. A law passed in 1930 banned the import, sale and distribution of all contraceptive and abortion-inhibiting devices and equipment. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies in Turkey In the same period, abortion and other practices that would prevent childbearing were criminalized. In 1926, the legal marriage age was set at 18 for men and 17 for women in the Turkish Civil Code, but in 1938 it was lowered to 17 for men and 15 for women. Laws were also enacted to encourage the migration of Turkish descendants living abroad to the homeland. In 1934, laws were enacted to facilitate the resettlement and settlement of muhajirs and refugees. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey In the 1950s, problems related to rapid population growth began to be voiced. Distorted Economic Unemployment Urbanization Recession Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey In 1965, Law No. 557 on Population Planning was enacted. There has been a shift from pronatalist policies to antinatalist policies (encouraging contraceptive use). Abortion is permitted when the pregnancy threatens the mother's health or when it is known that the child will be born with a disability. The import, distribution and sale of contraceptives has become legal. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies in Turkey Today, one of the challenges facing emerging economies, including Turkey, is the decline in the rate of population growth and the increase in the rate of aging. Both situations can threaten the sustainability of countries' social security systems after a certain level. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey There is no such threat for our country yet. However, our population is not growing as fast as before. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey The ratio of the population aged 65+ to the general population tends to increase. On the other hand, the age groups 0-14 and 15-65 are on the decline. Population rate by age group, 1935-2080 Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey Structural change in population pyramid continued Population pyramids are the graphs that show the changes in the age-sex structure of population. When the population pyramids of Turkey were compared for the years 2007 and 2023, it was seen that the elderly population and median age increased due to the decline in fertility and mortality rates. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey The child dependency ratio, which measures the number of children per working-age person, decreased from 32.3% to 31.4%, while the elderly dependency ratio, which measures the number of elderly people per working-age person, increased from 14.5% to 15%. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey The producer group between the ages of 15-64 increased, the dependent group of children between the ages of 0-14 decreased, and the number of dependents over the age of 65 has increased. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey The general median age in Turkey increased from 33.5 in 2022 to 34 in 2023. When analyzed by gender, the median age increased from 32.8 to 33.2 for males and from 34.2 to 34.7 for females. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey According to the United Nations population estimates, the world population was 7 billion 975 million 105 thousand 156 people, and the elderly population was 782 million 998 thousand 642 people in 2022. According to these estimates, 9.8% of the world population was elderly population. The three countries that had highest proportion of elderly population were Japan with 29.9%, Italy with 24.1% and Finland with 23.3%, respectively. Turkey was in the 66th rank among 184 countries. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies in Turkey The world average child population rate was 30.0% in 2022. It was observed that the child population rate in Turkey remained below the world average with 26.5%. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey Mean years of schooling for the population aged 25 and over was 9.3 years in 2023. In 2023, the mean years of schooling for women was 8.6, while for men it was 10.1 years. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey While the rate of associate degree, bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctorate degree aged 25 and over in the total population aged 25 and over was 9.8% in 2008, this increased to 24.6% in 2023. While the rate of those who graduated from upper secondary school and over in the mentioned age group was 26.5% in 2008, this rate was calculated as 48.3% in 2023. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  THANKS [email protected] Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic