Grade 7 Colonisation of the Cape 17th-18th Centuries PDF

Name: INDIGENOUS INHABITANTS OF THE CAPE IN 17TH CENTURY The indigenous inhabitants of the Cape during the 17th century were the San. They were known as huntergathers yet eventually became the first pastoralists in southern Africa, as they acquired domestic stock while living in present day Botswa...

Name: INDIGENOUS INHABITANTS OF THE CAPE IN 17TH CENTURY The indigenous inhabitants of the Cape during the 17th century were the San. They were known as huntergathers yet eventually became the first pastoralists in southern Africa, as they acquired domestic stock while living in present day Botswana. As the population of the San grew, so they started spreading throughout the Western half of southern Africa. They called themselves Khoikhoi or Khoe, meaning “men of men”, showing their pride in their history as well as their culture. As the San spread further into southern Africa, so conflict flared up as there was a misunderstanding between the San and the Khoikhoi. The Khoikhoi led a new way of life compared to the San, who were hunter-gathers as opposed to herders. The Khoikhoi were the first indigenous people to have contact with the Dutch settlers in the mid-17th century. The Dutch settlement which gradually spread taking over the indigenous people’s land caused great distress. The Khoikhoi were dispossessed, exterminated, or enslaved by the Dutch, and therefore the number of Khoikhoi dwindled. The European settlers of the time called the Khoikhoi ‘Hottentots’ because the sound of the clicks in their language. They called the San “Bushmen”. The Khoikhoi kept domestic animals such as goats, cattle and sheep and therefore had to move around in search for adequate grazing for the animals. They tended to move according to the changing seasons, and therefore moved every couple of months. Because of their frequent moving patterns, they ensured that all their belongings were light enough to be carried, or small enough to be loaded onto the back of an animal. Their homes had to be made of light materials and quick and easy to erect, therefore they made their homes out of reed mats. The animals to the Khoikhoi were a sign of wealth as it provided food, clothes and transport. The San in contrast were all considered equal Watch this YouTube clip and shared all possession. The Khoikhoi only killed their about the Khoikhoi: own animals to celebrate an important occasion. The only other time when they ate their cattle was when it had died or they had stolen cattle from their enemies. It was the women’s duty to milk the animals and gather plants to eat, https://goo.gl/Rz6YTo while the men huntered game for everyday use. © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries http://goo.gl/NkpEjS GRADE 7 http://goo.gl/sTeOdq The Khoikhoi originated from the northern area of modern Botswana, and then moved into southern Africa. They cared for sheep, goats and cattle which grazed on the fertile land of the Cape. This provided the Khoikhoi with a stable and balanced diet. While cattle provide a supply of fresh milk and skin hides, they were seldom used for their meat, except for ceremonial occasions. The Khoikhoi also cultivated a large range of indigenous crops, Picture of a common type of such as millet, sorghum, beans, other grains and vegetables. millet Those living close to the sea included shellfish and fish in their diet too. By eating a large variety of food sources, the Khoikhoi reduced their risk during drought, disease and crop failure. The picture is that of sorghum The crops that these African farmers grew needed summer rainfall, and therefore they moved east of the Cape and settled in parts of southern Africa, where there was sufficient rainfall. Here the millet and sorghum flourished as it grew in a warm climate of approximately 25˚C, with enough rainfall to ensure that the soil was never too dry. The African farmers also found that millet was a useful, fast-growing crop that was drought-resistant. Activity 1: Answer the questions below based on what you have read in the passages above. 1. Write a paragraph about the naming of the Khoikhoi. Include the meaning of the name, how, why and who named them. (8) © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 WHERE AFRICAN FARMERS WERE SETTLED 3. Find a map of southern Africa. Either print or trace the outlines into your workbook. Using the information above, show: a. where the San and the Khoikhoi originally lived. (3) b. where the Khoisan people moved to in order to successfully grow millet and sorghum. (2) 4. Why did the Khoisan grow millet and sorghum? (2) Here is an interesting YouTube clip showing the different settlements over time: https://goo.gl/F99B4N 5. From watching the YouTube clip, what other reason can you deduce why the Khoisan would grow sorghum? (1) © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 2. Briefly explain the difference between the San and the Khoikhoi in terms of being “hunter-gathers”. (4) GRADE 7 Reasons for the VOC (DEIC) permanent settlement at the Cape 1652 The area of the Cape became a stopping point, in 1652, for the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie – DEIC or VOC) when Jan Van Riebeeck was sent to the Cape to establish a halfway station between Europe and the East. The halfway station was to provide fresh water, vegetables and meat to passing ships travelling to and from Asia. Now sailing ships on their way to India could rest, do repairs and restock on supplies at the Cape. The party of three vessels carrying Van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape on 6 April 1652. They erected temporary shelters and began laying out vegetable gardens, which eventually became known as “The Company Gardens”. Water was channelled into canals to provide irrigation for the crops. The settlers bartered for sheep and cattle with the local Khoikhoi. The surrounding natural forests provided the necessary timber for shelters and to repair ships. Originally the halfway station at the Cape was a temporary plan. But those Europeans who came to the Cape settled and more Europeans from the Netherlands, France and Germany arrived. Some even moved away from the Cape and started farms of their own, creating little towns to the north and east. Learn more about the Dutch East India company (VOC) by watching this Watch this YouTube clip showing a re-enactment of Jan Van Riebeeck arriving in the Cape: https://goo.gl/GljsLm https://goo.gl/X7hGID © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 DUTCH SETTLEMENT GRADE 7 Why slaves were brought to the Cape Some of the very first slaves to arrive at the Cape were the personal slaves of the Company Officials, as they travelled with their Dutch families. Often, these personal slaves moved with the families from one Dutch colony to the next. Read this account about the first few slaves at the Cape. These few souls, who arrived at the Cape in dribs and drabs, as stowaways or the personal slaves of Company officials, were the very first slaves in the Cape settlement. For four years this tiny group of enslaved peoples lived amongst the colonists, the only slaves amongst a few hundred Europeans. Almost all of these early slaves arrived at the Cape with VOC officials returning to the Netherlands from Batavia, although some where stowaways, some prisoners, and some gifts from across the seas. According to VOC rules, Company officials returning home from Batavia were allowed to take their personal slaves with them, but, as slavery was technically outlawed in the Netherlands, the officials could take their slaves no further than the Cape. Many officials made use of this rule to bring their personal slaves to the Cape and sell them there, where, as a rare commodity, the slaves would fetch a higher price than in Batavia. It was through this informal trade that most of South Africa’s very first slaves reached her shores. Once the refreshment station had been established, the Dutch realised that they did not have adequate labour to grow enough fresh food in order to meet the demands of the passing ships. Jan Van Riebeeck had been instructed by the VOC not to create a colony in the Cape or to use slaves. However, he had no other choice but to use slaves as the indigenous people of the Cape were not prepared to become labourers . Therefore slaves became the main source of labour. © e-classroom 2015 Read these extracts to find out more about why slaves came to the Cape, where the slaves came from, how they were brought to the Cape, what it was like to be a slave (taken from http:// www.sahistory.org.za/cape-town/slavery-andemancipation-slaves and http://goo.gl/LJ87hJ www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 SLAVES AT THE CAPE How slaves were brought to the Cape Read this account about how slaves arrived at the Cape: The VOC was already familiar with the practice of using slave labour in the East Indies. In 1653, Abraham van Batavia, the first slave at the Cape arrived aboard a ship named the Malacca. The following year a slave voyage was undertaken from the Cape via Mauritius to Madagascar to purchase slaves. In 1658 two major shiploads of slaves arrived at the Cape, the first shipload arrived in March on board the Amersfort. A total of 170 slaves survived the treacherous sea journey from an initial number of 250. These slaves were captured by the Portuguese from the area around Angola and destined for Brazil, before the Dutch captured the ship and brought it to the Cape. What it was like to be a slave at the Cape Like in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, slaves were kidnapped or captured, sold to slave traders, forced to leave their families and homes. They travelled great distances by land and sea, experienced horrific journeys, only to arrive in a foreign country. The captive slaves did not understand the language spoken by the slave traders, or by their new owners. They were then sold to the highest bidder at the slave auctions. The slaves who worked on farms, worked long hours and received food and a place to sleep as payment. However, some slaves were sent into Cape Town as skilled workers, craftspeople and domestic workers. If these slaves were owned by the VOC, they slept in the slave lodges. If they were owned by wealthy individuals, they lived and worked on their owner’s property. © e-classroom 2015 Watchw this youTube clip about the slaves in the Cape: https://goo.gl/cMaH7K www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Where the slaves came from During the time of slavery in the Cape (1652 to 1834), slaves came from Angola, the Coast of Guinea, Madagascar, Zanzibar, India, Bengal, Sri Lanka, and the East Indies (such namely Indonesia and Batavia). It is estimated that approximately 63 000 slaves arrived in the Cape during this time. In March 1657, three young slave girls arrived at the Cape; Cornelia, Lijsbeth and Kleine Eva. Cornelia (10 years old) and Lijsbeth (12 years old) , were two so called ‘Arabian’ slave girls from Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia). They had been presented to Van Riebeeck’s wife as gift by the French Admiral De la Roche Saint-Andre. However, with these two girls arrived a further slave girl (five years old), and she was called ‘Kleine Eva’. She had been sent as a gift to show the Dutch that the king was interested in a slave-trade agreement between the Dutch in the Cape and the King of Antongil in Madagascar. All three girls were very young, and therefore were placed in the care of Van Riebeeck’s wife. A well-known slave of this time was Catharina Anthonis van Bengale. She was the first slave at the Cape colony to be freed, in April of 1656, by her owner Dirck Sarcerius of Batavia. Catharina was freed once she had received official permission on the 26th April, to marry Jan Woutersz. She married the Dutchman on 21st May 1656. The marriage of an ex-slave and a Dutchman was the first documented mixed marriage in South Africa. Here is an entry from Van Riebeeck’s journal on the day of the marriage: three Sundays, on ed h is bl pu en having be e law or the th re fo be To-day the banns d ie rr a m outerssen was maiden, Catarina g the assistant Jan W n ou y e bl ra ou to the hon Council of this fort erly a slave girl in rm fo l, a g en B in alagon ouncil chamber C Anthonis, from S en op e th in , rd on. Boogea dance with the or cc a the service of the H in e, ic rv se the Sunday after the reading of . relative resolution © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Read the following accounts of some of the first slaves in the Cape Abraham van Batavia was the first slave at the Cape. He arrived in the Cape as a stowaway aboard the Malacca, a ship in a VOC fleet returning to the Netherlands, on the 2nd March 1653. On the journey from Batavia to the Cape, Abraham had been discovered by the crew of the ship and his plans were foiled. Abraham had stowed away on the ship in the hope of making it to the Netherlands, where it was rumoured that slaves were set free. Abraham was taken off the Malacca and left behind at the Cape, in order to be returned to his owner in Batavia. However, Jan Van Riebeeck attempted to buy Abraham from his owner, Lichthart, in order to keep him on as a slave-worker in the Cape colony, but he absolutely refused. And so, after two years of negotiations, Abraham was sent back to Batavia. Activity 2: Write a paragraph summarising the information about settlement of the Dutch and slaves in the Cape under each of the following headings (8) 1. Reasons for the VOC (DEIC) permanent settlement at the Cape 1652 2. Why, where and how slaves were brought to the Cape 3. What it was like to be a slave at the Cape 4. Causes and effects of slave resistance at the Cape © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Causes and effects of slave resistance at the Cape Due to the inhuman treatment, working and living conditions of the slaves, they often resisted by stealing, being ill-tempered, rude and unfriendly towards their owners. They were lazy and sabotaged farm equipment. Some slaves even went as far as deliberately burning their owner’s houses and to commit murder. Some slaves resisted by committing suicide or running away. Some runaway slaves lived in small groups in the mountains surrounding Cape Town as they were unable to travel the long distance back to their homes. GRADE 7 Draw a time-line in your class workbook. Use the Internet to research all the relevant dates of the arrival of Jan Van Riebeeck in the Cape, the arrival and departure of some of the slaves. End the time-line with the British abolishing the Slave trade by passing the Slavery Abolition Bill. (20) Slave legacy at the Cape Slavery in the Cape has left behind a legacy, by influencing South African history and culture. The slaves came from diverse cultural backgrounds bringing together different languages and religions. Many of the slaves developed relationships with both the indigenous people and that of the Europeans living in the Cape. It is therefore clear that many of today’s South Africans are descendants of slaves. It is not always possible to trace back ones fore-fathers to prove that you are or are not a descendent of slaves, however South Africans with surnames such as Cupido, September and Titus can assume that their ancestors were slaves at the Cape. It is believed that the development of the Afrikaans language can also be attributed to the many different languages spoken, as a result of slaves trying to communicate with the Dutch. Although the language was strongly influenced by Dutch, it also consisted of a mixture of Portuguese and Malay languages. This new language was known as the Cape Dutch language and eventually became known as the language of Afrikaans. The Muslim slaves, who came from the East Indies, brought with them their Islamic faith, as well as their skills and knowledge of many trades. There is evidence that Afrikaans was spoken in mosques. The first piece of written of Afrikaans was written in Arabic script. © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Activity 3: Baie: baklei: baadjie: blatjang: koejawel: many to fight jacket chutney guava sjambok: piering: piesang: soebat: bredie: whip saucer banana to plead stew tronk: spanspek: tjommel: tjap: jail sweet melon to talk a lot to stamp Find out more about traditional South African food by reading this article: Learn more about Afrikaans and how it orginated by reading this information: http://goo.gl/7pk7xQ http://goo.gl/2FEsNd Not only did the slaves have an influence on our language but they also influenced the kind of food South Africans eat today. South African food includes a variety of Indian and Indonesian cuisine, and this is evident in some South African recipes. For example sosaties, bredie, curry, bobotie, koeksisters and tameletjie. Many of the buildings built by the slaves date back to the Dutch colonial period, for example the Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town and the houses on Cape wine estates such as Groot Constantia, Vergelegen and Simonsig. Activity 4: Learners are to research and present the following information to the class in a form of a “teach back”. Learners must research one Afrikaans word and one recipe which has its origin, or was influenced, by the slaves in the Cape. © e-classroom 2015 (20) www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Afrikaans also contains many words that came from other eastern languages spoken by the slaves. For example: The VOC released a number of soldiers from the Company’s service, allowing them to farm. These soldiers became known as the free burghers. They were given land to farm and they agreed to supply fresh produce to the passing VOC ships. This agreement became a very successful partnership, and soon even more VOC Huguenot Memorial in Franschhoek employees were released from service to become farmers. This successful partnership encouraged many Europeans to arrive at the Cape colony to farm. In 1671, the first Huguenots arrived at the Cape of Good Hope. The Huguenots were Dutch and French immigrants who were being persecuted in France for their religious beliefs. To escape the persecution thousands of Huguenots fled to countries such as Switzerland, Germany, England, America, the Netherlands, Poland and South Africa, where they could enjoy religious freedom. The Dutch East India Company welcomed and even encouraged the Huguenots to immigrate to the Cape as they shared similar religious beliefs as well as being highly trained and experienced craftsmen and farmers. The Governor of the Cape set aside land for Huguenot settlement in Franschhoek, known as the ‘French corner’ and Drakenstein, known today as Paarl. He encouraged the French to learn the language of the Cape-Dutch, ensuring that they integrated with the Dutch nation dwelling in the Cape colony. Learn more about the Dutch and French Huguenots and why they migrated to the Cape: https://goo.gl/BVbiKu © e-classroom 2015 http://goo.gl/zjvwj6 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Free burghers; Dutch and French Huguenot immigration to the Cape When the VOC realised that they were short of labour to produce fresh produce for the refreshment station, they also realised that they needed people to be in charge of running the farms which they had set up. GRADE 7 Research information about the Huguenots that settled in the Cape, by summarising the information in point form. • Why the Huguenots left their country of origin? • Where did they settle within South Africa? • Any other significant information. (15) Expanding European frontiers During the 1700s the free burgers had established themselves as successful farmers. However more produce was required for the refreshment station and so more land was needed. The VOC encouraged a number of poorer farmers to move into the interior and colonise more land. Expansion of the Cape colony. © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Activity 5: The trekboers had no choice but to live off the land they farmed and the products from their livestock. They hunted wild animals for meat and skins. Due to the short supply of meat as they trekboers travelled they needed to preserve the meat. They dried the meat with special spices ensuring that the meat did not decay and make them ill. Read more about the expanding frontier and the impact on the free burgher and the khoikhoi: http://goo.gl/VeNVcv Activity 6: The lifestyle of the trekboers was a hard life. Write a paragraph about the life as a trekboers. (15) © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 The movement of trekboers with their slaves and servants inland These farmers moving into the interior were known as trekboers. They moved northwards and eastwards of the Cape colony expanding the frontier. These trekboers took with them their families, slaves and servants. All their positions were loaded onto a wagon pulled by oxen. As they moved further away from the government of the Cape colony, they became a very independent group of farmers. They enjoyed the free and unrestricted life on their ox wagons and in tents to the more rigid life within the Cape colony. The women would ride in the wagons, the children and servants would lead the oxen and the men would ride ahead scouting for the night’s stopping point. All this time in the saddle taught the men to become proficient horsemen and expert shots. Each day they would be five or ten miles further away from Cape Town. The people adapted to the vagaries of a nomadic life in Africa. It also enabled the stock to become disease resistant. Each year, they would return to Cape Town to barter skins, ivory, beeswax, to arrange marriages and to buy essentials such as coffee, gunpowder and agricultural implements. However, they increasingly saw themselves as being different from their countrymen in the town and referred to themselves initially as Afrikanders, then Afrikaners. Occasionally, they constructed simple dwellings of mud walls and dung floors into which whole families (occasionally, several families) would squeeze. The furniture was of the simplest kind with ox skulls being used as stools on the stoep (verandah). The farms were essentially cut off from civilisation for most of the year. This bred an inherent self-reliance that caused them to approach problems very slowly Map showing the general direction that the but when a course of action had been decided upon, to stick with it obstinately. Trekboers took on their migration away from http://goo.gl/oYYcJp The most useful item was leather, which was used to fashion riems (thongs used on the ox spans and for furniture) and many items of clothing. The life on the veld and the plentiful meat lead these settlers to become physically large with abounding energy, often raising fifteen children. Socialising took the form of card games, gossip and community dancing. the Cape. © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Lifestyle and stories of trekboers New land for the cattle was not the only reason many of these people moved on. In their blood, there developed a ‘trek spirit’ or ‘trekgees’, the hope of a better land over the horizon. Each member of the family knew his or her exact duties. GRADE 7 The firearm used by the men was called a snaphaan, a flintlock approximately 5ft long. The standard tactic used when fighting local Africans was for groups of armed Boers to ride up to the group, yet out of assegai range, fire a volley and retire. The Boers were quite capable of reloading the flintlocks whilst galloping, charging again and still firing at a rate of several shots a minute. Taken from http://goo.gl/WmKgUd Activity 7: Draw a mind-map of the “Lifestyle of the Trekboers”. © e-classroom 2015 (10) www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Because gunpowder was difficult to come by, the men became expert marksmen, making every shot count. GRADE 7 The history of white colonial land dispossession began at the Cape with the expansion of the Dutch colonial settlement established by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Initially he was authorised to set up a refreshment station for the Company’s ships, but with the need for a more sustainable source of meat and vegetable supply, more land was required. Land was seized from the Khoikhoi, and later the San, to increase Dutch grazing pastures, expand their farming activities and to establish settlements. Over time, the reduction of grazing pastures traditionally used by the Khoikhoi, as the Dutch set up farms, resulted in conflict between the two groups. The Dutch defeated the Khoikhoi and expropriated more of their land. Deprived of their livelihood, they were forced to seek employment on the farmlands of white colonial settlers. Activity 8: After reading the passage above, write a paragraph explaining the meaning of “land dispossession” and give a description of the consequences that followed for the indigenous population. (10) Genadendal: the first mission station in southern Africa 1738 Read this passage taken from http://goo.gl/6SyYXE view these brie f clips showing you Genadendal: Genadendal has a rich spiritual history and was the first mission station in southern Africa. It was founded by Georg Schmidt, a German missionary of the Moravian Church, who settled on 23 April 1738 in Baviaans Kloof (Ravine of https://goo.gl/v14tF3 the Baboons) in the Riviersonderend Valley and began to evangelise among the Khoi people. The Moravian Church (originated in 1457 in Moravia, today part of the Czech Republic) had a particular zeal for mission. Many thought that mission work among the Khoisan (Hottentots) was https://goo.gl/JpOkiS attempting the impossible, but in spite of this Schmidt prevailed. He became acquainted with an impoverished and dispersed Khoi people who were practically on the threshold of complete extinction. © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Land dispossession and consequences for the indigenous population Read the following passage, taken from http://goo.gl/uujOdT Genadendal mission station – the first mission station in southern Africa. The work of Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd Read this very interesting article about the work of Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd, explaining how their work became recognised as a national treasure and a UN Site of the Memory of the World. (Taken from https://goo.gl/4UiGwn) In 1806, the British colonised the Cape of southern Africa, replacing the Dutch government. During this same period, the German philologist Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek had set up home in Cape Town with his wife Jemima, later joined by her sister Lucy Catherine Lloyd. Bleek wanted to learn and describe a San language and travelled across Table Bay to Robben Island to interview captives there, but they were uncooperative and conditions were not ideal for establishing a rapport. Louis Anything, magistrate of Namaqualand in the Cape and the first campaigner for |xam human rights, introduced Bleek to three captives brought in from the northern Cape for trial. It was from these men that Bleek compiled his first list of |xam words. Bleek was an intellectual and published scholar whose reputation had earned him the respect of the governor, who agreed to release |xam prisoners from work on the Cape Town breakwater into Bleek’s custody for the purposes of research. In 1870, the first member of the Tooren Gang was relocated to Bleek’s home where the process of teaching and learning the |xam language began. Lucy Lloyd joined Bleek in the project and together they collected a unique and expansive archive of stories, drawings, and watercolors. Several prisoners and other © e-classroom 2015 www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 Apart from the few Kraals, which still remained, there were already thirteen farms in the vicinity of Baviaans Kloof. Within a short while Schmidt formed a small Christian congregation. He taught the Khoi to read and write, but when he began to baptise his converts there was great dissatisfaction among the Cape Dutch Reformed Church clergy. According to them, Schmidt was not an ordained minister and as such, was not permitted to administer the sacraments. Consequently he had to abandon his work, and in 1744, after seven years at Baviaans Kloof, he left the country. The Bleek and Lloyd Collection is housed at the University of Cape Town, the National Library, and Iziko South African Museum. It is recognised as a national treasure and a UN Site of the Memory of the World. Watch this clip: https://goo.gl/t61iBV © e-classroom 2015 Activity 9: Give your opinion about why the work of William Bleek and Lucy Lloyd and others is important. Why would the above passage mention that the work of William Bleek and Lucy Lloyd be “recognised as a national treasure and a UN Site of the Memory of the World”? (15) www.e-classroom.co.za GRADE 7 Grade 7 Term 3: Lesson 1: Social Sciences: History: Colonisation of the Cape 17th – 18th Centuries: CAPS PG 40 http://goo.gl/uxsc3f http://goo.gl/xrb422 |xam speakers lived for varying Photographs of Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd periods of time in the Bleek home and after Bleek died in 1875, Lucy Lloyd and her sister Jemima continued to house and interview mainly |xam, but also several Korana, individuals, as well as four young !kun-speaking orphan boys who had come from northern Namibia to Cape Town in the late 1870s. The project resulted in more than 13 000 notebook pages of narrative as well as genealogies, maps, and illustrations of |xam and !kun observations of daily life. Today the |xam language is no longer spoken by a single person and the pages and images reproduced on this website are almost all that remain of the language and ideas of a people who once were the sole inhabitants of much of the central part of southern Africa.