Geography Notes PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by SupportedProse
Tags
Summary
These notes cover various aspects of population geography, including population density, distribution, push and pull factors, and the one-child policy in China. The document also discusses factors influencing population distribution, such as freshwater availability, communication infrastructure, proximity to the coastline, and urban/rural differences.
Full Transcript
What is China’s one child policy? China's One-Child Policy, introduced in 1980, limited most families to one child to control population growth. It helped slow down population increases but led to problems like gender imbalances, an ageing population, and a shrinking workforce. The policy e...
What is China’s one child policy? China's One-Child Policy, introduced in 1980, limited most families to one child to control population growth. It helped slow down population increases but led to problems like gender imbalances, an ageing population, and a shrinking workforce. The policy ended in 2015, allowing families to have two, and later three, children. Question: Population density is influenced by a number of factors. Try to explain why the following factors are important in determining whether people can survive in an area or not. Availability of Freshwater: Freshwater is essential for drinking, sanitation, and farming. Clean water is vital for maintaining health and supporting food production. Areas with abundant freshwater can sustain larger populations and create stable communities. Communications (Roads, Railways, Airports): Good communication and transportation systems are vital for moving people and goods. Efficient transportation helps access resources, markets, and job opportunities. Areas with poor transportation often struggle to maintain their populations due to limited economic options. Proximity to the Coastline: Coastal areas provide access to marine resources and trade routes. Economic activities like fishing and tourism thrive in coastal regions. Areas far from the coast may lack these resources and opportunities. Cities and Their Opportunities: Urban areas offer better access to jobs, education, and healthcare. Cities typically have more resources and amenities for residents. Urban environments attract people seeking improved living standards. The Shape (Relief) of the Land: Flat or gently sloping land is easier to farm and build on. The terrain affects infrastructure development and industry types. Climate can vary with elevation, influencing agricultural productivity and crop types. What is population density? The amount of people living in an area of land per km². Population = Total population / Total land area What factors affect population density? Physical factors that affect population density include water supply, climate, relief (shape of the land), vegetation, soils and availability of natural resources and energy. Human factors that affect population density include social, political and economic factors. What is population distribution? Population distribution is where people are living and how spread out or close together they are. Manypeople in a small area =denselypopulated Fewpeople in a large area =sparselypopulated Living in sparsely inhabited areas can be challenging. There are typically hostile areas, such as Antarctica. With its cold temperatures, lack of vegetation, and geographical isolation, the climate in Antarctica makes it a difficult place to live. Habitable environments include heavily inhabited areas such as Western Europe and the United States’ East Coast. Flat relief, a favourable climate, and the abundance of natural resources and fresh water can all contribute to this. What are push factors and pull factors? A push factor is a reason or condition that drives people to leave their home country. A pull factor is a factor that attracts individuals to migrate to a certain place. When people move to a country, it is calledimmigration. When people move out of a country, it is calledemigration. What are urban and rural areas? Urban areas are cities or towns with high population density and vast human features. Rural areas are countryside with low population density and more open space. What are antenatal and pronatal policies? Antenatal policies : Programs to support pregnant women before birth, focusing on health and well-being. Pronatal policies: Strategies to encourage more births by the government. Population pyramid A population pyramid is a chart that shows the age and gender distribution of a population. A broad base with many younger people indicates a growing population. A narrow base with more older people typically reflects an ageing population. Low-Income Countries: GNI per capita of $1,145 or less. Lower-Middle-Income Countries: GNI per capita between $1,146 and $4,515. Upper-Middle-Income Countries: GNI per capita between $4,516 and $14,005. High-Income Countries: GNI per capita of $14,006 or more
