Population Geography Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation

Chapter 3 Population Geography Shaping the Human Mosaic  Geodemography: The geography of population.  POPULATION GEOGRAPHY THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW.  POPULATION DENSITY...

Chapter 3 Population Geography Shaping the Human Mosaic  Geodemography: The geography of population.  POPULATION GEOGRAPHY THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW.  POPULATION DENSITY: ARITHMETIC: Average number of people per square mile. = Total Population/Total Square Miles PHYSIOLOGIC: Number of people / suitable units of land for farming or grazing. KEY MEASURES: RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE: (# births - # deaths) per 1000 people. DOUBLING TIME: Number of years until the population will double. Rule of 72: Countries rate of annual growth 72/(% growth rate) = Doubling Time. EX: 72/.6 = 120 years.  World: Population Doubling Time: Source:https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/57cff64316b51c038dedcdba Population Growth  Population Geographers: Study spatial and ecological aspects of demography, but they are also interested in these other demographic qualities: Birthrate difference Death rates Overpopulation Male/Female ratio’s Age groups Crime Quality of life Human mobility  Demographic Regions: Formal regions devised by population geographers. Examples: Duluth-Superior Metropolitan Statistical Area. Source: https://apps.deed.state.mn.us/assets/lmi/areamap/msa.shtml Continuous-Discontinuous Settlements in Norway 10 Largest Countries  Population Distribution: Eurasia- 73.5% Africa- 12.5% North America- 8% South America- 5.5% Australia and Pacific Islands-.5% In China, 95% of the population lives on a 1/3 of the land.  Density Categories for Demographic Regions: Thickly settled areas- 250 or more per square mile Moderately settled areas- 60-250 per square mile Thinly settled areas-2-60 per square mile  POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 4 major clusters 1) East Asia 2) South Asia 3) Europe 4) Eastern North America  Physiological Density: The density beyond which people cease to be nutritionally self-sufficient using their particular adaptive strategy.  Physiological Density: Source: https://s3.amazonaws.com/user-media.venngage.com/358737- 5a404b5f5ca62c86cbbc9ac867c478ca.jpg  Patterns of Natality: Birthrates: The number of births in a year per thousand people. Doesn’t correspond to population density. High birthrates generally concentrated in a belt through the lower latitudes. Mid and high-latitudes have low birthrates. Birthrates are now moderately declining in lesser- developed countries. Source: https://www.mapsofworld.com/thematic-maps/maps/birth-rate.jpg  Fertility Rate: Fertility Rate: average number of children born to each woman during her reproductive years. Reveals family size. Most of Europe’s fertility rate is below 2.0. Sub-Saharan Africa’s overall rate is 6.4.  Death Rates: Death Rates: Number of deaths in a year per thousand people. Concentration of high figures in Sub-Saharan Africa. Desert belt across North Africa, Middle East, and Central Asia has rather low death rates. Reason for difference in death rates when compared to birthrates: Counties with high birthrates tend to have younger populations. More developed regions have low birthrates and an aging population that reflects a higher death rate. Australia, Canada, and the U.S. attract mostly young immigrants and have a low death rate.  World map of infant mortality Source: https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2014/02/ourworldindata_screen-shot-2015-  Population Pyramid: Population Pyramid: Graphic device for comparing national age characteristics. Broad base pyramids suggest the rapid growth of population. Excessively narrow based pyramids represent approaching population stability.  Geography of Gender: Recently settled areas tend to have more males than females. Female-specific infanticide: In China and India, female fetuses are aborted, so preferred male children will be born. Males and females are often spatially segregated. – Example: In Muslim countries, women are restricted to where they can go.  Demography: The statistical analysis of the human population. Demographers study: Fertility Gender Health Age Nutrition Mortality Migration % Female  The healthiest and least healthy states in the u-s wwwcbsnews.com-news  Obesity Rankings Source: httpwww.cbsnews.comnewsmost-and-least-obese-states-in-america Source: https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-cVRVVfthw8M/TYFTV9Cox_I/AAAAAAAAPGA/DBDpRSXmNNo/s1600/le.jpg Source; https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/live-affect-life-expectancy Source: https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20180106_USC488.png Source:https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/styles/inline__450w__no_aspect/public/images/ Top_10_causes_of_death_in_the_United_States_2014_2015_SOCIAL.jpg?itok=JxQ6_Ft- Mobility:  Diffusion in Population Geography: Migration constitutes cultural relocation diffusion The far-flung distribution of humankind is a product of migration. Migrants generally remember the event for the rest of their lives. Prehistoric migrations often remain embedded in folklore. – Example: Biblical migrations.  Voluntary Migrations: Take place when the difficulties of moving seem offset by the expected rewards.  Voluntary Migrations: Push-and-pull factors: act to make your old home unattractive and new home attractive. Push: Force you out of a country. – Example: Starvation. Pull: Force that attracts you to a new land. – Example: Free land.  Voluntary Migrations: Migration is a trial-and-error process. ½ of all Caucasians do not now live in their ancestral European homeland. Country-to-country net migration (2010-2015)  Forced Migrations: Examples: Westward displacement of Native Americans and exportation of African slaves to America. Source: https://sites.google.com/a/uconn.edu/jak13016/ Source:http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Crests/ History_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_4.htm  Trail of Tears Forced Migration https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/history-of-native-americans/trail-of-tears-map.htm  Forced Migrations: Today, refugee movements are common. In the mid-1990s, 18 million people lived outside of their homelands as refugees, and an additional 21 million displaced persons resided in their own countries. Source: http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/24670-2/ Source: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/02/how-u-s-refugee-resettlement-shifted-in-states-since-2002/  Disease Diffusion: Aids Diffusion Example. Not all diseases spread by contagious diffusion. Others: Relocation (Temporary migrants) and Hierarchical (Affluent tourist). Globalization:  Population Explosion: Triggered by the dramatic decrease in the death rate especially in infants and children. Not accompanied by a decline in birth rates. Improved health conditions allow more children to survive to adulthood. Rapid growth began in 1700. In the 1600s, William Perry predicted an overpopulation crisis.  Population Explosion: Some scholars expect the world population to level out, and others believe that the Earth cannot support many more people without an ecological disaster. War is a device for population control. – Example: World War 1 and 2.  Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus is the most famous observer of population growth. He believed human kind ability to multiply far exceeded our ability to increase food production, and he regarded famine and war as inevitable because they curb population. Source: http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Thomas_Malthus/. Demographic Transformation: Stages of Demographic Transformation: Stage 1. Stabilized Population; High Birth and Death Rates. In preindustrial societies, birth and death rates are normally high, leading to almost no population growth. War /Famines/diseases killed many. Many children were born. No Surplus of food until the Agricultural Revolution. This is before the Industrial Revolution. Natural increase is “0”. It was a stabilized population with high birth rates and high death rates.  Large family is Is there a Stage 5? an asset (rural) Negative growth Death Rate Plummets Large family is not an asset (cities) Birth rates don’t keep up with death rates Demographic Transformation: Stage 2. Population Explosion; High Birth Rate and Decreasing Death Rate. Death Rate Plummets Medical Revolution with advances Improvements in diet occur. Improved cleanliness & sanitation. New machines help Agricultural Revolution. People are healthier. Large family is an asset (rural), so the high birth rate remains. Thus, life expectancy soars. Results in high growth as fertility outruns mortality.  Large family is Is there a Stage 5? an asset (rural) Negative growth Death Rate Plummets Large family is not an asset (cities) Birth rates don’t keep up with death rates Demographic Transformation: Stage 3: Decreasing Growth; Rapidly Declining Birth Rate. Large family is not an asset (cities). Changes in social customs. Fewer children needed. Delayed reaction to declined mortality. A decline in birthrates follows a decline in death rates. Many countries fail to get through the entire demographic transformation. They get stuck at stage 2 and population explodes.  Large family is Is there a Stage 5? an asset (rural) Negative growth Death Rate Plummets Large family is not an asset (cities) Birth rates don’t keep up with death rates Demographic Transformation: Stage 4: Low Birth and Death Rates; Low Growth of Population. Stage 4 requires effective birth control.  Large family is Is there a Stage 5? an asset (rural) Negative growth Death Rate Plummets Large family is not an asset (cities) Birth rates don’t keep up with death rates Demographic Transformation: Stage 5: Birth Rates Falls Below the Death Rate. Is there a Stage 5? Birth rates don’t keep up with death rates Negative growth.  Large family is Is there a Stage 5? an asset (rural) Negative growth Death Rate Plummets Large family is not an asset (cities) Birth rates don’t keep up with death rates  DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL Stage 5 Large family is an asset (rural) Large family is not an asset (cities) Death Rate Plummets Negative growth Is there a Stage 5? War /Famines/diseases Medical Revolution Improved cleanliness & Changes in social customs. Birth rates don’t keep Surplus food from Agr. Revolution Sanitation. Fewer children. up with death rates Pre-industrial Revolution People are healthier. Delayed reaction to declined mortality. Natural increase is “0”. New machines help Agr. Rev. Nature-Culture  Population Ecology: Successful adaptive strategy: Strategy permits people to exist and reproduce in a given ecosystem. An adaptive strategy must allow many generations to use the land in more or less the same manner. Maladaptive strategy: Strategy for living in the environment is not successful, so numbers of people dwindle in the area. EX: Hunter only. Preadaptation: To what extent did a cultural groups’ ways of living precondition them for success in a new land.  Environmental Influence on Population Densities: Largest in the mid-latitudes where: terrain is level; climate is mild and humid; fertile soil; abundant mineral resources; and accessibility to the sea (Fish & Transport).  Environmental Influence on Population Densities: Population thins out where: elevation is excessive; aridity (Dry); coldness; ruggedness of terrain; and distance from coast.  Environmental Influence on Population Densities-2: In avoiding cold places, we may reveal the tropical origin of our species. People in the tropics prefer to live in higher elevations to escape the hot climate of the tropical lowlands. Continental interiors tend to be regions of climatic extremes.  Environmental Influence on Population Densities-3: There is a human tendency to live on or near seacoasts. Trade and fishing opportunities. Eurasia, Australia, and South America resemble hollow shells because the majority of the population is clustered around the rim of each continent.  Ecological Disease Effects on Location: Malaria depopulated Italy’s coastal regions after Roman times. The Romans had modified their habitat by draining marshland, but when the Roman Empire broke down, marshland and malaria returned to the coastal areas. Diseases attack domestic animals, depriving people of food and clothing.  Ecological Disease Effects on Location: East African Sleeping Sickness Example: Sleeping sickness is particularly fatal to cattle, but not humans. To some East Africans, cattle represent wealth, provide food, and serve a religious (Sacred) function. When cattle get sick, leaders lose something that provides them respect, wealth, and food. Because cattle were so important, tribes moved away from infected areas; thus, leaving them unpopulated.  Environmental Perception and Population Distribution: Different culture groups see the same environment differently. EX: Hunter/Gather. A cultural group can change its perception of an environment over time. Different age and cultural groups often express different preferences for an area to live. Example: Old and wealthy like warm climates. Misinformation is important in making perceptions of an area. People form images of an area without ever going there. Example: Mental image of Las Vegas.  Population Density and the Ecological World: Because of present densities, many adaptive strategies are not sustainable. Ex: Fishing. Overpopulation can precipitate environmental destruction. Ex: Dust bowl. Population pressure can lead to more conservational land use. Ex: Land set asides-wetlands. Example: Vegetation Changes in Western and Central Europe. People cleared vast forests during the Middle Ages for: fire wood; wood for houses and fences; and farmland. Fertile agricultural districts became densely populated; however, during population declines, the forests expanded again. EX: Black Death.  Population Density & Environmental Alteration Overpopulation relative to resource availability can precipitate environmental destruction. Example: Haiti. Trees have been striped for fuel; thus, leaving barren areas that are susceptible to erosion.  Cultural Integration and Population Patterns: 1. Cultural Factors: The basic characteristics of a group’s culture influence the distribution of their people.  Example: Potato in Ireland. The introduction of the potato to Ireland increased the rural population because it yielded more food per acre than the traditional crops. However, in the 1840s, failure of the potato harvests reduced the population through starvation and emigration.  Example: Emigration from France. During the years between 1800 and 1930 millions of Germans, Britishers, and Italians emigrated overseas. However, because of France’s early decline in fertility, emigration from France was small. In fact, few French left their homes. France was the 1st area to see a drop in fertility. Why? Contraceptives. Religious ties bind some culture groups to traditional homelands.  Example: Emigration from France. Religious ties bind some culture groups to traditional homelands. Example: The responsibility to tend ancestral graves and perform rite at parental death kept many Chinese in China.  Some groups consider migration a way of life. Example: In Lapland, the people migrate from location to location following their reindeer. Transhumanance  Example: India. In North and West India marriage usually takes place between persons in different villages, while in South and East India, the females are encouraged to marry and remain close to their place of birth. In the north and west, females are more likely to migrate than males. In fact, only 1/5th of all females live in their village of birth.  The role of culture in conditioning people to accept or reject crowding. Personal Space: amount individuals feel “belongs to them as they move about their everyday life. EX: Birds on a power line. American feelings about personal space are that when we talk to each other, we typically stand farther apart than Italians do. European cities are compact, and residential areas consist of row houses or apartments.  2. Political Factors: Governments can restrict voluntary migration. Example: East and West Germany. All countries pass laws to maintain order within society. Emigration from Europe 1820-1829. Emigration from Europe 1830-1839.  Political Factors: Laws concerning inheritance can effect population density. In Europe, code derived from Roman law requires that all heirs divide the land and property equally. Farms fragment as generations pass; therefore, rural population tends to increase. In Germany, inheritance of all land passes to the first- born son, and emigration of landless sons retards population growth.  3. Economic Factors: In the last 200 years, industrialization has caused the greatest amount of voluntary migration. Agricultural changes can have similar effects.  Settlement Landscapes: Farm Villages Farming people group themselves together in clustered villages. Settlements are from a few dozen to several thousand inhabitants. In the village, farmsteads are the house, barn, sheds, pens, and garden. Fields, pastures, and meadows lie out in the country. Farmers journey out from the villages each day to work on the land. The farm village is the most common form of settlement in: Much of Europe; Parts of Latin America; Densely settled farming regions of India, China, and Japan; and Africa and the Middle East. Irregular clustering's develop over the centuries. Other Types of Farm Villages: Street Village is the simplest. Farmsteads grouped along both sides of a single central street. They produce elongated settlements. Common in Eastern Europe and much of Russia. Other Types of Farm Villages: Green Villages are farmsteads grouped around a central open space, or green, which forms a common. They are common in the plains area of northern and northwestern Europe. Some were laid out in New England by English immigrants. Other Types of Farm Villages: Checkerboard Village is based on a gridiron pattern of streets meeting at right angles. They are common in rural Latin America and northeastern China. Also, Mormon Utah. Why Do People Huddle Together in Villages? 1. Defense from roving bands of outlaws. Villages grew larger in times of insecurity and shrunk during peaceful times. 2. Farmers huddled around good water sources. 3. People avoided marshes, swamps, and places that flooded. Therefore, they settled in higher areas together. 4. Blood relationships bound the people together. 5. Religious systems bound them together. 6. Based on communal ownership of land. – Example: China.  Isolated Farmsteads: Why isolated farmsteads? Need for defense isn’t present. Colonization by pioneer families rather than cohesive groups. Private enterprise rather than communalism. Areas dominated by livestock raising. Well drained land is readily available. Newer area of settlement. Found in Anglo-America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.  Semiclustered Rural Settlements: Share characteristics of Farm villages and isolated farmsteads.  Hamlet is the most common kind. They consist of a small number of farmsteads grouped loosely together. Occur most often in poorer districts. Farmsteads lie in nucleus separate from cropland. Common in Western Europe, China, and India.  Irregular Village: Several hamlets lying close together sharing a common name. Often linked to various clans or religious groups. Common in southeastern Europe, Malaya, southern Japan, and India. Most common  Row Village: A loose chain of farmsteads spaced at intervals along a road, river, or canal, often extending for miles. They are found in the hills and marshlands of central Europe. They are found in French settled areas of North America. Example: St. Lawrence River Valley.  Example: Reading Cultural Landscapes of Mayans. Caution, look for the subtle, but do not jump to conclusions. Mayan Indians lived in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. Before the Spanish conquest, the Mayas lived in templed wet-point villages of irregular clustered type. Their villages were situated along cenotes, which are natural sinkholes that provide water in a land of no surface streams. The Spanish destroyed original settlements replacing them with checkerboard villages in order to accommodate wheeled vehicles. Spanish influence remains in the architecture near the central Plaza. -Flat-roofed houses of stone -Town hall, church, and a mansion.  Example: Reading Cultural Landscapes of Mayans. Three Cardinal Virtues of Churches: Height; Durability; and Central location. Indian influence increases markedly with distance from the plaza. -Traditional Mayan pole huts with thatched roofs. -Separate cook houses. -Yards ringed with traditional dry rock walls where pigs share the ground with turkeys. Though Catholicism prevails, the absence of huts around the cenote suggests a lingering pagan sanctify.  Domosh Neumann Price Jordan-Bychkov The Human Mosaic Eleventh Edition CHAPTER 3 Population Geography Shaping the Human Mosaic © 2010 W. H. Freeman and Company