GEOG 1100 Lecture 1 2024

GEOG 1100 Dr. Cathy Conrad Lecture/Chapter 1 Objectives and Tools of World Regional Geog...

GEOG 1100 Dr. Cathy Conrad Lecture/Chapter 1 Objectives and Tools of World Regional Geography Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Chapter Objectives (1 of 2) 01.01 Describe the scope of geography as an academic discipline. 01.02 Define these key terms in geography - map, region, landscape, culture, space, place, geospatial. 01.03 Describe two or three key concepts in geography, including the different types of regions, how maps display various kinds of spatial information, and how geography is both a physical and a social science. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Chapter Objectives (2 of 2) 01.04 Identify the roles of scale, projections, and symbolization on maps. 01.05 Define “geospatial revolution,” geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing. 01.06 List two or three professions that use geographic knowledge. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  1.1 Welcome to World Regional Geography 1.1 Describe the scope of geography as an academic discipline. 1.3 Describe two or three key concepts in geography, including the different types of regions, how maps display various kinds of spatial information, and how geography is both a physical and a social science. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  What is Where, Why There, and Why Care? What is “geography”? Term was first used by the Greek scholar Eratosthenes in the 3rd Century B.C.E. Literally means “description of the Earth” Best summed up as “the study of the Earth as the home of humankind” Branches of the discipline Physical geography Human geography Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  Six Essential Elements of Geography The World in Spatial Terms Places and Regions Physical Systems Human Systems Environment and Society Uses of Geography Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Human-Environment Interaction (2 of 2) Landscape Physical and human features on the Earth’s surface Culture Underlies decisions about use of landscape System of values, beliefs, and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behavior Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  1.1c The World Regional Approach to Geography Region – a convenience and a generalization Types of regions used by geographers Formal Region (uniform / homogeneous) Population shares defining trait(s) Functional Region (nodal) Spatial unit characterized by a central focus on some activity Vernacular Region (perceptual) Exists in the minds of many people Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Vernacular Region Examples: − “The Outback” − “The Bible Belt” − “Tourist hotspot” − “Up North” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  1.2 The Language of Maps 1.2 Define these key terms in geography: map, region, landscape, culture, space, place, geospatial. 1.4 Identify the roles of scale, projections, and symbolization on maps. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Cartographic Communication Cartographic communication is a special form of graphic communication; which differs from verbal communication. Sequential versus synoptic communication Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Cartographer’s “filters” Knowledge Experience Abilities Attitudes Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  WorldMapper…. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Mental Map − Each of us has a personal sense of space and place and associations with them Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  1.2a Scale (1 of 2) The size ratio represented by a map Representative fraction Scale of 1:10,000 1 linear unit (e.g., inch or cm) on the map represents 10,000 such real-world units on the ground Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  1.2a Scale (2 of 2) Large scale Large representative fraction (ex: 1:10,000 or 1:100) Small area shown in more detail Small scale Small representative fraction (ex: 1:1,000,000) Large area shown in more generalized terms Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Comparing Maps Small-Scale Map Large-Scale Map Small representative fraction Large representative fraction Portrays large area Portrays small area Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  1.2b Coordinate Systems (1 of 2) Location Relative Defines a place in relationship to other places Absolute Provides a unique address for each place Grids of horizontal and vertical lines covering the globe Intersections of these lines create the addresses Latitude and Longitude most commonly used Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  1.2b Coordinate Systems (2 of 2) Measured in Degrees (°), Minutes (’), and Seconds (”) 1 degree is made up of 60 minutes 1 minute is made up of 60 Equator has a latitude of 0° Parallels Divides Northern and Southern Hemispheres Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Coordinate Systems – Longitude Meridians of longitude Straight lines connecting the poles Converge at the poles; farthest apart at Equator Prime meridian has a longitude of 0° Runs through the Royal Astronomical Observatory in Greenwich, England Divides Western and Eastern Hemispheres Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Latitude Vs. Longitude Parallels of Latitude Meridians of Longitude Range from 90°N to 90°S Range from 180°W to 180°E Equator at 0° Prime Meridian at 0° Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  1.2c Projections (1 of 2) Map projection Depicting the curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface Metric relationships on the globe Area, shape, distance, direction A flat map cannot replicate all of these simultaneously Most projections can preserve only one of these Inevitably, there will be distortion on a flat map Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  1.2c Projections (2 of 2) Common map projection families: Azimuthal Plane Polar regions Cylindrical Cylinder Areas around the Equator Conic Cone Middle latitudes Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Common Map Projections Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  The Mercator Projection Most widely recognized map projection The Mercator projection was developed to aid in navigation by showing compass bearings as straight lines. The Mercator projection sacrifices scale to show these straight lines. Distortion increases as the map approaches the poles. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  1.3 The Geospatial Revolution 1.5 Define “geospatial revolution,” geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Geographic Technologies and Careers (1 of 2) “The Geospatial Revolution” Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Computer-based tool that allows people to create, view, manipulate, analyze, and store geospatial data Spatial data stored in “layers” Soils, hydrology, road networks, demographics, etc. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Geographic Technologies and Careers (2 of 2) Remote sensing (Earth observation) Science of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface without being in direct contact with it Data sources Aerial photography Radar LIDAR Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  GIS Advantages Natural resource management Business Defense Emergency preparedness and response Communications and media Planning Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33 1.5 Jobs and Careers in Geography 1.6 List two or three professions that use geographic knowledge. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34 What in the World, Geography?! Some words from our former students….. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  2022 SMU Graduate Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Darren Hiltz, BA Geography, 2010 “Hydrography is a branch of Geography which is associated with the study of physical features such as oceans, coastal regions, rivers and lakes and how these features may change over time. Hydrography includes surveying man-made and natural features along the coastline and in the ocean so that vessels can navigate in a safe manner. My experiences attending SMU and majoring in Geography had set the foundation in achieving a successful career working for the Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries and Oceans Canada.” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Rita Clarke, BA Geography, 1993 “I went to COGs after graduating in 93 and earned a certificate and diploma in Remote Sensing and GIS. I started my first job as a GIS analyst with the City of Halifax in 1994. I was in that job for a few years when I specialized in UNIX operating systems and became a full time IT professional with Halifax Regional Municipality for the next 18 years. I became reacquainted with geography and analysis when I became a Business Unit Coordinator for Halifax Fire & Emergency where I worked on the operational review which relied heavily on GIS analysis for response times and station locations. For the past 3 years, I have been the Business Unit Coordinator for Planning & Development where I work with gis analysts, geographers, planners and engineering teams on a regular basis. My geography background helps me every day. ” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38 Fredric Sweeney, BA Geography, 2012 “I'm actually a charter boat captain and I have a small boat service business. I've used my Geography for all my navigation and I have a much deeper appreciation for the ocean. The weather and climate course was a great tool for learning how to read and analyze weather forecasts, track hurricanes.” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  Makayla Cole, BA Geography, 2021 “Geography opened a lot of doors for me, during and following university. I had the opportunity to travel throughout Europe, West Africa, and North America through field studies, international exchanges, and my own backpacking adventures. Since graduation I have been working freelance in the non-profit sector with organizations like the Nova Scotia Environmental Network (NSEN) and the Cole Harbour Heritage Farm (CHHF). I am now strongly considering pursuing a GIS diploma through the Centre of Geographic Sciences (COGS) to broaden my horizons across all sectors. ” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  “Iperform geohazard studies for large offshore infrastructure projects such as wind farms, oil rigs, pipelines, and rocket launch platform sites. Geography is applied to my day-to-day tasks by utilizing precise geographic coordinates/ referencing systems and GIS to create maps for governmental permits.This job has allowed me to travel worldwide and work with people from many different countries.” Kelly Bates, SMU 2010 - Geography/Geology Double Major Project Geoscientist- GEMS Houston, Texas & Remote from Nova Scotia. Photo Credit: US Wind Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, Confirming the position or of posted to a publicly an offshore pipelineaccessible website, in the Caspian Sea. in whole or inCartographic part. map example for a pipeline and wind turbine location. 41  Al Gagnon, BA Geography “Without my time at Saint Mary's I would not have had the same opportunities given to me in life had I relied solely on a high school education. Today I own and operate a multi-million dollar railway construction corporation. I owe a lot of my success to the SMU Geography department. I Have to consider the topography a lot with construction of new railway lines etc. Ground composition, sediment deposits and types play huge factors in longevity of the materials. Then we have to always be mindful of the natural paths of water. The events of last November's railway washouts in the Fraser Canyon were caused due to poor water control measures.” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Rebecca Hanson, BA Geography, 2003 “I am an emergency manager. My career is ‘behind the scenes’ and involves research, analysis, and coordination in emergency management planning, policy, and program development. While there are now emergency management diplomas, certificates, and degrees, the field continues to benefit from a range of backgrounds and I use my academic background on a daily basis; however, if students are interested in pursuing emergency management as an occupation, I would urge them to complete a well rounded geography curriculum with courses in both physical and human geography. The SMU Geography program’s focus on writing has helped me immensely – emergency managers write a lot! But perhaps one of the biggest advantages of my geography degrees has been the ability to understand and relate to many different disciplines. Emergency management is very interdisciplinary and it is often my job to identify common goals between disparate organizational aims.” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Kitrina Godding, BSC Geography/Geology, 2005 “Geography/Geology gave me pathway to work for myself, allowing a stable financial future. Where I am today is because of the foundations that SMU laid down for me. I have a career as an Offshore Surveyor and have had the opportunity to Co-Lead Artic and Antarctic Scuba Expeditions.” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Amber Silver, BSc Geography, 2008 “I had an atypical university experience—I began at MSVU, where I struggled adjusting to university life. I took some time off, worked for a while, and then transferred to SMU. I took some courses in English and Geology and Psychology, but nothing ever ‘fit’. After some reflection, I decided that I wanted to study natural disasters—whatever that would even look like. I sat down the with academic calendar and went from department to department until I stumbled on geography. I had never considered geography as a career path—after all, I thought, what do geographers even do?—but as I read the course descriptions, it was like something clicked inside my mind. I registered for the intro courses, and I knew from the moment I sat in Suteanu’s GEOG 1203 course that I was sold. After I graduated SMU, I went on to study geography and environmental management at the University of Waterloo—one of the only other geography departments in the country to place a notable emphasis on severe and hazardous weather. From there, I was lucky to land my dream job at the University at Albany studying risk and crisis communication in the context of extreme weather. ” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45 “SMU instilled in me an insatiable curiosity about the world, while also providing the resources and support I needed to indulge that curiosity. The classroom experience was supplemented by field trips, blue box talks, hands-on field work, SMUGS events, invited guest lectures, and a directed study that provided my first experience with social science research.” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46 Robert Harris, BA Geography, 2009 “After completing Geography at SMU I took the Advanced Diploma in GIS at NSCC COGS. I have been employed straight from 2010 through to today as a Geomatics Analyst, Manager and now moving back To Halifax as a 911 Data and Solutions Manager for Esri Canada. SMU taught me the critical thinking and spatial analysis skillsets that I use every day in my career. Geography is everywhere and the skills I learned at SMU can take me anywhere in my career. Get involved in a social club; meet as many people as you can…the industry is smaller than you think and it’s always helpful to have a friendly face; don’t be afraid to take that random geography course because you may love it. “ Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47