Criminology Flashcards PDF

Crime is viewed as a rational choice where Describe the key idea of Classical individuals have free will and weigh costs and Criminology....

Crime is viewed as a rational choice where Describe the key idea of Classical individuals have free will and weigh costs and Criminology. benefits. How does Classical Criminology suggest Punishment should be swift and proportionate crime should be addressed? to deter crime. It assumes equality before the law but fails to Define the critique of Classical Criminology. consider social inequalities or the effectiveness of deterrence. Crime is determined by biological or What is the key idea of Positivist Criminology? psychological defects that are beyond the individual's control. It suggests that individuals do not choose to Explain the concept of determinism in commit crimes; rather, their defects compel Positivist Criminology. them to do so.  It is seen as discriminatory, focusing on Identify a critique of Positivist Criminology. individual defects without considering the social context. How do Classical and Positivist Criminology Both are consensus-based and focus on the compare in their focus? individual. What are the elements involved in theory Social phenomenon, concepts, hypotheses, development? and theory. Hypotheses predict relationships between Define the term 'hypotheses' in the context of variables, such as socio-economic status and theory development. crime. What role do concepts play in addressing Concepts are the words used to describe social issues? social issues.  A theory is developed as either an Describe the process of theory development explanation or a solution to the identified after research. problem. Describe the key idea of Learning People learn criminal behavior through Perspectives in criminology. interactions with others. The closer the relationship with deviant Define Differential Association according to individuals, the more likely one is to adopt Sutherland. their behavior. Crime happens in disorganized areas; How does social disorganization relate to organized areas have less crime because crime according to Social Ecology Theories? people have more to gain by following rules. What is a critique of Positivism in Positivism is discriminatory and ignores criminology? broader social factors.  Explain the concept of determinism in the Crime is seen as a result of uncontrollable context of crime. defects. Communities with disorganization foster Describe the relationship between community crime, while organized communities promote organization and crime rates. social order. What do state-based interventions in They propose punishment or treatment. criminology propose? This technique involves blaming external Describe Sykes and Matza’s Denial of factors for one's actions, suggesting that the Responsibility technique. behavior is not the individual's fault. This technique involves denying that any Explain the Denial of Injury technique in harm was done, often by claiming that 'no Sykes and Matza’s framework. one got hurt' as a justification for the behavior.  This technique involves reframing the victim What is the Denial of Victim technique as deserving of the harm inflicted upon them, according to Sykes and Matza? thus justifying the behavior. How does the Condemnation of Condemners This technique involves attacking those who technique function in Sykes and Matza’s condemn the behavior, shifting focus away theory? from the act itself. Define the Appeal to Higher Loyalties This technique justifies actions by claiming technique in the context of Sykes and Matza’s they are in service of following orders or Techniques of Neutralization. adhering to a higher cause. Discuss the relationship between criminal Both criminal and non-criminal behaviors are behavior and non-criminal behavior as seen as expressions of the same underlying presented in the content. needs, such as survival and success. Conformity and deviance are both aimed at How do conformity and deviance relate to achieving similar goals, despite their differing each other according to the content? methods. What does Glaser’s Differential Identification It emphasizes that the strength of bonds with Theory emphasize about the intensity of others influences an individual's behavior. association? A stronger identification with deviants Explain the concept of degree of identification increases the likelihood of adopting deviant in Glaser’s Differential Identification Theory. behavior.