Muscles of the Tongue PDF

## Muscles of the Tongue **fig. 127 b** The passage of air is blocked (4) in the pharynx. Before resuscitation, it is important that the tongue is pulled forward so that air can pass freely. This can be achieved by tilting the head back or by pressing the mandible forward with pressure on the man...

## Muscles of the Tongue **fig. 127 b** The passage of air is blocked (4) in the pharynx. Before resuscitation, it is important that the tongue is pulled forward so that air can pass freely. This can be achieved by tilting the head back or by pressing the mandible forward with pressure on the mandibular angle on both sides. Free airways are essential for successful resuscitation. **fig. 126** The genioglossi can also pull the tong forward and are used when protruding the tongue. **fig. 95 c** When both genioglossi contract, the tongue protrudes forward. Injury to the hypoglossal nerve on one side causes the tongue to deviate towards that side, as the tongue can only move forward if the intact genioglossus on the opposite side contracts. **fig. 140 a & b** The palatoglossus acts both as a tongue muscle and a palatal muscle. It forms the anterior palatal arch and is described under the muscles of the palate. The glossopharyngeal part acts as a tongue muscle and a pharyngeal muscle. It is part of the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. **fig. 139 a & b** The inner tongue muscles include: - m. longitudinalis inferior - m. longitudinalis superior - m. transversus linguae - m. verticalis - Common to all inner tongue muscles is that they both originate and insert in the tongue, intermingling with other tongue muscles. **fig. 128 a** The hypoglossus (1) is a quadrilateral muscle that originates from the greater cornu (2) and lesser cornu (3) of the hyoid bone. **fig. 128 b** The direction of fibers is upwards, forward, and finally medial (1). **fig. 130** The hypoglossus has many important relations. Medial to the muscle runs the lingual artery (6) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (7). The artery runs right above the hyoid bone. The glossopharyngeal nerve runs high up on the medial surface of the hypoglossus in the tongue substance. The continuation of the lingual artery (5) runs towards the tongue tip, lateral to the genioglossus. **fig. 131** **fig. 133** The lateral surface of the hypoglossus faces two regions. The anterior part of the surface (1) faces the sublingual region, while the posterior part (2) faces the submandibular triangle. The boundary between these two areas lies on the lateral surface at the posterior edge of the mylohyoid (3), or more precisely at the projection of the posterior edge onto the hypoglossus. **fig. 137 a** Structures that run on the lateral surface of the hypoglossus pass from the submandibular triangle to the sublingual region, crossing the posterior edge of the mylohyoid. **fig. 130** This applies to the hypoglossal nerve (5) close to the hyoid bone and the lingual nerve (4) high up on the muscle. **fig. 138** **fig. 141** **fig. 129** The hypoglossus pulls the tongue downwards and backwards. **fig. 134 a** The styloglossus (1) originates from the tip of the styloid process (2) and is the anterior and shortest of the three stylo muscles. It runs through the lateral pharyngeal space between the two carotid arteries, the internal carotid artery (4) and the external carotid artery (5). **fig. 134 b** Most of the fibers in the styloglossus (2) end posteriorly in the tongue, where they merge with the hypoglossus (3). The rest of the fibers (1) continue laterally to the tongue tip. **fig. 142** **fig. 135 a** The styloglossus acts like a 'rein'. When the right and left muscles contract simultaneously, the tongue and the tongue tip are pulled upwards and backwards. If only one muscle contracts, the tongue tip is pulled upwards and laterally. **fig. 135 b** **fig. 128 a** The hyoglossus (1) is a quadrilateral muscle that originates from the greater cornu (2) and lesser cornu (3) of the hyoid bone. **fig. 128 b** The direction of fibers is upwards, forward, and finally medial (1). **fig. 130** The hypoglossus has many important relations. Medial to the muscle runs the lingual artery (6) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (7). The artery runs right above the hyoid bone. The glossopharyngeal nerve runs high up on the medial surface of the hypoglossus in the tongue substance. The continuation of the lingual artery (5) runs towards the tongue tip, lateral to the genioglossus. **fig. 131** **fig. 133** The lateral surface of the hypoglossus faces two regions. The anterior part of the surface (1) faces the sublingual region, while the posterior part (2) faces the submandibular triangle. The boundary between these two areas lies on the lateral surface at the posterior edge of the mylohyoid (3), or more precisely at the projection of the posterior edge onto the hypoglossus. **fig. 137 a** Structures that run on the lateral surface of the hypoglossus pass from the submandibular triangle to the sublingual region, crossing the posterior edge of the mylohyoid. **fig. 130** This applies to the hypoglossal nerve (5) close to the hyoid bone and the lingual nerve (4) high up on the muscle. **fig. 138** **fig. 141** **fig. 129** The hypoglossus pulls the tongue downwards and backwards. **fig. 134 a** The styloglossus (1) originates from the tip of the styloid process (2) and is the anterior and shortest of the three stylo muscles. It runs through the lateral pharyngeal space between the two carotid arteries, the internal carotid artery (4) and the external carotid artery (5). **fig. 134 b** Most of the fibers in the styloglossus (2) end posteriorly in the tongue, where they merge with the hypoglossus (3). The rest of the fibers (1) continue laterally to the tongue tip. **fig. 142** **fig. 135 a** The styloglossus acts like a 'rein'. When the right and left muscles contract simultaneously, the tongue and the tongue tip are pulled upwards and backwards. If only one muscle contracts, the tongue tip is pulled upwards and laterally. **fig. 135 b** ### The Connective Tissue Skeleton of the Tongue There is loose connective tissue in the tongue, particularly between the muscles. In addition, there is dense connective tissue that forms two flexible sheets, the aponeurosis linguae and the septum linguae. Both belong to the 'connective tissue skeleton'. The aponeurosis linguae (3) is located under the dorsum of the tongue and consists of the lamina propria (1) and the tela submucosa (2). It is the attachment site of most of the tongue muscles. The septum linguae (4) is a thin, sagittal connective tissue plate in the middle of the tongue. It consists of collagenous, fibrillary, dense, unorganized connective tissue (5). **fig. 137 a** The transversus linguae (2) consists of transverse muscle fibers on each side of the septum linguae (1). The transversus consists of many independent muscle fibers, but also receives contributions from some of the external tongue muscles, especially from the muscle in the anterior palatal arch, the palatoglossus, and the pharyngeal muscle, pars glossopharyngea. The verticalis (1) consists of nearly vertical fibers and is relatively weak. The inner tongue muscles can alter the shape of the tongue, but it is difficult to describe the function of each one. Innervation is discussed in the context of the nerves of the tongue.