Week 4 - Anatomy and Physiology (1) PDF

SCIENCE Jon-Ville M. Caliboso TODAY'S AGENDA 1 Anatomy 2 Physiology  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology  Sense Organ: The Eyes grade one Sense Organ: The Ears Sense Organ: The Nose Sense Organ: The Tongue Sen...

SCIENCE Jon-Ville M. Caliboso TODAY'S AGENDA 1 Anatomy 2 Physiology  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology  Sense Organ: The Eyes grade one Sense Organ: The Ears Sense Organ: The Nose Sense Organ: The Tongue Sense Organ: The Skin grade one Healthful Habits to Protect the Sense Organs Healthful Habits to Protect our Body Parts EYEBROWS, EYELIDS, and EYELASHES - PARTS AND protects the eyes from too much light, FUNCTIONS dust and other things that can damage them. CORNEA - the transparent covering in our eyes. IRIS - the colored part of the eyes. PUPILS - the dark center and the opening of the eyes. This is where the light goes in. LENS- this is where the light that passes through the pupils strikes. This part brings the object upside-down image of the object to the retina. RETINA - the lining of the inner eye which PARTS AND detects images and colors of objects. FUNCTIONS The images turns into signals that are sent to the brain. OPTIC NERVE - sends information about the things we see to the brain for interpretation. IMPORTANCE OF THE EYES It helps us to point objects. We can say if the object is moving. It helps us describe the things we see around us. It tells us the size of the objects. PINNA or AURICLE - located in the OUTER PARTS AND EAR that serves as a funnel that catches FUNCTIONS sound waves. EAR CANAL - this is where sound waves move to the inner ear. EARDRUM - found in the ear canal which it vibrates when the sound waves reach it. HAMMER, ANVIL, and STIRRUP - bones connected to the eardrum that vibrates and convert sound waves to signals. SEMICIRCULAR CANAL - this is where signals from the three bones pass. COCHLEA - sensory cells that receives the signal. AUDITORY NERVES - send messages to the brain for interpretation. IMPORTANCE OF THE EARS It helps us to distinguish soft and loud sounds. The ear is in charge of collecting sound waves. It helps us in interpreting and following instructions.  PARTS AND NOSTRIL - the two openings of FUNCTIONS the nose where odor and scent enters NASAL CAVITY - it filters and warms the air we breathe. OLFACTORY NERVES - these nerves turns the smell to signals for the brain to interpret. NASAL HAIRS - filters the air we breath. IMPORTANCE OF THE nose It helps up smell different odors and scents in our surroundings. It filters the air we breathe before it enters our lungs for respiration. It helps us identify pleasant from unpleasant smell.  PARTS AND FUNCTIONS PAPILLAE - tiny bumps in the tongue. TASTE BUDS - located inside the papillae that sense different kinds of flavors and tastes. MICROVILLI - highly sensitive microscopic hair that distinguishes the tastes. IMPORTANCE OF THE tongue It helps up distinguish the taste and flavor of the food we eat. The five basic tastes are sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami or savory. It is paired with the nose in telling the taste of the food we eat. EPIDERMIS - the outermost layer of PARTS AND the skin. This is where dead skin is FUNCTIONS produced and must be washed away. DERMIS - this is flexible which allows it to stretch easily and be back to shape. SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - fatty tissues that store energy and acts as a cushion that absorbs bumps. NERVES - tiny sensors underneath that send signals to the brain. SEBACEOUS GLANDS - produces oil. SWEAT GLANDS - produces sweat. MELANIN - gives color to the skin. IMPORTANCE OF THE SKIN It helps us identify different textures. It keeps our body warm. It protects our internal body parts from harmful things. It produces sweat to keep our temperature stable.  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology Eat food rich in Vitamin A. TAKING Never rub your eyes with your CARE: EYES bare hands. Rest your eyes. Do not read in a moving vehicle or while lying down. Avoid looking directly at the sun. Read in a well-lit room. Do not use gadgets or watch TV for a long time. Keep your eyes away from sharp objects. Do not use hard or sharp TAKING CARE: EARS objects to clean your ears. Avoid listening to loud music. Do not use earphones for a long time. Do not blow your nose hard, it may affect your ears. See a doctor is you have a hearing problem.  TAKING Cover your nose with a CARE: NOSE clean handkerchief in dusty places. Blow your nose gently when you have cold. Clean your nose with a wet, soft cloth. Do not insert anything into your nose.  TAKING Use a tongue scraper to CARE: TONGUE remove particles that cling to the surface of your tongue. Do not take very hot or cold drinks and food. Do not put dirty things in your mouth.  TAKING CARE: SKIN Take a bath every day. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Wash your wound with soap and water. Do not scratch your skin if it is itchy.  TAKING CARE: Practice good eating BODY habits Observe personal hygiene Practice cleanliness Exercise regularly Get enough rest and sleep  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology  Sense Organ: The Eyes grade TWO Sense Organ: The Ears Sense Organ: The Nose Sense Organ: The Tongue Sense Organ: The Skin  Additional Parts and Functions: CONJUCTIVA - The covering of EYES the inner surface of the eyelids and the front part of the eyeball. VITREOUS HUMOR - it gives the eye a round shape. SCLERA - the white part of the eyeball and protects the inner parts of the eye. AQUEOUS HUMOR - watery fluid between lens and the cornea. NEARSIGHTEDNESS - it is when things that Ailments: near appear clearly while things that are far are unclear. EYES FARSIGHTEDNESS - opposite of nearsightedness. ASTIGMATISM - may see blurred or unclear objects whether far or near. CROSS-EYED - people who cannot control the movement of their eye muscles. CATARACT - is the clouding of the lens of the eye or it's surrounding making it hard to see. GLAUCOMA - hardening of the eyeballs because of pressure. SORE EYES or CONJUCTIVITIS - inflammation of the conjuctiva due to bacterial infection.  Ailments: DEAFNESS - total loss of EARS hearing. OTITIS MEDIA - swelling of the middle ear caused by virus and bacteria. OTITIS EXTERNA - swelling of the external ear caused by water remains trapped in the ear canal that leads to growth of bacteria and fungi.  Ailments: NOSE COLDS - thickening of the mucus in our nose lining caused by bacteria. NOSEBLEED - the flowing of blood from the nose caused by broken blood vessels in the nostril.  Ailments: partial or complete loss of TONGUE taste changes in the ability to identify taste difficulty in moving the tongue swelling of the tongue pain or bumping sensation changes in tongue color TINEA FLAVA or AN-AN - small white Ailments: patches in the skin caused by bacterial infection. SKIN SCABIES or GALIS-ASO - causes by mites that attach themselves to the skin, especially in hands and feet. ATHLETE'S FOOT or ALIPUNGA - itchy, wet, and peeling sensation in the skin caused by fungi and bacteria growing in the middles of the toes. PRICKLY HEAT or BUNGANG-ARAW - caused by sweat trapped in the skin that causes reddish and small bumps in the skin. SUNBURN - caused by overexposure from the sun that causes blisters and red skin.  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology Observe good nutrition and maintain TAKING a balanced diet. CARE: Milk Group BODY Vegetable Group Meat Group Fruit Group Grain Group Practice proper hygiene Wash hands Brush teeth Cut nails and toenails Exercise daily Rest and sleep Have recreational activities Keep your place safe from danger and accidents  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology  The Body Parts grade THREE The Five Sense Organs and their functions Ways to Have a Health Body TORSO - or the human trunk is the The central part of the body. Torso NECK - body part that connects the head and the upper trunk. SHOULDERS - connect the arms and the torso. CHEST - front part of the body between the neck and abdomen. ABDOMEN - this is where the navel or the belly button is located. WAIST and HIP - helps us to bend.  The Upper UPPER LIMB - are made up of Limb the arms, elbows, hands and fingers. ARMS - located between the shoulder and the wrist. ELBOWS - enable your arms to move. HANDS and FINGERS - used to touch, pick-up, and hold objects.  The Lower LOWER LIMB - are made up of Limb the thighs, knees, legs, feet, and ankles. THIGHS - parts of the legs above the knee. KNEES - help you bend your legs. LEGS and FEET - used for walking, running, and jogging. ANKLE - joints where the feet joins the legs. THE JOINTS - points where two or more bones meet. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - it is the framework of the body. Skull - protects our brain. Ribs - located in the chest that protects our heart and lungs. Hipbone - bowl-shape bone that protects the organs of the lower body. Spine or Backbone - main central support of the body. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - acts as a transport system that takes care of the needs of the other system. Heart - pumps blood to all the parts the body. Blood - the liquid that carries oxygen and nutrient to the body. Blood vessel - this is where blood flows. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - focuses on breathing to supply our body with oxygen. Lungs - the main organ of the system or the breathing system.  The Body Parts grade THREE The Five Sense Organs and their functions Ways to Have a Health Body FOOD - one of the basic needs in Healthy order for us to survive. Body Red food - high in vitamins A and C. White Food - rich in potassium and fiber. Blue food - helps our brain. Orange food - rich in vitamin A and fiber Yellow food - high in vitamin C. Green food - good for maintaining healthy eyesight. WATER - drink liquids especially Healthy water to avoid dehydration. Body EXERCISE - for us to be physically fit. Cardiovascular exercise - breathing and heart's pumping functions. Aerobic exercise - good for nerves and muscles CLEANLINESS and HYGIENE ENOUGH SLEEP and RELAXATION  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology  The Brain and the Nerves grade FOUR The Heart The Lungs The Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Kidneys The Bones and Muscles BRAIN - central processing The Brain system of the body. Gila - surrounds, supports, and provides nutrients to the neurons of the brain. Meninges - three soft membranes of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - provides cushion to the brain. BRAIN STEM - lowest portion of Parts of the brain that is connected to the Brain the spinal cord. Medulla - involuntary activities such as heart rate and breathing. Pons - controls major sensory and motor activities. Midbrain - controls the eyesight and the way we perceive sound and light. CEREBRUM - located at the back part of the brain stem and it controls Parts of the coordination of movements and the Brain skills. CEREBELLUM - makes up 85% of the brain where thoughts, feelings, and ideas reside. Cerebral Hemisphere - divides the brain from left to right. Cerebral Cortex - the wrinkled surface of the brain. Thalamus - interpretation of signals from sensory neurons. Hypothalamus - controls heartbeat, breathings, hunger and others. NEURONS - receive nerve impulses Neurons from the body. Dendrite - fingers of the neuron. Axon or nerve fiber - longer branches of the nerve. Myelin sheath - this is where signals pass from the nucleus to the axon terminal. NERVE JUNCTIONS - the connection between nerves. Synapses - junctions between each nerve. It contains the neurotransmitter. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - a case where Ailments the myelin sheath is destroyed causing uncoordinated movements. ENCEPHALITIS - inflammation of the brain caused by a virus. RABIES - a disease from mammals that are caused by the virus in their saliva. MENINGITIS - inflammation of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. BRAIN TUMOR - mass of diseased cells in the brain. POLIO - infectious diseases that destroys motor neurons that causes pralysis of the muscle.  Ailments HEADACHES and MIGRAINES - several headaches that are coming back are called migraines. EPILEPSY - a condition that is caused by disturbance of nerve signals in the brain. TINGLING SENSATION or PAMAMANHID - caused by squashed nerves.  The Brain and the Nerves grade FOUR The Heart (see notes) The Lungs The Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Kidneys The Bones and Muscles FAINTING - the heart cannot Ailments pump enough blood to the body because of certain conditions like stress, heat, and more. HEART ATTACK - this happens when blood flow in the heart is interrupted. HYPERTENSION - other term for HBP that is caused by the pressure on the lining of the vessels as blood flow on them.  The Brain and the Nerves grade FOUR The Heart The Lungs (see notes) The Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Kidneys The Bones and Muscles ASTHMA - inflammation of air Ailments passages. EMPHYSEMA - a condition wherein the alveoli are damaged. LUNG CANCER - uncontrolled growth of tissue in the lungs. TUBERCOLOSIS - an infectious disease caused by bacteria. PNEUMONIA - an infectious disease caused by bacteria or viruses.  The Brain and the Nerves grade FOUR The Heart The Lungs The Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Kidneys (see notes) The Bones and Muscles GASTRIC ULCER - the acid in the Ailments stomach eats away or damages the stomach itself. INDIGESTION - refers to the discomfort felt in the upper stomach caused by eating too quickly. HEPATITIS - inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, drugs, or chemical. NEPHRITIS - inflammation of one of the kidneys. KIDNEY FAILURE - inability of the kidney to filter waste. KIDNEY CANCER - development of malignant or cancerous cells in the kidney.  The Brain and the Nerves grade FOUR The Heart The Lungs The Stomach, Intestines, Liver, and Kidneys The Bones and Muscles (see notes) MUSCLE CRAMP - the presence of lactic Ailments acid in the muscles that causes spasms. BRUISE - this happens when a part of your muscle bumps at a certain that can cause blood to clot. SPRAIN - tearing or stretching muscle fiber. OSTEOPOROSIS - is common for older women. SCOLIOSIS - abnormal curving of the bones. BONE INFECTION - bacteria enters a open fracture causing infection. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS - disorder in which muscles easily become weak. grade FIVE The Reproductive System The Menstrual Cycle Puberty and its changes Ailments Wash one's face regularly Taking Wash one's body regularly Care and use antiperspirants Change one's sanitary napkin every four to six hours Use hot compress, heating pad, or a plastic bottle with warm water to ease menstrual cramps Take note of the date and one's period grade SIX Systems of the Body  m a n B o d H u y Anatomy and Physiology SCIENCE Jon-Ville M. Caliboso