INTD 3007 Week 6 Building Technology 2 PDF

INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 6 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0....

INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 6 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 1  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What Thermalis a & Air Quality Comfort building? https://www.parsnord.dk/thermal-comfort-2/ Heating – governed by OBC 2  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What Week 6 - is a Comfort & Air Quality Thermal building? Principles of Thermal Comfort Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings Humidity Indoor Air Quality (Readings, Binggeli, chapters 12-14) 3 Thermal Comfort What is Thermal Comfort? Thermal Comfort is the provision of and satisfaction with a save and comfortable interior environment for human beings. 4 What is Thermal Comfort? When we are able to give off heat and moisture at a rate that maintains a stable, normal body temperature - we achieve a state of thermal comfort”. Binggeli Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 55). The human body can be viewed as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will generate excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. ASHRAE Standard 55: Specifies conditions where 80% of sedentary or slightly active persons find the environment thermally acceptable. 5 Thermal Comfort Factors - Personal Factors There are several primary factors that directly affect thermal comfort that can be grouped in two categories: personal factors and environmental factors. Personal factors - because they are characteristics of the occupants  Metabolic rate  Clothing  Activity Levels  Age  Gender  Adaptation  Circadian Rhythms  Cultural influences  Stress Level 6 Thermal Comfort Factors - Environmental Factors Environmental factors: are conditions of the thermal environment.  Air Temperature  Temperature of surrounding surfaces  Mean radiant temperature  Humidity levels  Air Movement  Natural ventilation  Non-uniformity of Environment Even if all these factors may vary with time, standards usually refer to a steady state to study thermal comfort, just allowing limited temperature variations. 77  Thermal Comfort Standards Thermal comfort calculations according to ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 55 can be freely performed with the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55. Similar to ASHRAE Standard 55 there are other comfort standards like EN 15251 and the ISO 7730 standard http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/ The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) is a research center at the University of California, Berkeley. CBE's mission is to improve the environmental quality and energy efficiency of buildings by providing timely, unbiased information on building technologies and design techniques. 8 Thermal Comfort Conditions Since there are large variations from person to person in terms Of physiological and psychological satisfaction, it is hard to find an optimal temperature for everyone in a given space. Laboratory and field data have been collected to define conditions that will be found comfortable for a specified percentage of occupants. 99 Bioclimatic Design Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism, by Victor Olgyay-1963. Design with Climate describes an integrated design approach that remains a cornerstone of high performance architecture. Bioclimatic design uses nature’s energies to harmonize buildings with local conditions. The physics of the environment, such as solar radiation and the convection of wind are employed as formal influences to create a climate balanced design. four interlocking circles: Biology Climatology Technology Architecture 10 8 Thermal Comfort - Bioclimatic Index Due to all of differences discussed earlier, it is difficult to address the needs of every person, but as designers, we can address the thermal comfort needs of most people in a space. Bioclimatic diagram is based on the maximum and minimum average registers and minimum and maximum average, of the dry bulb’s temperature and relative humidity, respectively. 11  Thermal Comfort Values We need to design for the average thermal comfort temperatures for most people. As a medical definition, the range generally considered suitable for human occupancy is: 15 °C (59 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), though human comfort can extend beyond this range depending on humidity, air circulation and other factors. For interior spaces, we usually adapt a range of indoor spaces temperature for cold and hot seasons. These values of thermal comfort are: 20-24 °C (68-75.2 °F) - Winter Clothes 23-26 °C (73.4-78.8°F) - Summer Clothes 12  How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit 0 degrees Celsius is equal to 32 degrees Fahrenheit: 0 °C = 32 °F The temperature T in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) is equal to the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) times 9/5 plus 32: T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32 or T(°F) = T(°C) × 1.8 + 32 Example Convert 20 degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit: T(°F) = 20°C × 9/5 + 32 = 68 °F https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/temperature/celsius-to-fahrenheit.html 13 11 Human Comfort: Natural vs Mechanical Creating comfortable interior spaces usually are related to proper mechanical systems or HVAC systems. HVAC refers to Heating, Ventilation, and Air-condition systems. Support occupant comfort and health Protect structure and contents Achieving thermal comfort in a space isn't just about the HVAC design of the engineer but it is also about space planning and material selection which falls under the umbrella of interior design. As Interior Designers, we need to know about thermal comfort. Designing for human thermal comfort doesn’t just involve an optimum interior temperature, but it’s the combination of factors that determine what the optimum interior temperature should be. As a professional in the building industry it is very important to be able to coordinate with engineers and other consultants. 14 2  Principles of Heat Transfer We need to examine what temperature feels comfortable as well as look at how heat moves from our bodies to the surrounding space, from surface to surface and from space to space. Heat always moves from a warmer space to a cooler space, or a warmer surface to a cooler surface. Thermal equilibrium is reached where there is no difference in the temperature between two adjacent spaces, or adjacent surfaces. The greater the temperature difference the faster heat moves down the gradient. For example, in winter, heat is lost much faster to the exterior of a building than it is in the fall or spring. However, in the summer heat is lost from the exterior to the building. 15  Heat Transfer Methods Heat travels from warmer to colder spaces or surfaces by a few different ways: Conduction Convection Radiation 16 Heat Transfer Methods - Conduction Conduction is where heat transfers between molecules. This is heat transfer that involves physical contact between surfaces. For example, when you place a hot cup of coffee on a table the heat transfers from the cup to the table, that is, from surface to surface by conduction. Another example, when you when you walk barefoot on a marble or ceramic floor, heat will move from your body to the floor (from surface to surface) by conduction. 17 Heat Transfer Methods - Radiation Radiation is where heat flows from hotter surfaces to cooler surfaces, with no direct contact. The heat flows through electromagnetic waves. This method of heat flow is the same with the heat from the sun and how it travels to the earth. Evaporation is where heat moves away from water or wet surfaces through moisture. 18 Heat Transfer Methods - Convection Convection is where heat transfers between air and a solid. This could be the heat from an Interior space transferring to the exterior building walls. 19 Heat Transfer -Terminologies Thermal capacity: is the ability of a material to store heat and is roughly proportional to a material's mass or weight. Water for example has a high thermal capacity and is often used as a carrier of heat in building systems. Thermal resistance: a term that acts in response to thermal capacity, that is, materials with a high thermal capacity have a low thermal resistance. In a building the higher the building envelope's thermal resistance the slower heat is lost from the interior to the exterior. Materials with high thermal resistance include Air and Wood; they are good insulators. Materials with low thermal resistance include Glass and Metals. R-value: the measure of thermal resistance for insulators is. The higher the R-value, the greater the thermal resistance level of the insulator. Windows in a building are where most of the heat is lost. 20  Thermal Comfort - Humidity Humidity, which is the level of moisture in the air. High and low humidity can affect health (and comfort). High humidity can cause lots of issues in the interior environment: Mold and bacteria growth Interior finishes to peel or warp. Low humidity can cause: Irritation to the occupants of the space Dry skin, nose and throat. Image1 Architect and Engineers are the main decision makers when it comes to designing the temperature regulating systems of the built environment. Interior Designer can select interior finishes that have a low or high thermal capacity depending on the type of space. 21 18 Indoor Air - Introduction Approximately 90% of human time is spent indoors. Interior environment is susceptible to a wide array of potential air pollutants – typically emitted by : Synthetic building products Equipment Cleaning products Control of Indoor Air Quality is dependent on limiting pollution sources and proper ventilation. Moisture control – important to keeping indoor environments healthy. 22 Indoor Air - Introduction Important considerations for us as designers, and for the general health and well-being of humans. Considerations from the American Lung Association https://www.lung.org/clean-air 23 Indoor Air Quality - Introduction Importance of indoor air quality… “All buildings need to bring in outdoor air for health reasons. Because we use materials that give off toxic components, indoor-air quality (IAQ) has become an important issue. Small buildings, such as residences, have traditionally relied on infiltration to supply the needed fresh air, while large buildings have relied on a designed ventilation system. Because energy-efficient buildings have a tight envelope, all buildings now need a carefully designed ventilation system, and in winter preheating this fresh air will save a great deal of energy.” Norbert Lechner, Heating, Cooling, Lighting (3rd ed), Wiley 2009, page 203. 24 Indoor Air - Introduction Applicable Standards for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) ASHRAE Standards: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction and Commissioning ANSI/ASHRAE Standards: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality LEED v4 Standards: - Minimum indoor air quality performance 25 2 Indoor Air Quality ASHRAE Standard 62.1.2013 defines acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) as: “air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.” Subjective definition to comfort and health. Reflects complexity of identifying contaminants and sources. Difficulty of diagnosing illnesses caused by contaminants in indoor air. 26 2 Indoor Air Quality As buildings become more tightly controlled environments – the quality of indoor air quality (IAQ) – has a greater effect on human health. Reasons for poor indoor air quality in office buildings: Presence of indoor air pollution sources; Poorly designed, maintained, or operated ventilation systems; and Unanticipated or poorly planned uses of the building. 27 2 Indoor Air Quality How engineers approach to deal with indoor air problems: Choosing materials and equipment that limit pollution at its source. Isolating unavoidable sources of pollution. Providing adequate fresh and filtered re- circulated air. Maintaining a clean building and equipment All these strategies are preferable to increasing air flow rates and energy consumption. 28 2 Indoor Air Quality What can Interior Designers do to promote good Indoor Air Quality? Key participant in the renovation of buildings to new uses; Play a significant role in design team; Specify material that do not contribute to indoor air pollution. Research has shown that improving IAQ – can have a significant impact on health and productivity. Increasing health and productivity makes these strategies important and cost effective. 29 2 Indoor Air Quality Illnesses Related to Buildings In the early 1970’s – efforts to conserve heat, and constructing ‘tight’ buildings resulted in poor indoor air quality and ‘sick building’ problems. As a result, building codes have sought to balance energy efficiency with air quality. Currently, careful material selection and ventilation make it possible to build tight buildings with both high energy efficiency and good indoor air quality. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) – term that relates to symptoms related to workplace health. 30 2 Indoor Air Quality Sources of Pollution Bingelli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, page 224, Table 13.1 31 2 Indoor Air Quality Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Chemical compounds that evaporate at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure (therefore, volatile) and contain one or more carbon atoms (therefore, organic compound). Enter the air when the surfaces of solid materials evaporate – or “off-gas” at room temperature Some materials off-gas VOC’s for a time period, then revert to a safe state Some situations can cause mild to serious health effects from VOC exposure Example – large installation of new furniture or wall partitions, dry cleaning of interior furnishings, large scale cleaning, painting, etc. Period immediately following the finishing of a building – critical for VOC exposure. Flush-out periods may be used to increase ventilation and exhaust VOC’s from a building 32 2 Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality - Equipment Once interior contaminants are removed (VOC’s, other contaminants) – next practical measures are increased ventilation and improved air filtration. Air Cleaning Equipment: Incorporated into the HVAC system Filters air prior to returning to duct system Can also be portable units Equipment capacity is matched to size of room/building Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, page 33 2 227, Table 13.2 Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality Equipment Air Cleaners - types of equipment Binggelli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 228, Figures 13.3, 13.4, 13.5 34 2  Relevant Resources Fundamentals of HVAC - Basics of HVAC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqvo7bSr6t8 Air Cooled Chiller - How they work, working principle, Chiller basics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ic5a9E2ykjo Fundamentals of HVAC - Displacement Ventilation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB7zMJaFlcw Case Study - Displacement Ventilation in Manitoba Hydro Place http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBz e3kgjL-s Guidelines for Indoor Thermal Comfort & Ventilation http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/th ermal/factors.htm 35 INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 9 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 1  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What Week 9 -is a Comfort & Air Quality, cont’d. Thermal building? Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 1 - recap Principles of Thermal Comfort Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings Humidity Indoor Air Quality Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Moisture Control Heating & Cooling - Introduction (Readings, Binggeli, chapters 13-14) 2 Thermal Comfort What is Thermal Comfort? Thermal Comfort is the provision of and satisfaction with a save and comfortable interior environment for human beings. 3  Principles of Heat Transfer We need to examine what temperature feels comfortable as well as look at how heat moves from our bodies to the surrounding space, from surface to surface and from space to space. Heat always moves from a warmer space to a cooler space, or a warmer surface to a cooler surface. Thermal equilibrium is reached where there is no difference in the temperature between two adjacent spaces, or adjacent surfaces. The greater the temperature difference the faster heat moves down the gradient. For example, in winter, heat is lost much faster to the exterior of a building than it is in the fall or spring. However, in the summer heat is lost from the exterior to the building. 4  Thermal Comfort - Humidity Humidity, which is the level of moisture in the air. High and low humidity can affect health (and comfort). High humidity can cause lots of issues in the interior environment: Mold and bacteria growth Interior finishes to peel or warp. Low humidity can cause: Irritation to the occupants of the space Dry skin, nose and throat. Image1 Architect and Engineers are the main decision makers when it comes to designing the temperature regulating systems of the built environment. Interior Designer can select interior finishes that have a low or high thermal capacity depending on the type of space. 5 18 Indoor Air Quality What can Interior Designers do to promote good Indoor Air Quality? Key participant in the renovation of buildings to new uses; Play a significant role in design team; Specify material that do not contribute to indoor air pollution. Research has shown that improving IAQ – can have a significant impact on health and productivity. Increasing health and productivity makes these strategies important and cost effective. 62 Human Comfort: Natural vs Mechanical Creating comfortable interior spaces usually are related to proper mechanical systems or HVAC systems. HVAC refers to Heating, Ventilation, and Air-condition systems. Support occupant comfort and health Protect structure and contents Achieving thermal comfort in a space isn't just about the HVAC design of the engineer but it is also about space planning and material selection which falls under the umbrella of interior design. As Interior Designers, we need to know about thermal comfort. Designing for human thermal comfort doesn’t just involve an optimum interior temperature, but it’s the combination of factors that determine what the optimum interior temperature should be. As a professional in the building industry it is very important to be able to coordinate with engineers and other consultants. 72 Infiltration and Ventilation Outdoor air enters a building by infiltration and/or ventilation. Ventilation: Process of intentionally bringing fresh air into a building. Infiltration: Occurs when fresh air accidentally enters a building through openings or cracks in a building. 82 Infiltration and Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Infiltration: Occurs when fresh air unintentionally enters a building through openings or cracks in a building. Wind creates high pressure on the windward side of a building – low pressure on the leeward side. Fresh air infiltrates a building – on the windward side Travels through cracks and seam. On opposite side of building (low pressure) – stale indoor air leaks back outside Minimize infiltration by sealing gaps, weatherstripping, adding vestibules, using revolving doors. 92 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation: Process of intentionally bringing fresh air into a building. Process brings in fresh air, provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide / unwanted odors. Required for all climates. With advent of modern HVAC systems – fresh air is typically delivered via the heating/cooling systems. Building codes regulate minimum air flow rates Various types of ventilation systems 10 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Before invention of mechanical ventilation: High ceilings were common in buildings Created a large volume of indoor air that diluted odors and carbon dioxide Fresh air was provided by infiltration Use of large operable windows, created a steady exchange of air with the outdoors Natural systems – to assist with interior environments – assist with human health https://www.venuereport.com/roundups/16-wedding-venues-in-vancouver-you-need-to-know-about/entry/1/ 11 2 Infiltration and Ventilation MASS Architects, 60 minutes Rethinking building methods, material, labor sources, advantages of natural ventilation in buildings https://www.cbsnews.com/news/model-architecture-serving-society-60-minutes-2021-10-31// 12 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Basic components of a ventilation system: Air source that provides acceptable temperature, moisture content and cleanliness Force required to move air through building spaces Way to control the volume of air, velocity and direction of airflow Way to recycle or dispose of contaminated air. Primary ventilation systems include (dependent on the type and size of building): Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems- exhaust.html Attic and Roof Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation 13 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Natural Ventilation - General Moves fresh air through a building without fans. Wind or convection moves air from higher to lower pressure areas – through windows, doors, or openings Using natural ventilation helps keep a building cool in hot weather and supplies fresh air without excessive use of energy. Methods include: o Wind Ventilation o Convective Ventilation o Comfort Ventilation o Chimneys and Flues o Door and Window Ventilation Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 230, Figures 13.6. 14 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Natural Ventilation Methods Cross Ventilation – driven by wind through windows Building plans can shape flow of air through space Operable windows are key component Ventilation openings must have an inlet (point of positive exterior pressure) and outlet (point of negative pressure) Size of inlet / outlet will affect the pressure differential and velocity Greater velocity will assist with cooling Impact to space & functionality to be considered. Cross Ventilation Binggelli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 232, Figures 13.9 and 13.10 15 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Natural Ventilation Methods Cross Ventilation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0qKYBq7E8M 16 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Natural Ventilation Methods Solar Chimney – increases the stack effect within a building Example of convective ventilation Uses sun’s energy to improve ventilation in the building Moves air vertically on calm sunny days Induces a draft to create additional Solar Chimney updrafts that pull the breeze through the building 17 2 Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 232, Figures 13.9 and 13.10 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems Circulate fresh air using ducts and fans in buildings. Benefits include: i) better indoor air quality (removes allergens, pollutants and moisture) ii) control of proper fresh air flow (appropriate locations intake/exhaust) iii) improved comfort (constant flow, filtration, dehumidification) 18 2 https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-need-to-know/ Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems – How they work. Variety of systems available – based on local climate and building heating and cooling system ‘Specific’ ventilation system/fans required for kitchens/baths Typical systems and recommended climates: i) Supply Ventilation Systems – Hot or Mixed Climates - fresh air is drawn into building through an air intake - Either dedicated ventilation ducts or connected to main return air duct i) Exhaust Ventilation Systems – Cold Climates - Indoor air continuously exhausted through typically washroom fans ii) Balanced Ventilation Systems – All Climates - equal quantities of air brought in and sent out - typically using two fans (in/out) - most common systems are HRV (heat recovery) or ERV (energy recovery) 19 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems – How they work. Heat Recovery Ventilation System Transfers heat (only) from exhaust air to incoming air during heating season and from incoming air to exhaust air in the air conditioning system Reduce heating and cooling load and improve comfort https://www.redriverfurnace.com/hrv/ 20 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems – How they work. Energy Recovery Ventilation System Transfers heat and moisture between exhaust air and incoming air Additional savings in summer by reducing moisture content of air (rather than having to dehumidify) https://www.venmar.ca/22-detail-advice-hrv-and-erv-why-choose-a- 21 2 erv-energy-recovery-ventilator-.html Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Residential Ventilation Systems Residential ventilation systems (mechanical systems) that remove air, heat, moisture, odors, combustion pollutants, and grease to the outside. Most systems are located near a cooking surface. 22 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Residential Ventilation Systems Residential range hoods – typically mounted above residential kitchen ranges, in a wide variety of styles and materials. 23 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Whole House - Ventilation Systems Includes a system of fans, ductwork and controls. Many different types of systems, that align with local climates. Basic types include: Exhaust ventilation systems Supply ventilation systems Balanced ventilation systems 24 2 Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 237, Figures 13.19, 13.20 & 13.21. Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Exhaust Systems Ventilation systems are required primarily in bathrooms to reduce condensation. This is due to the fact that most materials in bathrooms are cooler than the air – and promote condensation. Therefore, exhaust fans should be located in the ceiling above toilets and showers to exhaust moisture within the air. Bathroom fans should: Exhaust directly to the exterior. Fan fixtures can be combined with lighting fixture. Select fan models to suit size of room, and consider acoustics (quiet models) 25 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Other Exhaust Systems Localized Exhaust Systems are also included in special purpose spaces including: Copier rooms Commercial kitchens Public washrooms Also refer to LEED standards for requirements related to exhaust systems. 26 Humidity and Moisture Control Overview Designers take elaborate measures to keep moisture out of buildings! Air pressure can drive water in any direction. Capillary action can pull water through porous materials and narrow cracks Excess moisture in building materials can result in peeling paint, rusting metal, etc. Damp materials attract dirt, require more cleaning and maintenance Damp spaces foster growth of pollutants (bacteria and viruses) Damp spaces can also encourage pests (dust mites) and support mold growth 27 Humidity and Moisture Control Overview Designers take elaborate measures to keep moisture out of buildings! A typical family of four – produces and average of 4 gallons of water vapour per day Kitchen is a source of excess moisture – cooking produces water vapour Microwaves and conventional ovens – remove moisture from food and vent it into the kitchen Gas cooking appliances – general water vapour as a combustion bi-product Dishwashers add moisture to the air The smaller and more tightly constructed residences – have higher moisture problems. Hard and non-absorbent materials (glazed tiles, stone, etc.) dry faster than absorbent materials Good air circulation – speed drying. Placing towels near heat registers – help with drying. 28 Humidity and Moisture Control Humidity Water vapour is always present in the air. Warmer the air – more vapour When the maximum amount of water vapour in the air is reached – it condenses onto cool surfaces, or fog, or rain. People are comfortable withing 20-50% relative humidity (RH)range. High humidity levels affect interior design materials, as too much moisture can cause dimensional changes in wood, plant & animal fibres, masonry. Low humidity levels can cause wood and furniture to shrink and crack Humidity below 20% RH can cause skin irritation. Can cause static electricity and shocks. Humidification adds moisture to the air without intentionally changing the air temperature. 29 Heating and Cooling https://www.alman ac.com/content/first 30 -day-seasons Heating and Cooling During the second decade of the twenty-first century, several trends appear to be bubbling in the world of HVAC design. These are being driven by a desire to produce higher-performance buildings – deep green projects, net-zero energy projects, carbon-neutral projects. One trend … is a willingness to let active systems partner with passive systems. No matter how efficient an active HVAC system, an appropriate passive system will use less energy (and renewable energy to boot). One of the more direct paths to net-zero energy is not to reduce energy use for heating and cooling, but rather to eliminate such energy use. Building automation systems make the integration of active and passive systems easier to mange. (Walter T. Grondizik and Alison G. Kwak, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings [12th ed.] Wiley 2015, pages 556-557) 31 Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition, Wiley 2016, pg 243. Heating and Cooling Introduction The design of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems has a major implication on a building’s architecture and interior design. Designers must coordinate with all consultants at the beginning of a project to make decisions about the use of the HVAC system and equipment. The designs of the mechanical systems must be fully integrated with the architecture and interior design. Develop this work concurrently. 32 University of Alberta Hospital – interior exposed Centre Georges Pompidou – exterior exposed mechanical system mechanical system Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations In North American climates – building components (walls, windows, roofs) can maintain comfortable interior temperatures. The mechanical engineer typically decides on which HVAC system will be used in a large building – considerations include performance, occupancy, cost, floor space, maintenance requirements, system controls. https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/leadership-in-engineering/ Architects and interior designers will communicate and coordinate with the engineer to assure that the system is properly integrated into the building and provides appropriate thermal comfort for users. The architect and engineer will resolve issues related to the exterior building envelope. These decisions include review of the thermal qualities of the building and fuel consumption of the mechanical equipment. A balance will be reached 33 to reach an appropriate decision between passive and active solutions.  Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations – The Design Process For very small projects – the selection of an HVAC system may be made by the architect and a mechanical contractor. For large more complex buildings, mechanical consulting engineers are involved and other specialists (fire protection, laboratory consultants, modelling firms, etc.) A study of mechanical systems in Canadian high-rise multi-unit residential Advantages and disadvantages of centralized and distributed buildings.. mechanical systems. A Study of Mechanical Systems in Canadian High-rise Multi-unit Residential Buildings 34 R. McNamara | Published 2016 | Engineering  Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations – The Design Process Mechanical systems in residential buildings with energy intensive mechanical systems highlighted in red. Mechanical system characteristics in residential buildings. Occupancy properties. Climate data. Model assembly constructions for assemblies. Plan analysis – condition review. 35 A Study of Mechanical Systems in Canadian High-rise Multi-unit Residential Buildings R. McNamara | Published 2016 | Engineering Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations – The Design Process Once the HVAC system is established, the specific system components are described: - Type and layout of distribution system - Size and location of central equipment - Efficiency in duct/piping runs (short direct runs, HVAC Equipment minimizing turns or bends, etc.) - Location and area related to HVAC equipment. Note: HVAC equipment can occupy 10-15% of the building area - Service and maintenance requirements are established - Acoustic and vibration control is reviewed - Adherence to codes and standards confirmed - Energy modelling completed and coordinated Building Area HVAC Space 36 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations As interior designers, you should be aware of these components of HVAC design, as they will need to be coordinated into the design of rooms and spaces. This coordination may significantly impact your design intent and solutions. Locations and sizes (dimensions) of ductwork and piping. Noise generated by mechanical equipment. Size and location of central HVAC mechanical rooms Locations of vertical distribution equipment Locations of horizontal distribution equipment Space at exterior walls (registers, diffusers) Avoid conflicts with furniture layouts Locations of temperature controls (thermostats) HVAC distribution will affect the interior design of rooms and spaces Ceiling heights and integration of ductwork into ceiling cavities may impact interior volumes 37 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations and sizes (dimensions) of ductwork and piping. https://www.tritechenergy.com/blog/commercial-ductwork/importance- https://www.carolinaductmasters.com/what-should-you-know-about-your-attic-ductwork/ indoor-air-quality-commercial-buildings/ https://wginc.com/ductwork-to-hide-or-not-to-hide-that-is-the-question/ 38 https://enviroaircleaning.com/hvac-commercial/pro-tips-often-clean- commercial-hvac-air-ducts/ Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Noise generated by mechanical equipment. https://blog.gltproducts.com/blog/tell-your-hvac-system-to-cool-it-with- https://www.armacell.us/blog/post/solving-vibration-noise-problems-in-hvac- the-noise-pollution systems/ Sound control in ducts Vibration Control of equipment 39 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Size and location of central HVAC mechanical rooms https://skyrisecities.com/news/2016/06/explainer-mechanical-penthouse Typical penthouse locations in high rise buildings 40 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Size and location of central HVAC mechanical rooms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas9ms2hcYA https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/652740539723608048/ Basement mechanical rooms – residential | commercial. 41 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of vertical distribution equipment https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf Vertical duct integration - residential 42 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of vertical distribution equipment https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Building_typical_floor_plan.png Vertical duct integration – commercial. 43 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of horizontal distribution equipment https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/cutaway-office-building-with-city-background-gm496830799-41288418 Diagrammatic building section - horizontal duct integration. 44. Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Space at exterior walls (registers, diffusers) Avoid conflicts with furniture layouts https://ariavent.com/ https://www.lowes.ca/ideas-how-to/buying-guides/floor-registers https://info.priceindustries.com/grd-product-guide-1 45 Floor registers – residential | baseboards – commercial | floor registers. Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of temperature controls (thermostats). https://www.comfortpros.net/5-signs-your-ac-thermostat-is-broken/ 46 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations HVAC distribution will affect the interior design of rooms and spaces Ceiling heights and integration of ductwork into ceiling cavities may impact interior volumes. 47 Heating and Cooling As an Interior Designer: Be aware of how heating and cooling equipment works Understand how the equipment will affect your design, energy efficiency, and your client’s comfort Understand occupancy issues such and an open office plan or a private enclosed office impacts a mechanical system Review how the design of air and ventilation systems interact with furniture design and room layouts 48 https://www.thecoolist.com/inspiration-beautiful-ceilings/ https://www.usg.com/content/usgcom/en/ceilings-plus.html HVAC - Effects on Interior Design The interior designer has input, as the space planning and types of activities taking place influence the type of HVAC systems needed. 49 20  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What is a Next Week, building? Week 9 – Thermal Comfort, Part 3 Heating Systems Cooling Systems HVAC Systems & Components Designing Reflected Ceiling Plans 50 INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 9/10 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 1  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS Week 9/10 - Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, cont’d. What is a Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 1 - recap building? Principles of Thermal Comfort Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings Humidity Indoor Air Quality Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 2 - recap Infiltration and Ventilation Moisture Control Heating & Cooling – Introduction Thermal Comfort, Part 3 Heating Systems Cooling Systems HVAC Systems & Components Designing Reflected Ceiling Plans (Readings, Binggeli, chapters 13-14) 2 Thermal Comfort What is Thermal Comfort? Thermal Comfort is the provision of and satisfaction with a save and comfortable interior environment for human beings. 3  Principles of Heat Transfer We need to examine what temperature feels comfortable as well as look at how heat moves from our bodies to the surrounding space, from surface to surface and from space to space. Heat always moves from a warmer space to a cooler space, or a warmer surface to a cooler surface. Thermal equilibrium is reached where there is no difference in the temperature between two adjacent spaces, or adjacent surfaces. The greater the temperature difference the faster heat moves down the gradient. For example, in winter, heat is lost much faster to the exterior of a building than it is in the fall or spring. However, in the summer heat is lost from the exterior to the building. 4  Thermal Comfort - Humidity Humidity, which is the level of moisture in the air. High and low humidity can affect health (and comfort). High humidity can cause lots of issues in the interior environment: Mold and bacteria growth Interior finishes to peel or warp. Low humidity can cause: Irritation to the occupants of the space Dry skin, nose and throat. Image1 Architect and Engineers are the main decision makers when it comes to designing the temperature regulating systems of the built environment. Interior Designer can select interior finishes that have a low or high thermal capacity depending on the type of space. 5 18 Indoor Air Quality What can Interior Designers do to promote good Indoor Air Quality? Key participant in the renovation of buildings to new uses; Play a significant role in design team; Specify material that do not contribute to indoor air pollution. Research has shown that improving IAQ – can have a significant impact on health and productivity. Increasing health and productivity makes these strategies important and cost effective. 62 Human Comfort: Natural vs Mechanical Creating comfortable interior spaces usually are related to proper mechanical systems or HVAC systems. HVAC refers to Heating, Ventilation, and Air-condition systems. Support occupant comfort and health Protect structure and contents Achieving thermal comfort in a space isn't just about the HVAC design of the engineer but it is also about space planning and material selection which falls under the umbrella of interior design. As Interior Designers, we need to know about thermal comfort. Designing for human thermal comfort doesn’t just involve an optimum interior temperature, but it’s the combination of factors that determine what the optimum interior temperature should be. As a professional in the building industry it is very important to be able to coordinate with engineers and other consultants. 72  HVAC - Effects on Thermal Comfort Heating, ventilation and air conditioning is commonly referred to as HVAC. It includes all of the systems and equipment used to control it. Adds or removes heat to maintain a comfortable temperature Adds or removes moisture to maintain a comfortable humidity level Provides a supply of ventilation (outdoor) air Provides direct exhaust to address point sources (washrooms, serveries, copy rooms) HVAC systems are typically designed by the mechanical engineer. 8 19 HVAC - Effects on Interior Design The interior designer has input, as the space planning and types of activities taking place influence the type of HVAC systems needed. 9 20 HVAC - Design Process Selecting the appropriate HVAC System Centralized vs. Localized Equipment Firstly, engineers determine if the mechanical needs are dominated by heating or cooling concerns. Climate is a huge factor in this determination (ie. Canada – predominantly heating, per OBC). Centralized HVAC equipment – often located outside of the occupied space. - Easier for maintenance - Large scale equipment, may promote heat recovery - Distribution systems require space (horizontal and vertical) - Coordinate distribution with other systems, ceiling design - Single point of failure (main equipment) - Potential energy loss when system used for a single zone 10  HVAC - Design Process Selecting the appropriate HVAC System Centralized Equipment Typical Equipment: - Cooling tower - Air handling equipment - Chilled water plant - Boiler Figure 14.1 Centralized HVAC System Corky Binggeli, Building systems for Interior Designers, 11 Wiley2016, pg. 245. HVAC - Design Process Selecting the appropriate HVAC System Centralized vs. Localized Equipment Localized HVAC equipment – often located within the occupied space. - Very responsive to differing needs - Distribution components are shorter - Control systems are simpler - Equipment may produce noise within occupied rooms - Performing maintenance may be disruptive Localized HVAC System – within occupied space 12 Heating Systems Central Systems – Key Components Three primary parts: 1. The equipment that generates the heating or cooling. 2. The medium by which the heating or cooling is transported. 3. The devices by which it is delivered to the floor. https://activebas.com/resources/c 13 ommercial-hvac-systems/ HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Central heat sources include electric, fuel, solar radiation Transfer thermal energy to a fluid (air or water). As the air temperature rises – fluid changes from a liquid to a gas. Systems are classified according the heat-carrying medium (air, steam, water) and the energy source Combustion systems (gas, oil, coal, wood, solid waste) require a supply of air for combustion plus a flue to remove gases. Usually located on the building perimeter or roof to access ventilation 14 HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Table 14.5 Central Heating Systems 15 Corky Binggeli, Building systems for Interior Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 248. HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Primary System Types: Forced Air Heating Hot Water Heating Electric Heating Radiant Heating Active Solar Energy Systems https://www.sustainableheating.org/different-types-of-home-heating-systems/ 16  HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Forced Air Heating Air is heated in a furnace Air is distributed by a fan through ductwork to registers / diffusers. Primarily used in homes and small buildings Use perimeter or radial distribution systems Furnaces commonly placed in basements 17 11.10 Forced Air Heating, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019.  HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Hot Water Heating Hot water or hydronic heating Generated in building or larger city-wide systems Water is heated in a boiler Distributed by a pump through pipes to radiators or convectors Steam heating is similar May use a one-pipe or two- pipe system Radiators or fin-tubes are typical units in space 18 11.11 Hot Water Heating, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Hot Water Heating Radiators or fin-tubes are typical units in space 19 HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Electric Heating Accurately described as electric-resistance heating Electric energy is converted to heat Most direct means is housing system in space- heating units No provision to control humidity and air quality May be housed in baseboard convection units, space unit heaters, or wall unit heaters. Industrial units housed in metal cabinets 20 11.12 Electric Heating, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Electric Heating May be housed in baseboard convection units, space unit heaters, or wall unit heaters. Industrial units housed in metal cabinets 21 HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Radiant Heating Use heated ceilings, floors and sometimes walls as the radiating surface Heat source may be pipes or tubing Distribution may be hot water or electrical cables embedded in substrate Radiant heat is absorbed by material and re-radiated to room Travels in a straight line – may be obstructed by objects System cannot respond quickly 22 11.13 Radiant Heating, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Radiant Heating electrical cables embedded in substrate 23 HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Radiant Heating Liquid radiant systems circulate warm water through metal or plastic pipes May be encased in concrete slab Water is heated in a boiler, heat pump, solar collector or geothermal system Tubes can be applied to underside of subflooring or embedded within concrete topping 11.14 Radiant Heating, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building 24 Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. HeatingSystems Heating Systems Central Heating Systems Radiant Heating Liquid radiant systems circulate warm water through metal or plastic pipes 25 HeatingSystems Heating Systems Solar Space Heating Solar energy conserves the use of fossil fuels – decreases air pollution emissions Most solar heating systems can handle 40-70% of the heating load for a building. Passive solar design – the sun is the only energy source https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/ 26 7/20/passive-solar-design-retrofits HeatingSystems Heating Systems Solar Space Heating Passive and Active Solar Heating Comparison Passive Active The building is the system; no separate Generally use outdoor collector panels collectors. to collect heat Thermal energy flows naturally by radiation, Heat is transported with fans, pumps, conduction and natural convection, without other mechanical equipment. pumps or fans. No storage units. Heat transported by water or air from isolated storage unit to building spaces. No mechanical elements; little or no noise. Mechanical distribution. Lasts as long as the building itself; no moving Typically lasts 20 years until some parts equipment needs replacement. Depends heavily on local site and climate. Better thermal control, easier to retrofit. Table 14.7 Passive and Active Solar Heating Comparison Corky Binggeli, Building systems for Interior Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 249. 27 HeatingSystems Heating Systems Solar Space Heating Active Solar Heating Systems Offers good control of the environment within the building Easily added to most existing buildings Systems absorb solar energy in a flat-plate collector Use pumps, fans, heat pumps and other mechanical equipment to circulate and distribute thermal energy (air, liquid). Heat is removed by a heat transfer fluid and conveyed by heat exchanger and storage facility. Hybrid systems – passive solar and electrically driven fans. Figure 14.5 Active solar heating system Corky Binggeli, Building systems for Interior Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 250. 28  HeatingSystems Heating Systems Solar Space Heating Active Solar Heating Systems Collectors: - flat-plate - concentrating - solar hot air https://www.alternative-energy- tutorials.com/solar-hot-water/flat-plate- 29 collector.html HeatingSystems Heating Systems Fireplaces and Wood Stoves Wood is a popular for heating homes – particularly where energy costs are high Can add to indoor air pollution Must meet strict codes and standards Fireplaces are designed to hold an open fire, sustain combustion Must safely carry combustion to exterior and radiate heat into room Adequate distance is required to combustible materials Sensitive to drafts – avoid placing opposite an exterior door. Traditional types draw air from room Better and efficient – draw outdoor combustion air. Figure 14.6 Fireplace and chimney section Hearth extends into room (resist sparks) Corky Binggeli, Building systems for Interior 30 Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 251. HeatingSystems Heating Systems Mechanical Heating Systems Mechanical systems typically use purchased energy Systems will affect the building’s appearance through: - Rooftop equipment - Grilles - Ductwork - Interior equipment / machinery Therefore, it is optimal to use very efficient systems. 31 Cooling Systems Mechanical Cooling Systems Cooling systems originally developed as separate equipment – to be used with mechanical heating systems Today, cooling equipment is integrated into HVAC systems Heat is extracted from air or water with equipment. Cooling equipment uses either compressive refrigeration or absorption refrigeration Heat pumps can provide both heating and cooling 11.16 Cooling Systems, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building 32 Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. Cooling Cooling Systems Systems Mechanical Cooling Systems Other Cooling Equipment Many types of cooling equipment Equipment Description Cooling systems are classified by the Fan-coil unit (FCU) Cabinet with heating/cooling fluids used to transfer heat from coil, fan, air filter. Room air circulated through unit by fan. habitable space to the refrigeration system. Chilled Beams Manufactured device at ceiling. Uses radiant cooling plus These include direct, all air, all water and convective heat transfer. combination air-water systems Passive and active systems. Most large multi-storey buildings use Pref metal radiant Can cool and heat. Chilled panels water is circulated through central systems with mechanical tubing, absorbs excess heat. equipment on the roof or in basement Cooling coils Provides cooling via room aire Well designed system also eliminates passing across coil containing heat and humidity refrigerant. Central residential Cools entire hous with large air conditioners compressor unit outside. Chiller In chilled water system, entire cycle takes place in chiller. Typically prefab assembly. Table 14.18 Other Cooling Equipment, Corky Binggeli, Building 33 systems for Interior Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 267. Cooling Cooling Systems Systems Mechanical Cooling Systems Chilled Beam Fan Coil Unit 34 Residential Air Conditioner  HVAC HVACSystems Systems Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems use mechanical equipment to provide thermal comfort and air quality through a building. The current trend is to move from equipment-intensive mechanical systems toward passive and/or hybrid systems. Options are changing constantly. Within interior spaces all systems simultaneously control: Temperature Humidity Air quality (purity) Distribution Motion of the air 11.17 HVAC Systems, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building 35 21 Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. Typical Building HVAC Systems HVAC systems in general typically use one of three types of systems: Air Water Electricity Some buildings use only one type of HVAC system, or use a combination of electrical, water and air. 36 Typical Building HVAC Systems Four ways that HVAC systems move heat to a conditioned space: - Ducted warm air - Piped hot water - Piped steam - Electricity Cooling is delivered using chilled water or cool air All-air systems All-water systems All systems are field assembled from many components Table 14.20 & 14.21 HVAC Systems, Corky Binggeli, Building 37 systems for Interior Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 267. Typical Building HVAC Systems 11.18 HVAC Systems, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th 38 Edition, Wiley2019. Typical Building HVAC Systems 11.18 HVAC Systems, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th 39 Edition, Wiley2019.  Typical Building HVAC Systems - Air Systems run by air are typically more common. The air HVAC systems involve air being transported throughout a building by a system of ducts. The air enters the building, is heated as required and then is transported throughout the building by a series of branch like ducts. Air can be distributed along the perimeter of the building helping to maintain heat loss along the building envelope. Ducts are typically metal and are square or round. Ducts are often hidden above a ceiling. Some spaces have exposed ducts. o Warehouse type spaces, storage spaces o Spaces where a higher ceiling height is desired. o Aesthetic purposes. Exposing duct work can increase noise disturbance, so it is crucial to 40 apply sounds absorption (acoustic) techniques. Air HVAC Systems - Components In commercial interiors, HVAC components that primarily use air, involve: Ducts Return Grilles Air Diffusers Supply Grilles The volume of air sent through the ducts can be controlled by the main system control. Air is distributed via ducts and is sometimes returned through a return grille in the ceiling to the plenum. The plenum is the space between the ceiling and the structure. This space is often used for returning the air supply. 41 2 3  Air HVAC Systems - Access panel Depending on the type of ceiling specified, the interior designer may need to include an access panel in the ceiling and allow HVAC equipment maintenance without having to demolish a gypsum board ceiling. In an suspended Acoustic Ceiling Tile ceiling system - an access panel is not required. For maintenance just remove a single ceiling tile and then to replace it once the work is complete. 42 Air HVAC Systems – Acoustic Ceiling In an suspended Acoustic Ceiling Tile ceiling system - an access panel is not required. For maintenance just remove a single ceiling tile and then to replace it once the work is complete. 43  Diffusers and Grilles Comfort depends on good air distribution - Uniform temperature throughout space - Avoid drafts - Good distribution of ventilation air The finish of supply grilles can be a small detail, but one that can interfere with the aesthetics of space. Affected by type and layout of diffusers - Square cone types give very even distribution - Round shapes - Long slot rectangular diffusers provide a sleek look It is important for Interior designers to consult with the mechanical engineer 44 to insure that the finish of these supply grilles are suitable to the design. Diffusers and Grilles It is important for Interior designers to consult with the mechanical engineer to insure that the finish of these supply grilles are suitable to the design. Figure 14.24, 25 & 26 Registers, Diffusers, Grilles, Corky Binggeli, 45 Building systems for Interior Designers, Wiley2016, pg. 267. Typical Building HVAC Systems Air for heating, cooling and ventilation is supplied through registers and diffusers. Diffusers – typically have slats ad different angles Grills – simply gratings to protect an opening Registers – control flow of warm or conditioned air (wall or floor) 11.21 Air Distribution Outlets, Francis D.K. Ching, , Building Construction Illustrated, 6th Edition, Wiley2019. 46 HVAC Systems Effect on Lighting Duct systems can get quite large in very tall buildings and needs coordination regarding light fixtures. Recessed light fixtures often have large housings that are hidden in the ceiling above. The ductwork is too large there many not be enough room above the ceiling. 47 Typical Building HVAC Systems-VAV vs. CV HVAC Air Systems: Variable air volume (VAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and/or air-conditioning (HVAC) system. Unlike constant air volume (CAV) systems, which supply a constant airflow at a variable temperature, VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant temperature. Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Constant Volume Systems Fan Coil Units Heat Pumps Exotics Underfloor Supply Air Displacement Ventilation Chilled Beams Radiant Cooling 48  Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Interior zones - VAV boxes Perimeter zones: - Fan Powered VAV boxes with heating coils - VAV boxes with perimeter radiation - VAV boxes with ceiling radiant panels Interior VAV Cooling only Control by increasing or decreasing supply of cool air Minimum amount of cooling is limited by controls and box size Air is delivered to the space through overhead diffusers 49 29  VAV - perimeter zones  Fan Powered - Allows cooling and heating - Air is delivered through perimeter slot diffusers  Radiation -Heating is provided separately by radiation below the glazing -Single thermostat controls both the VAV box and the radiation  Ceiling Radiant Panels - Similar to Radiation, but heating is provided by radiant panels in the ceiling 50 VAV Strengths and Weaknesses Variable Air Volume (VAV) Space Planning Implications VAV systems are generally very flexible. Avoid sound transfer through perimeter radiation units by using baffles at partitions. 51 Constant Volume Systems (CV) Also called Constant Aire Volume (CAV) system. More common in older buildings (Pre VAV) Typically a central unit supplies cool air to the interior via overhead diffusers. Limited number of interior thermostats Perimeter often has units under the glazing to provide heating and cooling - Induction units - Fan coil units - Heat pumps Small buildings may use constant volume rooftop units 52 CV Strengths and Weaknesses Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel source. 53  CV Space Planning Implications Constant Volume (CV) Avoid sound transfer through perimeter units by using baffles at partitions. Exercise caution when placing noise sensitive functions at the perimeter Use an open office layout in the interior to avoid temperature control problems Many buildings restrict placement of furniture at the perimeter to maintain access to equipment 54  Fan Coils & Heat Pumps Individual units are concealed in the ceiling plenum and ducted to diffusers Each unit has a thermostat Typically found in smaller buildings Strengths Usually allows good temperature control Weaknesses - Can be noisy - Takes up more ceiling space, can make layout difficult - Requires regular maintenance 55 35  Underfloor Air System  Use is carefully analyzed by designers and clients  Air is supplied from grilles in the floor  Often the interior is constant volume with ability to manually adjust individual grilles  Perimeter is more likely to be variable volume with an underfloor VAV box  Heating may be perimeter radiation, sometimes recessed into the floor Benefits cited include less costly interior layout changes because no ductwork, VAV boxes, thermostats, etc. to relocate 56  Supplementary Cooling Different buildings have different provisions for tenants - Chilled water - Condenser water/glycol - Nothing Split air-cooled AC units a possibility if no base building provision - Condensing unit should be located outside - Distance and elevation change restrict locations - Locating units in ceiling plenums is risky Some tenants add dedicated condenser water systems - Need a location outside, usually a roof - Need a pipe route to the outside location - Expensive, only practical for a larger installation 57  What does HVAC Designer Need to Know? What and where are the heat loads - Number of occupants - Equipment (PC's, copiers, laser printers, etc.) - Lighting (usually electrical designer provides this) Which partitions extend up to the slab -Partitions above the ceiling can block return air flow Any rooms with 24/7 or other unusual requirements - Server and communication rooms - Training rooms - Serveries - Copy rooms 58 Building Systems and Interior Designer Client Use base building and supplementary systems to give the client the best possible comfort within the budget Identify limitations and options as early as possible Work with contractors to realize the design Engineers Even though Interior Designer do not design the building systems there are a number of coordination issues that often arise. Coordination occurs by meeting with the Mechanical engineer and ensuring that you always have the most current set of mechanical drawings, especially when preparing 59 your reflected ceiling plan.  Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP) Interior Designers not only have to locate lighting and electrical outlet locations, but also have to locate HVAC grilles, sprinklers, speakers, security/safety detectors, telecommunications and security outlets. An RCP is critical for coordination with other trades. Designers will coordinate with HVAC, electrical engineers, and lighting designers. The RCP is used to show these building components viewed together to ensure there are conflicts with location. League, L. (2018, October 03). Know contract documents for success on the NCIDQ Exam. Retrieved from https://www.qpractice.com/contract-documents-success-ncidq-exam/ MEP engineers also produce RCP as well as power and communication plans, but this may not include mounting heights and the correct data requirements. As well, often the MEP engineers’ plans only show an approximate location for outlets, but the Interior Designer’s plan will often dimension the location of electrical outlets. Coordination is very important, but typically the Interior Designer’s RCP and power and communication plans will indicate more detail in terms of mounting heights, and outlet finishes. Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Conventions https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ea/70/cb/ea70cbb0e05101d74412260653c2ab13.jpg Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Conventions https://farihabhadelia.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/rcp.jpg  Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Notes https://conceptdraw.com/a1630c3/p1/preview/640/pict--lighting-scheme-rcp-computer- lab Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Notes  Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Legends https://image.slidesharecdn.com/reflectedceilingplansa-140808021036-phpapp01/95/reflected-ceiling-plan-rcp-28- 638.jpg?cb=1407463909 Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Legends Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Legends Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Legends  Reflected Ceiling Plans (RCP)-Schedules https://i.pinimg.com/originals/73/e4/a6/73e4a6468408b710b12b55d7aec6ee44.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OY2r7Sqn7QQ/Sezt5ZkPoAI/AAAAAAAAA F0/OTB_ZiLuv04/s400/RCP+Schedule.jpg The Reflected Ceiling Plan – RCP – Detailed Example 70 Furniture Plan 71 Elevations 72 RCP 73 Mechanical distribution above ceiling – single room 74 Mechanical distribution above ceiling – multiple room 75  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What is a Next Week, building? Other Building Systems - Acoustics 76 INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 11 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 1 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS Week 11 What is a Other Building Systems building? Acoustics Fire Safety Vertical Transportation / Conveyance Systems Commissioning This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 2 Acoustics  Acoustic Design Principles  Architectural Acoustics  Acoustic Applications This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA (Further readings: Binggeli, Chapters 7 & 8) 3 Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles  Sound in a well-designed space reinforces the function of the space  Supports the occupant’s experience  Poorly designed acoustic environments, hinder both function and enjoyment of interior spaces  Some poorly designed spaces can actually cause damage to the health of the user. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 4 Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Role of the Interior Designer:  Often responsible for the acoustic ‘fine-tuning’ of a space  Special attention should be paid to certain environments such as open office areas and restaurants – how do they function acoustically?  Consider the selection and placement of hard and soft-surfaced materials  Consider the construction of interior partitions – impact to acoustics  Many elements affect the way that sound is reflected, absorbed and transmitted. 5 Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Sound Basics - Sound: Essentially a rapid fluctuation in air pressure. Defined as a physical wave, mechanical vibration Source or a series of pressure variations in an elastic medium. Is a range of vibrations to which the human auditory system is specifically sensitive. Transmission Path Vibrations are transmitted either through the air or through another elastic medium (ie. most building construction materials) Induced through the human ear (by waves of air Receiver pressure). Therefore, for sound to exist, must be a source, a transmission path, and a receiver. 6 Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Hearing: Human ear collects sound waves, and converts them into nerve impulses, and ultimately the brain interprets these impulses as sound. Hearing sensitivity is measured in Hertz (Hz) and for humans, generally between 500 – 6000 Hz. Loudness of sound is measured in decibels (dB) on a uniform scale from 0 – 13dB (threshold for pain). Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, 7 Figure 7.4 Decibel levels Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Sound Masking: Poor office acoustics in open plan offices can lead to reduced productivity People are sensitive to sounds that are louder than background sound When sound masking is used, a non-intrusive, ambient background sound is introduced that renders speech unintelligible. The sound masking is used as a noise control technique to mask other unwanted sounds. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 8 Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Sound Masking: Video demonstrating sound masking integrated into an open office environment https://resonics.co.uk/what-is-sound-masking/ 9 Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Sound Paths: Sound waves travel at different velocities and depends on the medium it travels through. Sound energy can be absorbed or reflected. Sound path concepts: Attenuation: decrease in energy of sound Reflected Sound wave from the source. Reflected Sound: leaves a surface at the angle is strikes. Materiality matters. Reverberation: persistence of sound after the source of sound has ceased. Diffusion: sound reflected from a convex surface. Reverberation Diffraction: sound passing around an Corky Binggeli, Building Systems for obstruction or through openings. Interior Designers, Third Edition, 10 Wiley, 2016, pg 110. Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Sound Paths: Reverberation: persistence of sound after the source of sound has ceased. Interior Designers can control the quality of the reverberating sound by modifying the amounts of absorptive or reflective finishes in a space. https://www.asona.co.nz/acou 11 stics/reverberation-control Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Natural Sound Reinforcement: The amplification of the sound being heard from various reflections as well as from the source. The application of materials to room surfaces will impact sound reinforcing reflections. Echoes: Repetitions of sound by reflection of sound waves from a surface. Should be avoided with careful planning. Flutter: Sound waves reflected between two parallel flat surfaces Focusing: Sounds reflected from a concave surface converging at a single point. Creep: Reflection along a curved surface from a source. Corky Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition, 12 Wiley, 2016, pg 112. Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Natural Sound Reinforcement: The amplification of the sound being heard from various reflections as well as from the source. The application of materials to room surfaces will impact sound reinforcing reflections. Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Creep: Reflection along a curved Fig 7.13 Creep surface from a source. Corky Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition, Wiley, 2016, pg 113. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 13 St. Peter’s Cathedral, Rome Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles Absorbed Sound: When sound strikes a surface, part of the sound energy is absorbed, part is reflected, and part is transmitted. Absorption: Sound absorption is dependent on the area and characteristics of the material in question. Absorption Coefficient: Ratio of sound energy absorbed to sound energy impinging on surface of a material. 14 Corky Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition, Wiley, 2016, pg 113. Acoustics Acoustic Design Principles An understanding of the basic acoustical design principles – plays a significant role in helping interior designers create acoustically pleasing spaces. Although sound energy is dissipated through the air, a large portion is transmitted through a material. For example, an acoustic tile may be a good sound absorber, however it is not a good insulator – therefore, will not be adequate to prevent sound transmission between spaces. Understanding architectural acoustics assist with learning how sound is transmitted through buildings and how interior designers can use materials and equipment to control it. 15 Acoustics  Acoustic Design Principles  Architectural Acoustics  Acoustic Applications This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 16 Acoustics Architectural Acoustics Acoustic Design Also known as ‘room acoustics’ or ‘building acoustics’ – acoustic design concerned with achieving good quality sound within a building /space. How can interior designers use materials and equipment to control it? Four areas of concern: Room Acoustics* Sound Isolation Mechanical Equipment Sound Systems This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA * Interior designers are primarily concerned with room acoustics – environment within a space and the isolation of sound within/between spaces. 17 Acoustics Acoustic Design Process The acoustic design of a building should be integrated with other project requirements. Overall space design and function should be reviewed in terms of desirable acoustic qualities. Acoustic Consultants: Should be engaged for special acoustic design issues. Usually engaged when loud noise is a special problem (source) or where the quality of the interior sound is critical (music, performance halls, educational spaces, libraries, etc.) Will be involved in selection of materials and details related to construction components. Also, may design sound and communication systems. May detail components for noise and vibration controls in mechanical systems. Acoustic modeling is often performed to simulate actual conditions 18 Acoustics Room Acoustics The way that sound behaves in a room depends on room: Shape; Size; and Proportions Acoustic effects are determined by the amount of sound frequencies that are absorbed, reflected, and diffracted from the room’s surfaces and contents. Room shapes – determine the geometry of the path that sound is reflected and can alter sound quality. 19 Acoustics Room Acoustics How much sound energy is absorbed and how much is reflected – will have a big effect on what one hears in a space. When little sound is absorbed and much is reflected: - sounds are mixed together - when steady sounds are mixed, they reverberate and create a noisier space. - speech becomes less intelligible. However, note that music may sound better in a reverberant space. When most of the sound energy is absorbed and little is reflected: - the room sounds quiet for speech - may sound dead for music Attenuation – reduces sound energy by separating the sound source from the listener. This can be accomplished by enclosing the source, absorbing the sound, or cancelling the sound waves. 20 Acoustics Architectural Acoustics Building Noise Three ways to control noise in a building: Path of Source 1. Reduction at the source through proper Transmission selection and installation of equipment. 2. Reduction along the paths of transmission through proper selection of Receiver construction materials and construction techniques. 3. Reduction at the receiver through acoustic treatment of relevant spaces. 21 Acoustics Architectural Acoustics Controlling Building Noise Exterior Noise (traffic, construction, industrial plants, etc) Interior Noise (equipment, mechanical system noise, plumbing system noise, background noise) Interior designers will deal with outside noise sources by grouping quiet rooms in areas remote from the noise source. Another strategy is clustering noisy areas together and isolating them from clusters of quiet areas. 22 Acoustics Architectural Acoustics Controlling Building Noise Creating zones for activities according to sound levels, by isolation quiet areas from noisier ones or separating with mass or distance, can be an effective method of noise reduction Francis D.K. Ching and Corky Binggeli, Interior Design 23 Illustrated, Fourth Edition, Wiley, 2018, pg 292. Acoustics Architectural Acoustics Background Noise Background Noise – is any noise other than those sounds that an occupant wants to hear. Important to establish optimal background noise levels for types of space. Noise Criteria (NC) values define Corky Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition, Wiley, 2016, Table 8.1 appropriate noise levels in decibels (dB) for Residential & Office NC Ratings. various spaces. Based on concept of constant noise that the brain tends to ignore. 24 Acoustics Architectural Acoustics Controlling Background Noise Eliminate or reduce the source of the noise within the space Increase sound absorption within the space Provide good sound isolation by reducing transmission of noises from elsewhere Lowering the power of the outside noise source Increasing the separa