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Questions and Answers

What does the legend in a Reflected Ceiling Plan (RCP) typically indicate?

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Which purpose does the Reflected Ceiling Plan serve in architectural design?

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How does an RCP differ from a floor plan?

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In an RCP, what information is typically found in the schedules?

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What kind of system is typically represented in the mechanical distribution section of an RCP?

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Which of the following is NOT a primary type of HVAC system?

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What is the function of cooling coils within an HVAC system?

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Which system is utilized to cool entire homes with a large compressor unit outside?

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Which method is NOT a way that HVAC systems move heat to a conditioned space?

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What trend is currently influencing the design of HVAC systems?

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What is typically used in a chilled water system for cooling?

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All of the following are simultaneous controls within HVAC systems EXCEPT:

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Which system configuration is known for using multiple components to be assembled in the field?

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What percentage of the building area can HVAC equipment occupy?

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Which of the following is NOT a consideration in HVAC system design?

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Which of these is a component that needs coordination in HVAC design as highlighted for interior designers?

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What is an essential factor to review in HVAC systems related to mechanical equipment?

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Which step in the HVAC design process confirms adherence to codes and standards?

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What is emphasized as a significant consideration in HVAC design concerning building complexity?

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What type of systems are highlighted as energy-intensive in residential buildings?

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Which factor is NOT typically assessed in the HVAC system's design process?

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What is one of the direct paths to achieving net-zero energy in buildings?

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What must designers do at the beginning of a project regarding HVAC systems?

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Who typically decides which HVAC system will be used in a large building?

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What factors do engineers consider when selecting an HVAC system?

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What is essential for architects and interior designers to ensure regarding HVAC systems?

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What must be reviewed to balance decisions between passive and active solutions?

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For very small projects, who typically selects the HVAC system?

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Which of the following is NOT a consideration for mechanical engineers when choosing an HVAC system?

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Which type of ventilation system continuously exhausts indoor air, particularly in cold climates?

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What is one of the main causes of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)?

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What is the primary function of a Heat Recovery Ventilation System?

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What are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)?

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Which ventilation system is suitable for all climates, bringing in and sending out equal quantities of air?

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What is a key benefit of using an Energy Recovery Ventilation System?

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What is an effective measure to reduce VOC exposure immediately after finishing a building?

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Which situation could lead to serious health effects from VOC exposure?

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What types of pollutants can residential ventilation systems remove from indoor air?

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Which ventilation system is commonly used in hot or mixed climates?

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What is the primary goal of building codes regarding indoor air quality?

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What is a disadvantage of using exhaust ventilation systems?

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What action should be taken after removing interior contaminants to improve indoor air quality?

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What component is typically involved in a Balanced Ventilation System?

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Which of the following is NOT a common source of indoor VOCs?

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How do construction practices from the early 1970s affect current indoor air quality?

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Flashcards

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

A term for symptoms related to workplace health.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

Chemical compounds that evaporate at room temperature and contain carbon atoms.

Indoor Air Quality

The condition of air inside a building, concerning health effects.

Tight Buildings

Buildings constructed to conserve heat but may have poor indoor air quality.

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Off-gassing

When solid materials release VOCs into the air at room temperature.

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Ventilation and Filtration

Methods to improve indoor air quality by increasing air circulation and filtering contaminants.

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Building codes balance

Building codes strive to provide efficient use of energy while maintaining good indoor air quality.

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VOC exposure period

The time immediately after finishing building construction, when VOCs are released.

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Net-zero energy building

A building that produces as much energy as it consumes, ideally eliminating the need for heating and cooling.

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Building automation systems

Systems that manage and integrate active and passive building systems.

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HVAC systems

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems.

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Supply Ventilation

Draws fresh air into a building through an intake, often using dedicated ducts or the main return air duct.

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Exhaust Ventilation

Continuously removes indoor air, typically using fans in areas like bathrooms.

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Architectural and Engineering Considerations

Factors influencing HVAC system selection, including building design and climate.

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Passive systems

Building features that help maintain comfortable temperatures naturally.

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Balanced Ventilation

Balances the amount of air entering and exiting a building, using both intake and exhaust fans.

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Active systems

Mechanical systems like HVAC, that actively control temperature.

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Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV)

Transfers heat from exhaust air to incoming air during heating, reducing heating/cooling loads.

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Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV)

Transfers heat and moisture between exhaust and incoming air, offering further savings, especially in summer.

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Design Process for Small Projects

HVAC system selection might occur jointly by an architect and contractor.

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Mechanical Ventilation

Systems that remove unwanted air, heat, moisture, odors, pollutants, and grease to the outdoors, often near cooking areas.

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Building Integration

How well the HVAC system is integrated into the building and provides comfort.

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Residential Ventilation Systems

Mechanical systems in homes that remove air, heat moisture, odors, pollutants, and grease.

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Ventilation Systems for Kitchens/Baths

Ventilation systems specifically designed for areas like kitchens and bathrooms.

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Centralized HVAC System

A system where a single, large unit provides heating and cooling for the entire building. All equipment is located in a central area.

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Distributed HVAC System

A system with multiple, smaller units located throughout the building. Each unit serves specific areas or zones.

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HVAC Equipment Space

The area dedicated to housing HVAC equipment, including ductwork, piping, and central units.

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HVAC System Layout

The arrangement of ductwork, piping, and central units to efficiently distribute heating and cooling.

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HVAC Efficiency in Design

Minimizing energy loss by designing efficient ductwork and piping runs, reducing bends, and keeping runs short.

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HVAC Equipment Location

The placement of HVAC equipment considering noise levels, access for maintenance, and proximity to serviced areas.

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HVAC System Components

The various parts of an HVAC system, including the distribution system, central equipment, and ductwork/piping.

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HVAC System Coordination

Ensuring all HVAC components are integrated with the interior design, minimizing conflicts and maximizing efficiency.

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Reflected Ceiling Plan (RCP)

A type of architectural drawing that shows the layout of a building's ceiling, including fixtures, lighting, and other elements.

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RCP Conventions

Standard symbols and guidelines used in RCP drawings to represent specific elements like lights, HVAC diffusers, and fire sprinklers.

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RCP Legends

A key or table explaining the symbols used in the reflected ceiling plan, similar to a map legend.

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RCP Schedules

Tables listing specific information about ceiling elements, such as the type, size, and location of fixtures, often used for specifying materials and quantities.

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Furniture Plan

A drawing showing the layout and arrangement of furniture in a space.

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What is a cooling coil?

A component in a cooling system that transfers heat from the air to a refrigerant, resulting in cooler air.

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What is a fan coil unit?

A self-contained unit with a fan and cooling coil that circulates and cools air within a room.

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What are chilled beams?

Cooling systems that use chilled water flowing through beams to cool the air.

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What is a central residential air conditioner?

A system that cools an entire home with a large outdoor compressor unit and indoor coils connected by ductwork.

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What is a chiller?

A system used in chilled water systems to cool water, which is then circulated through the building to provide cooling.

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What are HVAC systems?

Systems that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to buildings, ensuring thermal comfort and air quality.

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What are the main types of HVAC systems?

HVAC systems can be categorized as air, water, or electrical, each using a distinct method to deliver heat or cooling.

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How do HVAC systems move heat?

HVAC systems move heat using ducted warm air, piped hot water, piped steam, or electricity.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems
  • Instructor: Claudina Sula
  • Week: 6, 9, 9/10, and Week 11

Week 6 - Thermal Comfort & Air Quality

  • Principles of Thermal Comfort
  • Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings
  • Humidity
  • Indoor Air Quality
  • Heating - governed by OBC

Week 9 - Thermal Comfort & Air Quality (cont'd)

  • Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 1 - recap
    • Principles of Thermal Comfort
    • Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings
    • Humidity
    • Indoor Air Quality
  • Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 2
    • Infiltration and Ventilation
    • Moisture Control
    • Heating & Cooling - Introduction

Week 9/10 - Thermal Comfort & Air Quality

  • Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 1 - recap
    • Principles of Thermal Comfort
    • Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings
    • Humidity
    • Indoor Air Quality
  • Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 2 - recap
    • Infiltration and Ventilation
    • Moisture Control
    • Heating & Cooling - Introduction
  • Thermal Comfort, Part 3
    • Heating Systems
    • Cooling Systems
    • HVAC Systems & Components
    • Designing Reflected Ceiling Plans

Week 11 - Other Building Systems

  • Acoustics
  • Fire Safety
  • Vertical Transportation / Conveyance Systems
  • Commissioning

Week 9/10

  • Thermal Comfort and Air Quality, cont'd.
  • Includes a recap of Part 1 and part 2

Fire Safety

  • Key design consideration for all building types
  • In 2013, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) reported seven deaths per year in homes (USA)
  • Codes and standards continue to evolve, as they did after the events of the World Trade Centre evacuation
  • Further readings: Binggeli, Chapter 18

Fire Safety – Building Design

  • Design for Fire Safety: Good fire safety design, allows the building occupant to react safely to a fire emergency. At a minimum, this includes early warning, ability to extinguish a small fire and at least two ways out of a building. Typically there are only a few minutes to safely escape a fire event
  • Smoke Management: Smoke management in building codes is to reduce death and provide continuity of building operations and can be both active and passive mechanisms: smoke control, fire suppression systems, and emergency power.
  • Fire Detection: Fire protection systems, Basic components of fire detection systems: Signal initiation (manual or automatic), Signal processing control equipment, and Alarm indication (audible and visual)
  • Alarm Initiating Device: Signal source that senses fire or smoke, Occupants can initiate an alarm by pulling a manual pull station, Automatic alarm equipment can initiate an audible or visible alarm, Commercial systems are complete they detect a fire, sound an alarm, and activate an extinguishing function, Can also be programmed to close fire doors, etc.
  • Sprinkler Systems: Automatic sprinkler system, rely on sprinkler heads, When activated water spreads over the area protected by the head, Systems consist of piping network, water supply system and sprinkler heads.
  • Standpipes & Hoses: Used as additional help to fight fires in buildings, System components include hose racks and fire extinguishers in cabinets, Standpipes are water pipes, extend vertically, typically located at or in stairwells

Conveyance Systems (Vertical Transportation)

  • General concept - move people and goods in a vertical circulation path, some horizontal systems included
  • Elevator Design: Number of elevators, Speed, Capacity of the system.
    • Typically architects work with engineers for this part, to determine the number of people served and building height.
    • Elevator simulation should be performed to complete the analysis.
  • Elevator Cabs: Enclosed space, Creates an 'impression' with users, Interior design considerations (standard or custom design), Finishes can vary (and affect costs and coordination issues), Passenger versus service cabs have differing considerations.
  • Typical elevator design considerations, Selection of finishes and indicators
  • Elevator Layouts: Overall Layout is type dependent, size dependent, speed determination, and number of elevators. Arranging banks of elevators to optimize function; Usually centrally located on the floor plate.
  • Conveyance Systems - Escalators: Used to move people faster than elevators, accommodate large numbers of people, most efficient for connecting two or three floors.
  • Conveyance Systems – Escalators Components: Consideration of curved systems, the inability for a person to become trapped, adequate queuing space, and requirements for fire exits.

Commissioning

  • Definition: Identifying and validating all systems are operational as designed.
  • Process: Verify all systems meet project requirements.
  • Cost/benefit analysis: Energy Savings, Operating cost reduction, fewer system deficiencies building turnover, improved coordination, higher employee productivity.
  • Importance of design brief for clarity and efficient planning.
  • Role of professionals: Building Owners, Architects/Engineers, Contractors, Commissioning Agent, Facilities Management Teams, and other involved consultants.

KNX - Smart Home

  • Brief overview of KNX and its functionality to automate many aspects of a building.

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