Cellular Respiration Notes (Bio)
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Uploaded by CompactGreatWallOfChina
Northeastern University
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Summary
These notes cover cellular respiration, including the stages of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. They also touch on mitosis and related processes. The notes are clearly structured and include diagrams, important aspects, and different stages of the process.
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# Cellular Respiration ## Glycolysis: Anaerobic Respiration - C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> -> 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O + ATP + heat - Oxidized -> loses e- - Reduced -> gains e- - ETC: Series of molecules that drop off electrons for oxygen to be reduce...
# Cellular Respiration ## Glycolysis: Anaerobic Respiration - C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> -> 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O + ATP + heat - Oxidized -> loses e- - Reduced -> gains e- - ETC: Series of molecules that drop off electrons for oxygen to be reduced. - Inner mitochondrial membrane - E- shuttle molecule: NAD+/NADH ## Glycolysis: - Glucose -> Pyruvate - Important elements: - Glucose, 2 Pyruvate - FAD+, H<sub>2</sub>, NADH, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O - Substrate Level Phosphorylation - ATP production via direct enzymatic phosphorylation - Oxidative Phosphorylation - Couple the ETC with down hill H+ gradient to produce ATP ## Pyruvate Oxidation - Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA; Acetyl + CoA - Waste: CO<sub>2</sub> - NAD+ -> NADH ## Citric Acid Cycle - Outputs: CO<sub>2</sub>, NADH, ATP, FADH<sub>2</sub> molecule shuttle ## O<sub>2</sub> present -> Pyruvate Oxidation -> Citric Acid Cycle - ETC - By product: CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O - Electrons via NADH - Electrons via Nadh and FADH<sub>2</sub> create oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis ## Cellular Respiration: O<sub>2</sub> present - Waste: H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub> - Substrate-Level: 2 ATP per glucose molecule - Fermentation: O<sub>2</sub> absent, 2 ATP per glucose molecule - Waste: lactic acid, ethanol, CO<sub>2</sub> - Net Gain: - Glucose: 2 ATP - 4 x NADH = 2 ATP - 2 H<sub>2</sub>O - 2 Pyruvate ## Autotrophs - Make their own food (plants) ## Heterotrophs - Eat others for food ## Energy: - Reduced (gain e-) - Energy + 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O -> C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub> - Oxidized (lose e-) ## Chloroplast - Light dependent reaction - Stomata: pores in leaves that allow CO<sub>2</sub> in and O<sub>2</sub> out - Stroma: internal fluid (Calvin Cycle) - Thylakoids: stacks from grana - Chlorophyll: green pigment ## Mitosis - Chromatin: loose coils of DNA around histone - Chromosome: tightly coiled chromatin - Sister chromatid: exact copy, connected at centromere ## Centromere - region where microtubules/centriole pairs - Aster radial array of short microtubules (stars) - Mitotic spindle microtubules that move chromosomes - Kinetochore: protein attachment site (chromosome & spindle) ## Interphase - Growth phase - "Stop" cell goes in G<sub>0</sub>: functioning but no division - "Go ahead" continue cycle - G<sub>1</sub>: growth & DNA synthesis - G<sub>2</sub>: final preparation for cell division (mitosis phase) ## Duplicated, uncondensed chromosomes: - 2 chromosomes & centromere pairs - "M checkpoint" kinetochores & spindle formation must occur for metaphase & anaphase - Apoptosis: cell programmed death - Proliferation: rapid growth & division - Cancer: benign, malignant, metastasis - Spread to distant parts of the body ## Prophase - Nucleoli disappear - Chromosomes condense - Spindles form - Centrosomes move away from each other to opposite poles - Spindles extend to kinetochores at metaphase plate, centrosomes at poles ## Prometaphase - Nuclear envelope disintegrates - Fully condensed chromosomes - Microtubules attach to kinetochores ## Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate ## Anaphase: - Sister chromatids separate - Daughter chromosomes move toward poles - Cells elongate ## Telophase: - Daughter nuclei form - Chromosomes less condensed - Cleavage furrow forms - Spindles disappear ## Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm divides by cleavage - Cell division complete - Plant cells created cell plates to divide daughter cells
