Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of glycolysis in terms of carbon compounds?

  • 2 pyruvate molecules (correct)
  • 2 acetyl-CoA molecules
  • 2 glucose molecules
  • 6CO2 molecules

Which of the following statements accurately describes a role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

  • It serves as an electron shuttle molecule. (correct)
  • It is transformed into pyruvate during glycolysis.
  • It produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation.
  • It is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.

What is produced as a waste product during pyruvate oxidation?

  • CO2 (correct)
  • H2O
  • NADH
  • O2

In the presence of oxygen, which path does a pyruvate molecule typically follow?

<p>Citric acid cycle then ATP synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component plays a critical role in the oxidative phosphorylation process?

<p>ATP Synthase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

<p>Autotrophs produce energy from light, while heterotrophs consume organic matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are common waste products of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen?

<p>H2O and CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration (O2 present)

A process where glucose is broken down to release energy in the presence of oxygen, producing ATP.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvate.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP production coupled to electron transport chain and a proton gradient.

Pyruvate Oxidation

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2.

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Citric Acid Cycle

A series of reactions that further oxidizes Acetyl-CoA, producing CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of molecules that transfer electrons, producing a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food, like plants.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, like animals.

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Study Notes

Glycolysis: Anaerobic Respiration

  • Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat
  • Oxidized → loses electrons
  • Reduced → gains electrons
  • Series of molecules that drop off electrons for oxygen to be reduced
  • Inner mitochondrial membrane
  • NAD+/NADH electron shuttle molecule
  • Glucose → 2 Pyruvate
  • By-product: CO2 and H2O

Pyruvate Oxidation

  • O2 present: Pyruvate Oxidation
  • Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA
    • By-product: CO2
  • Electrons via NADH and FADH2
  • Electrons & Hydrogen ions via NADH
  • NAD+ → NADH (reduced)
  • Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle
  • Waste Products: CO2

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

  • Outputs: CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH2
  • 2 Pyruvate → 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
    • 2 Pyruvate from each glucose molecule oxidation
  • Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
  • Waste: CO2

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

  • ATP production via direct enzymatic phosphorylation
  • Couple ETC with downhill H+ gradient to produce ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Electron transport chain + chemiosmosis
  • NADH and FADH2 release electrons and hydrogen ions
  • Generates a proton gradient that fuels ATP synthase
  • Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis)

Cellular Respiration Summary

  • Oxygen present (aerobic): 32 ATP per glucose molecule
  • Oxygen absent (anaerobic): 2 ATP per glucose molecule
  • Waste Products: H2O, CO2

Fermentation

  • Oxygen absent
  • 2 ATP per molecule
  • Waste: lactic acid, ethanol, CO2
  • Net Gain:
    • 2 NAD+
    • 2 NADH

Intermediates

  • Glucose
  • Pyruvate
  • Acetyl CoA
  • CO2
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • ATP
  • H2O

Locations

  • Glycolysis: Cytosol
  • Pyruvate Oxidation: Mitochondria
  • Citric Acid Cycle: Mitochondrial matrix
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inner mitochondrial membrane

Key Enzymes

  • Many glycolytic enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase, enzymes of the citric acid cycle
  • Enzymes of the electron transport chain (including ATP synthase).

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