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Questions and Answers
What is the primary outcome of glycolysis in terms of carbon compounds?
What is the primary outcome of glycolysis in terms of carbon compounds?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
What is produced as a waste product during pyruvate oxidation?
What is produced as a waste product during pyruvate oxidation?
In the presence of oxygen, which path does a pyruvate molecule typically follow?
In the presence of oxygen, which path does a pyruvate molecule typically follow?
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What is the total net gain of ATP during glycolysis?
What is the total net gain of ATP during glycolysis?
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Which component plays a critical role in the oxidative phosphorylation process?
Which component plays a critical role in the oxidative phosphorylation process?
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Which statement correctly differentiates between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Which statement correctly differentiates between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
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Which of the following components are common waste products of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen?
Which of the following components are common waste products of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen?
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Study Notes
Glycolysis: Anaerobic Respiration
- Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat
- Oxidized → loses electrons
- Reduced → gains electrons
- Series of molecules that drop off electrons for oxygen to be reduced
- Inner mitochondrial membrane
- NAD+/NADH electron shuttle molecule
- Glucose → 2 Pyruvate
- By-product: CO2 and H2O
Pyruvate Oxidation
- O2 present: Pyruvate Oxidation
- Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA
- By-product: CO2
- Electrons via NADH and FADH2
- Electrons & Hydrogen ions via NADH
- NAD+ → NADH (reduced)
- Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle
- Waste Products: CO2
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Outputs: CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH2
- 2 Pyruvate → 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
- 2 Pyruvate from each glucose molecule oxidation
- Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Waste: CO2
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
- ATP production via direct enzymatic phosphorylation
- Couple ETC with downhill H+ gradient to produce ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Electron transport chain + chemiosmosis
- NADH and FADH2 release electrons and hydrogen ions
- Generates a proton gradient that fuels ATP synthase
- Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis)
Cellular Respiration Summary
- Oxygen present (aerobic): 32 ATP per glucose molecule
- Oxygen absent (anaerobic): 2 ATP per glucose molecule
- Waste Products: H2O, CO2
Fermentation
- Oxygen absent
- 2 ATP per molecule
- Waste: lactic acid, ethanol, CO2
- Net Gain:
- 2 NAD+
- 2 NADH
Intermediates
- Glucose
- Pyruvate
- Acetyl CoA
- CO2
- NADH
- FADH2
- ATP
- H2O
Locations
- Glycolysis: Cytosol
- Pyruvate Oxidation: Mitochondria
- Citric Acid Cycle: Mitochondrial matrix
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Key Enzymes
- Many glycolytic enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase, enzymes of the citric acid cycle
- Enzymes of the electron transport chain (including ATP synthase).
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Description
Test your knowledge on glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. This quiz covers the processes involved in anaerobic and aerobic respiration, including electron transport and the by-products of each stage. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular metabolism.
