Environmental Chemistry PDF

Environmental Chemistry - Temperature of environment - Interdisciplinary science that includes - Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric, a...

Environmental Chemistry - Temperature of environment - Interdisciplinary science that includes - Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry environment - Scientific review of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in Health Effects of Some Chemicals On Your natural places Body Systems Criteria for Hazard Identification Health and environmental impacts of hazardous chemicals Health affected liked to: - Toxicity (carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive hazard - CMR) - Endocrine disrupting chemical (EDCs) Toxicology - Neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity and - Branch of science that deals with immuno-toxicity poisons, and a poison can be defined as - Allergenicity / asthmagenicity any substance that causes a harmful - Sensitization effect when administered, either by - Skin and eye irritation accident or design, to a living organism Environmental determinants linked to: - Study of detection, occurrence, Possible effects to Respiratory System - Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties, effects, regulation of toxic - Function: supply oxygen to body and substances in products substances remove carbon dioxide. - Acute and chronic toxicity - Nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, Environmental Toxicology bronchi, and lungs. Label and Classification of Chemicals - Assessment of toxic substances in - Possible health effects: asbestosis, lung environment cancer, chronic, bronchitis, fibrosis, - Monitoring environments for presence of emphysema, and decreased oxygen toxic substances supply in blood - Effects of toxins on biotic and abiotic - Possible Contaminants (where to find): components of ecosystems asbestos (old insulation), radon (ground), - Metabolism and biological and cadmium (old batteries), benzene environmental fate of toxins (degreasers), carbon monoxide (car exhaust, unvented or faulty furnace), soot Assessment and Monitoring of Toxic (furnaces, wood burning stoves) Substances Extent of damage depends on: Possible Effects to Renal System - Type and structure of toxic substance - Function: rid the body of waste, to - Age of organism regulate the amount of body fluids and to - Size of organism regulate amount of salts in body - Species of organism  - Kidneys, urethra, bladder, ureter - Possible health effects: decreased ability - Possible health effects: decrease to have baby, increased baby deaths, Possible Effects to Immune System formation of urine, decreased blood flow increased birth defects, infertility - Function: protect body from tumor cells, to kidney, decreased ability to filter blood, - Possible Contaminants (where to find): environmental substances, invading prevented urine flow, kidney tissue methyl mercury (some fish, coal-burning viruses or bacteria damage, kidney cancer power), carbon monoxide (car exhaust, - Lymph system, bone marrow, white blood - Possible Contaminants (where to find): unvented or faulty furnaces), lead (old cells, spleen cadmium (old batteries, cigarette smoke), paint, outdated plumbing) - Possible health effects: overreaction to lead (old paint, outdated plumbing), environmental substances (allergy), mercury (thermostats, thermometers, Possible Effects to Nervous System immune system slow down or failure, some fish), uranium (food & water, - Function: transmit messages from one autoimmunity (causes body to attack proximity to nuclear testing sites), part of body to another itself - over-reaction or infection) chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (TCE, - Central nervous system (brain, spinal), - Possible Contaminants (where to find): PCE, PCT) (degreasers, paint removers, peripheral nervous system mercury (thermostats, thermometer, dry cleaning solutions) - Possible health effects: inability to move, some fish), lead (old paint, outdated loss of feeling, confusion, decreased plumbing), pesticides (unwashed fruits Possible Effects to Cardiovascular System speech, sight, memory, muscle strength and veggies), PCBs (industrial waste, fish - Function: move nutrients, gases, and or coordination from contaminated water), Polycyclic wastes to and from body, help stabilize - Possible Contaminants (where to find): Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (cigarette body temperature, and to fight diseases arsenic (pressure treated wood), smoke, vehicle exhaust, asphalt roads) and infections by transporting white blood cadmium (discarded batteries), carbon cells monoxide (car exhaust, unvented or Possible Effects to Hepatic System - Heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries faulty furnace), cyanide (rat poison) - Functions: break down food and store - Possible health effects: heart failure, nutrients to make proteins which are inability of blood to carry necessary Possible Effects to Skin essential for blood to clot, purify body of oxygen to body - Serves as barrier to germs and other drugs, contaminants or chemicals - Possible Contaminants (where to find): substances, prevent dehydration, and - Liver, veins carbon monoxide (car exhaust, unvented regulates body temperature - Possible health effects: liver damage, or faulty furnaces), carbon disulfide - Possible health effects: irritation, rash, tumors, accumulation of fat (steatosis), (industrial production), nitrates redness, discoloration, dermatitis death of liver cells (fertilizers), methylene chloride (auto part - Possible Contaminants (where to find): - Possible Contaminants (where to find): cleaners, paint removers) nickel (cement), mercury (thermostats, carbon tetrachloride (adhesives), thermometers, some fish), arsenic methylene chloride (auto part cleaners, Possible Effects to Reproductive System (pressure treated wood), chromium paint removers), vinyl chloride (pipe - Function: produce egg and sperm cell, (paints, industrial production), sealer) nurture a developing fetus, produce polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) hormones (industrial waste, fish from contaminated Emerging Environmental Pollutants - Testicles, seminal vesicles, prostate water), volatile organic compounds - Compounds that are not currently gland, penis, uterus, bladder, vagina, (VOC) (fumes from gasoline, paint, covered by existing regulations, have not fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix adhesives, building supplies been studied before and are thought to  be potential threats to environmental ecosystems and human health and safety Effects on Environment - Full effects not understood, have potential they may act unpredictably when mixed with other chemical from environment or concentrate in food chain Effects on Fishes - Estrogen and chemical behave like it has feminizing effect on male fish and can alter female-to-male ratios Ingestion - Uncovered popular antidepressant Processing medication concentrated in brain of fishes Transferring from wastewater treatment plants Emission Dermal Contact Environmental Microbiology Inhalation - Study of microbial processes in Injection (skin penetration) environment, microbial communities and Emerging Contaminants and its sources microbial interactions - Study of living organisms of microscopic size with include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses - Structure and activities of microbial communities - Microbial interactions and interactions with macroorganisms - Population biology of maicroorganisms - Microbes and surfaces (adhesion and biofilm formation) - Microbial community genetics and evolutionary processes - Global element cycles and biogeochemical processes Human Exposure and Entry Points - Microbial life in extreme and unusual little-explored environments Effects on Human Microbiology includes study of - No study for direct impact. Absence of microorganism in relation to: empirical date cannot rule out possibility - Distribution in nature of adverse outcomes due to interactions - Relationship to each other and to other or long-term exposure living organisms  - Effects on human beings and on other - Molds, yeats - Bacteriophages are viruses parasitic to animals and plants - Similar to bacteria bacteria - Abilities to make physical and chemical - Non-motile changes in our environment - Filamentous (filament - interconnected Parasitology - Reaction to physical and chemical agents cells) - Study of parasites, their hosts, and - Perform an essential role in nutrient relationship Microorganism cycling and exchange - Tiny organisms can be seen under Environmental Parasitology microscope Protozoa - Interaction between parasites and - Microbe - Eukaryotic protist pollutants in environn=ment - Found in surround of air, water, soil, other - Single cell object in bodies of other microorganisms - Lack cell walls Parasite - Found in all moist habitats (sea, soil - Organism that lives on or in host Classification of Microorganisms by their freshwater) organism and gets its food from or at Characteristics - Disease-causing microorganisms which expense of host - Form could be treated by special procedures - Size Application of Microbiology in Engineering - Habitats Algae Environmental Engrs are interested in - Nutrition - Ability to carry out photosynthesis microorganisms for reasons: - Method of reproduction - Does not depend on oxidation with matter - Harmful microorganisms cause disease of surviving and need to be eliminated to protect Bacteria - Microscopic and float in surface waters public health (disinfection, sanitizing, - Prokaryotes (no nuclei) (phytoplankton) or sterilization) - Bluish-green bacteria - Macroscopic and live attached to rocky - Useful microorganisms as - Among the first living things on earth coasts (seaweeds) food/medicines; catalysts in cleaning the - Minute, unicellular, plant-like microscopic - Significant in ecological balance which environment (bioremediation, wastewater organisms which differ from true plants in takes place in stabilization ponds, treatment, water treatment); maintaining that they lack chlorophyll together with bacteria natural cycles - Recycle biomass - Nuisance microorganisms hinder the - Control atmospheric composition Viruses stable operation of environmental - Component of phytoplankton and soil - Invades living cells, poisons them by engineering systems and need to be microbial populations becoming a parasite monitored and controlled (environmental - Utilize organic matter for their food - Can’t reproduce on its own monitoring) - Few can utilize inorganic compounds - Parasitizes human, animals, plant, or instead of organic compounds bacterial cells and uses their DNA/RNA to Ecology - Wates comprise hug number of organic reproduce itself - Study of how organisms interact with materials which can be degraded by - Intracellular parasites another and nonliving world bacteria - Cause diseases to man through - Connections in nature contaminated food and water Fungi Organism - any form of life Cell - basic unit of life Types of Biomes - Herbivore Eukaryotic - nucleus / organelles Tundra - lower temp, moderate - Carnivore Prokaryotic - bacteria / algae precipitation - Omnivore Forests - lower temp, moderate - higher - Detritivores (eaters of dead Species - group of organisms that resemble precipitation organisms) each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry, Grassland - lower temp, moderate - - Decomposers (small eaters of and genetic makeup higher precipitation dead organisms) - Able to reproduce Desert - high temp, low precipitation - Bacteria / fungi / microorganisms - 3.6-100M species (1.4 identified) - Mostly insects / micro Freshwater Ecosystems - places in water Components of Ecosystem - Tropical forests where there isn’t much salt in water - Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Levels of Organization Marine Ecosystem - Photosynthesis (plants) Organisms - simplest level - Make up vast majority of Earth’s - Producers (autotrophs) Habitat - dwelling place of organism ecosystems - Consumers (heterotrophs) (herbivores, Niche - role of organism - World’s largest ecosystems carnivores) Population - group of one species living - Limiting factors - Aerobic respiration in one place at one time - Salinity - Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Community - all population (different - Ph species) living in particular area - Sunlight Photosynthesis: producers Ecosystem - several communities - Dissolved oxygen Detritus feeders: detritivores - no waste in Biomes - large geographic areas with - Temp ecosystem similar climates and ecosystems Biosphere - surface of earth; many Terrestrial Ecosystems Ecological Interactions and Relationships ecosystems and biomes - On land - Every organism is connected to one - Big as continent or small as island another in an ecosystem Types of Ecosystem - Make up 28% of Earth’s ecosystems - Organisms interact to survive, grow and Terrestrial - Forrest, desert, grassland reproduce Freshwater - Type of interactions is defined by kind of Ocean or Marine Ecological Process in Ecosystem relationships (Estuarine is intersection of marine and - Physical and Chemical freshwater) - Water cycle Types of Interactions and Relationships - Carbon-oxygen cycle Competition -,- Life on Land and Sea - Nitrogen cycle Predation +,- (predator, prey) Biomes - land portion of biosphere - Phosphorus cycle Commensalism +,0 Aquatic Life Zone - watery parts of biosphere - Sulfur cycle Amensalism 0,- - Flow and transfer of energy Parasitism -.+ (host, parasite) Biomes - climatically and geographically defined - Biological (biotic) Mutualism +,+ as similar climatic condition on Earth - Producers (plants) - Consumers ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION - Intro of impurities to envi by human activities or natural processes that interrupts ecological balance - Intro of contaminants into envi that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living or that damage envi Human Activities, Pollution and Development Categories of Pollutants Drivers, Causes and Sources a. Biodegradable - broken down by act of micro-organisms and enter into biogeochemical cycles. Domestic waste products, urine, and fecal matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood and cloth b. Non - biodegradable - w/ stronger chemical bondage and don’t break down Primary and Secondary Causes into simpler and harmless products. Insecticides, pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic, aluminum, plastics, radioactive waste Types of Pollution Air Pollution - contamination of in/out door envi by any chemical, physical / biological agent that modifies natural characteristics of atmosphere (WHO) - Intro to atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological mats that causes discomfort, disease or death to humans, damage other living organisms or natural/built envi Sources  b. Natural - Forms acid aerosols and sulfuric - Volcanic acts (sulfur, chlorine, ash acid (associated w/ acidification of particulates) lakes & streams, accelerated - Food digestion (methane) corrosion of buildings and - Radioactive decay (radon) monuments, and reduced visibility - Forest fires (smoke, carbon 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) - industry, fossil monoxide) fuel power, mobile sources, explosives - Dry land (dust) and fertilizer manufacturing - Vegetation (VOCs) - Harmful to lungs, irritates bronchial and respiratory, increase Air Pollutants - Criteria pollutants (w/ health / symptoms in asthmatic envi effects). - Adversely affect terrestrial and 1. Fine Particulates - industry, wood stoves, aquatic ecosystems through dust, construction, street sand regional transport and deposition application, open burning 5. Ozone (O3) - motor vehicles, electric - Aggravates ailments (bronchitis, utilities, factories, landfills, industrial emphysema), bad for those w/ solvents, miscellaneous small sources chronic heart and lung disease, (gas stations, lawn equipment) very young and old, pregnant - Irritates eyes, nose, throat, and women respiratory, bad for those w/ - Corrosion, soiling, damage to chronic heart and lung disease, vegetation and reduced visibility very young and old, pregnant 2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) - industrial women combustion sources, mobile sources - Reduce yield of agricultural crops (autos, trucks, buses), wood stoves, open and damages forests and other burning vegetation - Deprives body of oxygen by 6. Lead (Pb) - leaded gasoline, smelting, Sources of Air Pollution reducing blood’s capacity to carry battery manufacturing and recycling a. Anthropogenic oxygen, causes headache, - Affects motor function and - Stationary sources (power plants, dizziness, nausea, listlessness, reflexes and learning, causes incinerators, factories) death (in high dose) damage to central nervous, - Mobile sources (vehicles, vessels, - Affects concentration of methane kidney, and brain. Children are aircraft) (greenhouse gas) and ozone in affected more than adults - Agriculture and forestry mgt atmosphere - Harm wildfire through deposition (chemicals) 3. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - fossil fuel power onto leaves which are a source for - Fumes (paint, hair spray, varnish) plants, non-ferrous smelters, pulp gazing animals - Dump sites/landfills (methane) production - Military (nuclear weapon, rocketry, - Increase symptoms in asthmatic Greenhouse Gases toxic gases) patients, irritates respiratory - Secondary impact on health and major impact on envi  - Carbon dioxide and methane emissions Composition of Pure Water moves to major body of water. contribute to global warming - Oxygen Runoff of fertilizers from farm - Global warming leads to melting of ice - Hydrogen animals and crop land. Air caps, sea level rise, flooding, and climate - Universal solvent (natural or polluted pollutants getting washed or change water) deposited to earth. Storm water - Intended Uses: drink, cook, hygiene, drainage from lawns, parking, and Water Pollution - chemical, physical or wash, recreation, fish, agri, industry street biological change in quality of water that has harmful effect on any living thing that Pollutants Effects on Health and Environment uses or lives in ti and make it unsuitable - Acids - Direct contact, ingestion or inhalation for desired use - Alkalies - Waterborne diseases - Toxic heavy metals and chemical - Birth defects Global Water Volume - Oil - Cancer - Grease - Immune suppression - Pesticide - Reproductive failure - Radioactive mats - Acute poisoning - Pathogenic microbes - Deaths of fish - Destruction of crops, potential Sources food that is being grown, trees - Factories, power plant, coal mines, oil and plants planted in area wells situated either close or away water source by discharging pollutants Soil / Land Pollution- built - up in soils of in/directly to water sources (rivers, lakes, persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, streams) salts, radioactive mats, or disease - Untreated sewage disposed to bodies of causing agents, which have adverse water indiscriminately effects on plant growth and animal / human health Causes - Soil - physical material that covers most Composition of Global Water - Factors contributing to water pollution: of earth’s land surface. Composed of - point - easiest to identify and sand, silt, and clay particles, organic control. Waste produced from matter, water and air spaces. Regulates factories, waste from sewage water. Help control where rain, snowmelt, system, power plants, and irrigation water goes. Water and underground coalmines, oil wells. dissolve solutes flow over land or to and Direct source of water pollution through soil. Sustain plant and animal life. can be reduced and monitored Diversity and productivity of living things - Non-point sources - ambiguously depends on soil. Filtering potential defined and harder to control. pollutants. Mineral and microbe in soil are Rain or snow moves through responsible for filtering, buffering, ground and pick up pollutants as it degrading, immobilizing and detoxifying  in/organic mats (industrial & municipal - disease causing agents - Concerts / entertainment by-products and atmospheric deposits). Cycling nutrients. Carbon, nitrogen, Sources Health Effects phosphorus stored, transformed and - Oil industry - Sleep disturbance cycled through soil. Supporting - Agriculture - Cardiovascular effects structures. Buildings need stable soil for - Health care - Damage to work and school performance support, and archeological treasures - Manufacturing - Hearing impairment including tinnitus associated w/ human habitation are - Commercial establishments protected by soil - Landfill leachate Interrelationship of pollutants - Healthy soil gives clean air and water, - hazardous waste / sewage oil spills bountiful crops and forests, productive - Improper disposal of solid wastes rangeland, diverse wildlife, and beautiful - Transfer of air and water pollutants to landscapes. land - Spills deposit pollutants to soil - Solid wastes not properly disposed make Soil Contamination lead to poor growth and soil./land unsuitable for intended use reduced crop yields, loss of wildlife habitat, water - Air pollutants emitted in atmosphere and visual pollution, soil erosion and eventually be deposited in soil desertification - Water pollutants traversing land areas have tendency to be absorbed by soil Effects on Health and Environment Effects of Pollution on Health - Direct contact, inhalation or ingestion of - Adverse air quality can kill many Soil Composition contaminants organinsms including humans. Ozone - Chronic exposure to chemicals pollution can cause respiratory disease, (chromium, lead, solvents, pesticides) cardiovascular disease, throat (cancer, congenital disorder, neurological inflammation, chest pain, and congestion problems, tissue damage and irritation) - Water pollution causes approx 14k - Toxic substance cause deaths of helpful deaths per day, mostly due to microorganisms that are useful of harmful contamination of drinking water by organisms untreated sewage in developing countries - Salinization and heavy metals affect plant - Oil spills cause skin irritations and rashes growth - Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress and sleep Noise Pollution - unwanted sound disturbance - Soil pollution generate chemicals and Source Pollutants microbes lead to diseases (chemical - Traffic - Pesticides poisoning or intestinal paratism) - Airports - Oils - Railroads - heavy metals Effects of Pollution on Environment - Manufacturing plants - radioactive mats - Construction or demolition  from pollutants brought by industries and b. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR): commercial establishments and type of activated sludge process agriculture. Provides abatement and that operates cycles, treating control of pollution form land based wastewater in batches sources, lays down watr quality standards c. Moving Bed BioFilm Reactor and regulation (MBBR): floating media where - RA 1378 (plumbing code) - national microorganisms grow and break plumbing code of the philippines - section down pollutants 234 - compulsory connection with d. Membrane Bioreactor - combines sanitary sewer biological treatment w/ membrane - PD 856 (sanitation code) - code on filtration for high-quality effluent sanitation of the ph. Section 74. All houses covered by system shall be 3. Chemical Treatment Methods connected to sewer in areas where a a. Chlorination: disinfect drinking sewerage system is available. Properly water and wastewater designed grease traps shall be provided b. Ozonation: ozone to oxidize for sewers from restaurants or other contaminants, for disinfection establishments where sewerage carries c. Coagulation and Flocculation: large amount of grease. chemical agents (alum) used to aggregate fine particles, making Treatments them easier to remove by 1. Physical Treatment Methods sedimentation or filtration a. Sedimentation: removes d. Advanced Oxidation Processes Greenhouse gases suspended solids by settling them (AOPs): hydroxyl radicals for - Water vapor (H2O) in clarifier degrading complex organic - Carbon dioxide (CO2) b. Filtration: uses mats (sand or pollutants in water - Methane (CH4) membranes to filter contaminants - Nitrous Oxide (N2O) c. Ultrafiltration (UF): employs fine 4. Natural Treatment System - Ozone (O2) membranes to remove particles a. Constructed Wetlands: mimic and microorganisms natural wetlands to treat ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR WATER d. Reverse Osmosis (RO): removes wastewater through - Water as neccessity and waste dissolve salts and other sedimentation, filtration, and - 80% of wastewater is release to the envi contaminants using biological process without proper treatment semi-permeable membranes - Environmental risks - water pollution 5. Desalination - converts seawater into - Health risks 2. Biological Treatment Systems potable water through techniques like a. Activated Sludge Process: uses reverse osmosis or thermal distillation, Existing National Laws and Local Ordinances microorganisms to break down useful in areas facing freshwater - RA 9275 (clean water act) - Promotes organic matter in wastewater scarcity protection of different water resources  6. Stormwater Management Solutions i. Screening a. Rainwater harvesting: process of ii. Sedimentation Advantage of wastewater treatment capturing and collecting rainwater iii. Flotation Reduce demand for fresh water drinking for use at later point. Range from iv. Filtration Reduce amount of wastewater discharge simple rain barrels to large b. Chemical Treatment Method (rely w/out treatment structures w/ pumps, tanks and on chemical reactions) Increase agri production treatment systems i. Precipitation Reduce pollution ii. Wet oxidation 7. Water Reuse and Recycling iii. Ion exchange Disadvantages of wastewater treatment a. Greywater Recycling: treating and iv. Chemisorption Large scale, utilities may fall reusing wastewater from showers, c. Biological Treatment Method (use Seasonal countries, used only in certain sinks, and other domestic acts for living organisms to consume and seasons non-potable purposes break down into non-hazardous Produce gases (sulfuric acid) lead to form) chronic health problems Wastewater Parameters i. Aerobic degradation Cause underground contamination - pH ii. Anaerobic degradation - BOD - COD iii. Microorganism DAO 2016-08 Water Quality Guidelines and - TSS General Effluent Standards of 2016 - Ammonia Stage in Wastewater Treatment Discharge from point source shall meet - Phosphate a. Preliminary Treatment - use screen to general effluent standards - Nitrate remove large solid inorganic mats (paper, Applies to all point source - Fecal coliform plastic). Used regardless of industry category - Sulfate - Removal of particles (grit, silt). Removal For agri DA Administrative Order No. - Influent (raw wastewater) of coarse solids and large mats. 2007-26 - Effluent (discharge) - Protect downstream mechanical plant b. Secondary Treatment - breaks down DAO 2021-19 Updated Water Quality Wastewater - water affected in quality by dissolved and suspended organic solids Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent anthropogenic influence. Variety of potential by microorganism. Standards (GES) for Selected Parameters contaminants - Aka activated sludge process - Technologies include basic activated DAO 2016-08 Water Quality Guidelines and Waste Treatment - restore organic matter and sludge process GES of 2016 - Water Body Classification and energy from waste streams. Ex. composting, - Activated sludge incineration - Trickling filters - Rotating biological contactors Wastewater Treatment - objective depends on c. Tertiary Treatment - use disinfection to where wastewater is to be sent after treatment reduce pathogens which can risk human - Methods: health (chlorine) a. Physical Treatment Method d. Effluent Storage - storage facility, critical (gravity, electrical attractions, van link bet wastewater treatment plant and der Waals or physical barrier) irrigation system Usage of Freshwater - Carbon monoxide (CO) Reduction of Air Pollution at Source - Volatile organic compounds 1. Gaseous Pollutants - active charcoal, (hydrocarbons) silica gel, fuller’s earth - Particulate pollutants (smoke, dust, soot, - Reduce by physical adsorption fumes, aerosols, liquid droplets, pollen - Combustion - used to reduce pollution by grains) burning pollutants 2. Particulate Matter Radioactive Pollutants a. Cyclone - use centrifugal force, - Radon-222 cylindrical, create spiral motion, - Iodine-131 efficient for larger particles only. - Strontium-90 b. Baghouse filter - filter bag made - Plutonium-239 of fabric, remove very small particles, expensive, high filtration Classification of Air Pollutants efficiency, versatile applications, a. Primary - emitted directly from point enhanced efficiency over time source. CO, NOx, SOx, hydrocarbons c. Wet scrubbers - clean dirty gas b. Secondary - formed by interaction of streams by liquid, sponge like primary pollutants with other primary d. Electrostatic precipitators - use pollutants or some natural constituents of electric charge, high efficiency, atmosphere (ozone (O3), peroxyacetyl high cost, high maintenance nitrate (PAN), photochemical smog ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE Remedial Measures for Air Pollution (Control) Noise Pollution - unwanted sounds Siting of industries after proper envi a. Industrial - factories, construction acts, impact assessment machines Dilution of emission. b. Transpo - road traffic, airplanes,trains Minimize acts cause pollution c. Urban - loud music, public events, crowd Modify process and/or equipment Use appropriate mat Noise Barriers - structures block sound waves, Use low sulfur coal reduce 10-15 decibels of noise Remove sulfur from coal a. Highway noise barriers - concrete, wood, Remove NOx metal Check vehicular pollution b. Vegetative barriers - trees, scrubs, Use mass transport system ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR Shift to less polluting fuels Soundproofing and Acoustic Insulation - POLLUTION Use non-conventional source of energy reduce 50% Use biological filters and bio-scrubbers a. Acoustic panels - absorb sound Gaseous Pollutants Plant trees b. Double-glazed windows - through window - Oxides of sulfur (SO2, SO3), nitrogen Reduce pollution c. Insulation - block sound (NO, NO2, NO3) Active Noise Control (ANC) - noise Solid wastes b. Chemical recycling - chemical cancellation, anti-sound waves, for low - - all discarded household, commercial processes to break down mats to frequency noise waste, non-hazardous institutional and original monomers a. Noise canceling headphones - personal industrial wastes c. Biological recycling - use b. Active noise reduction system - aircraft - RA 9003 ecological solid waste biological processes (composting, engines and industrial settings management act of 2001 anaerobic digestion) to break down organic waste to natural Urban and Environmental Planning Solutions Types of Solid Wastes mats a. Zoning Regulation - buffer zones, a. Municipal solid waste (MSW) - 4. Waste - to - energy technologies land-use planning, minimize direct household, commercial, institutional a. Incineration - burn wastes, heat exposure to high-noise zone waste produced used in generating b. Urban Green Spaces - vegetation as b. Hazardous waste - waste w/ potential steam noise buffers, green roofs and vertical threats to public health or envi b. Gasification - waste subjected to gardens, reduce 5-10 decibels c. Industrial waste - manufacturing and high temps in low oxygen, c. Quiet Pavement Technologies - porous industrial waste generate electricity or converted asphalt and rubberized pavements, d. Electronic waste - electronic devices to liquid fuels reduce 3-5 decibels e. Construction and demolition debris c. Pyrolysis - waste heat in absence of oxygen, thermal decomposition Technological Solutions for Industrial Noise Functional elements of solid waste d. Anaerobic digestion - organic a. Quieter machine - engineering management waste break down by advancements, noise dampening a. Waste generation microorganisms in absence of materials b. Storage oxygen b. Vibration isolation systems - spring c. Collection 5. Landfill technologies mounts and dampeners (prevent vibration d. Processing and recovery a. Sanitary landfill design - modern transfer), rubber pads (absorb vibration) e. Transfer and transport landfills designed w/ multiple f. Final disposal (sanitary landfill) layers to prevent leachate, daily RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and final cover layers minimize - Air quality management Technologies for waste reduction odors, pests, water infiltration - Pollution from mobile sources 1. Composting - biological decomposing, b. Leachate management - leachate - Pollution from stationary sources 2. Material recovery facilities - sort and is liquid drains or leaches from - Hazardous air pollutants process recyclable mats from MSW landfill, contains harmful - Ban on incineration before sent to recycling plants. pollutants, pipes and drainage - 100k penalty a. Receiving and weighing systems collect leachate - 2k 1st offense b. Sorting c. Gas collection systems - methane - 2-4k 2nd offense c. Processing recovery, gas collections - 1 yr suspension & 4-6k erd offense d. shredding - Ban smoking 3. Recycling technologies a. Mechanical recycling - physically SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GREEN ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR SOLID breaking down BUILDING CONCEPTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTE Sustainability - process of maintaining change Create jobs, support innovation, promote sustainable solutions (reducing in balanced way. Exploitation of resources, efficiency while considering envi impact carbon emission and promoting direction of investments, orientation of Social Sustainability - ensure societies renewable energy) technological development and institutional provide human needs (health, educ, - Increased frequency and intensity change are all in harmony and enhance both equality, justice). Focus on improving of hurricane, wildfires, linked to current and future potential to meet human living standards, reduce poverty, ensure climate change, show immediate needs and aspirations all people have access to basic services needs for strategies that mitigate and opportunities climate risks Sustainable Development - development that meets needs of present without compromising Goal of Sustainability 2. Resource Depletion (water, energy) ability of future gens to meet their own needs Balance three pillars, economic progress doesn’t - Happens when natural resources - Economic growth harm envi or society, social progress made are consumed faster than - Environmental protection without depleting natural resources replenished. Lead to shortage and - Social equity envi harm - “Needs”, essential needs of world’s poor, Importance of Sustainability - Future gens may not have access which overriding priority should be given Resource Conservation - natural to basic mats and energy needed - Idea of limitations imposed by state of resources are finite. Without sustainable for survival and growth. Seeks to technology and social organization on practices, future gens may face resource balance current resource use with envi’s ability to meet present and future shortages and envi collapse future needs needs Climate Change Mitigation - reduce - Global freshwater crisis. - Goals of economic and social greenhouse gas emissions, slow effects Over-extraction of water for agri development must be defined in terms of of global warming and climate change and industrial use led to water sustainability in all countries Social Equity - ensures everyone (esp shortage. - Interpretations vary, must share certain future gens) has access to clean air, 3. Pollution and Environmental features and flow from a consensus on water, food, and other necessary for Degradation basic concept of sustainable survival and well-being - Pollution - intro to harmful development and on broad strategic substances to envi framework for achieving it Global Challenges Driving Sustainability - Envi Degradation - destruction of 1. Climate Change and Global Warming ecosystems and depletion of 3 Pillars - Climate Change - long - term natural resources Environmental Sustainability - protect alteration of temp and typical - Harms human health and natural resources, ecosystems, ensure weather patterns in place. damages ecosystems. acts (farming, industry, urban dev) do not - Global Warming - rising temp of - Reduce pollution through better degrade envi. Reduce pollution, conserve earth’s atmosphere due to waste management, cleaner water, use renewable energy, maintain increased concentration of technologies, and reducing biodiversity greenhouse gases (co2) reliance on harmful chemicals Economic Sustainability - ensure - Rising temp lead to more extreme - Great Pacific Garbage Patch - economic acts create long-term growth weather events, melting glaciers, massive collection of oceanic and dev without depleting resources. rising sea levels, and disrupted plastic waste, threatens marine ecosystem. Create need for life and biodiversity. Result of  unsustainable waste disposal Energy Efficiency - use renewable energy ○ Enhance occupant health and practices sources, improve insulation, reduce well-being 4. Urbanization and Population Growth consumption ○ Promotes community - Urbanization - increasing number Water Efficiency - water conservation, development of people living in cities recycling, rainwater harvesting - Population Growth - rise in global Material Efficiency - use of eco-friendly, Green Building Mats number of people recyclable, and durable mats - Recycled steel - Together, put pressure on Indoor Environmental Quality - ensure - Bamboo flooring housing, infrastructure and natural healthy air quality and natural lighting - Low - VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) resources Waste Reduction - reduce waste paints - Rapid urbanization without proper generation during construction and - Green insulation (cellulose, wool) planning leads to issues operation (overcrowded cities, increased Energy Efficiency in Green Building pollution, higher demand for Green Building Certs - Use solar panels and renewable energy resources - water, energy) Leadership in Energy and Environmental systems - Promotes creating green cities Design (LEED) - globally recognized - Efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation and that efficiently use resources and certs for sustainable buildings air condition) systems provide higher quality of life for Building Research Establishment - Smart lighting systems (LEDs and residents Environmental Assessment Method daylighting) - Tokyo and Mexico City face (BREEAM) - cert standard used in severe traffic congestion, air Europe Water Efficiency in Green Building pollution, and strain on water Excellence in Design for Greater - Low-flow plumbing fixtures supply systems due to Efficiencies (EDGE) - focus on - Greywater recycling overpopulation and rapid resource-efficient building practices in - Rainwater harvesting systems urbanization. Sustainable urban emerging markets - Xeriscaping (landscaping that reduces planning is necessary to balance WELL Building Standard - emphasizes water use) population growth with resource health and wellness in buildings availability Zuellig Building Benefits of Green Buildings - Makati Green Building Environmental - LEED platinum cert - Structures environmentally responsible ○ Reduce carbon footprint - Energy-efficient HVAC, advanced water and resource-efficient throughout their life ○ Conserve natural resources recycling and high-performance facade cycle ○ Reduce water and energy usage that reduces heat gain - Reduce overall impact of built envi on Economic - 1st premium-grade office tower erected human health and natural envi ○ Lower operational costs after 2000 ○ Increase property value - Envi conscious design, distinctive facade, Principles of Green Buildings ○ Reduce waste and emission superior finishes. Sustainable Site Selection - choose locs Social - Manila’s Makati Central Business District with minimal impact ○ Improve indoor air quality - Pre-cert by US Green Building Council at LEED Gold level  - Now LEED Platinum Cert - World’s largest exhibition on sustainable SDG 15: Life on Land - 65k sqm Class A office space, 2k sqm cities retail area - Use natural lighting, rainwater harvesting, Environmentalism, Ethics and Laws completely energy self-sufficient Net Park - Powered by solar panels and Ethics - BGC, Taguig ground-source heat pump, minimize - Set of principles of right conduct - LEED Gold cert reliance on external energy source - Set of rules and behaviors - Use low emission mats, energy efficient - All electric building - Body of moral principles lighting, extensive green spaces help - Operate free fossil fuels - Standards, rules, guidelines mitigate urban heat island effect - Study of characteristics of morals Pixel Building - Deals with moral choices that are made Union Bank Plaza - Melbourne, Australia by each person in his or her relationship - Ortigas, Pasig - Perfect score on Australia’s Green Star with other persons - Optimize water usage, energy-efficient rating system and incorporates rainwater - Set of moral principles or values systems, waste reduction programs collection, wind turbine, and biofiltration - Science of ethics addresses issues - Focus on efficient energy management system having both moral and practical made it a model of sustainable office - Facade design maximizes natural light significance design while reduce heat gain - Decisions are not simply reactive - 48 storey by Megaworld Corp - Modest four-level building with impressive (choosing which bus to catch), but involve - Grade A array of sustainable design tech and concepts of study and responsibility and - PEZA - accredited structure innovation conflicts between rival goods or ills - 1.3k sqm floor plate - Green Star: 6-Star Rating - Professional world, expect to follow - 53.22k sqm gross leasable area - LEED Platinum Cert explicit or implicit ethical code - 1st carbon-neutral office - To responsibly confront moral issues One Central Park - 105 LEED points raised by technological activity - Sydney, Australia - Generates one power and water through - Achieve moral autonomy - Vertical garden - cover building facade, onsite wind turbines and green roof that provide natural cooling and reduce uses evapotranspiration of greywater Moral Autonomy energy consumption - Can disconnect from main water supply - Ability to think critically and independently - Use unique heliostat system to direct and be self-sufficient for all amenity about moral issues and to apply this sunlight to shaded area needs, excluding drinking water moral thinking to situations that arise in - Public park - Use low carbon concrete, (Pixelcrete) course of professional engr practice - Cantilever and Heliostat - hovering canti and recycled sustainably-sourced - Autonomous individuals think for crowns pinnacle of One Central Park building mats themselves and do not assume customs - Contains tower’s most luxurious are always right penthouses SDG 6: Clean Water And Sanitation - Seek to reason and live by general SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy principles The Crystal SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Motivation is to do what is morally - London, UK SDG 13: Climate Action reasonable for its own sake, maintain SDG 14: Life Below Water  integrity, self-respect, and respect for component devices to reach specified responsible for more than they can be others objectives ought to be. Realism is critical to ensure - Discretion is required best contribution from all members of Code of Ethics - Engineers required to keep employers’ / team - Respect rights of others clients’ intellectual property and business Competence - thorough knowledge of - Show fairness in dealings with others info confidential work they undertake to do. Essential if - Be honest in all actions - Work of engrs serves public good by professional is to fulfill responsibilities to - Keep promises and contracts providing communication systems, society. Ethical requirement is in - Consider welfare of others transpiration, energy resources, medical acknowledgement of need to be - Show compassion to others diagnostic, treatment equipment competent rather than in competence itself Professional Ethics Core Qualities of Professional Practitioners Discretion - care with communications, - Work requires sophisticated skills, use of Integrity - openness and honesty. trustworthiness. Information must be judgment, exercise of discretion Discovery and communication of truth. treated on a “need to know” basis and not - Work not routine and not capable of being Not only truthfulness or avoid telling lies transmitted unnecessarily to others. mechanizes but capacity to communicate truth in a Consultants will be under an agreement - Membership in profession requires way to enable client and others to make not to divulge info to others extensive formal education, not simply informed decisions practical training and apprenticeship Independence - free of secondary Personal vs Business Ethics - Public allows special societies or orgs interest with other parties. Professional is - Personal - how we treat others or deal that controlled by members of profession independent of pressure grp. with others in daily life to set standards for admission to Professional must understand situation - Business - way individuals deal with org profession, to set standards of conduct and key players in situation. Enables or dealing of orgs / crops with govt and for members, to enforce these standards person not to be drawn to concerns of from corp to corp - Honest and truth any particular grp. Must respect and - Honor (show respect, integrity, reputation encourage others to accept own Ethics and Law for achievement) responsibility. - Designing a process that releases toxic - Knowledge (gained through education Impartiality - free of bias and unbalance agent is legal but reeling it to envi is and experience) interests. Fulfill contracts with client and unethical - Efficiency (produce efficiently with min treat all parties equally effort) Responsibility - recognition and Ethics Problems and Design Problems - Diligence (persistent effort) acceptance of personal commitment. - Essence of engineering practice is design - Loyalty (allegiance to employer’s goals) Realistic assessment of skills and of product, structures and processes - Confidentiality (dependable in capacities and acceptance of their - Design should be able to meet criteria for safeguarding info) possibilities and limitations. Core virtue performance, aesthetic and price - Protecting public safety and health on enabling professional to acknowledge - There could be more than one solution to responsibility and work as team. problem Engineering as Profession Problems arise when professionals - Engineering design, no unique correct - Essence of engineering design is develop an inflated sense of answer judgment. How to use available mats, responsibility, seeing themselves as Engineering Ethics - If bridge has inadequate support, it will - International treaties from protection of - Study of moral decisions made by engrs fail biological diversity and ozonosphere in engineering practice - If gas tank is positioned too close to - Rules and standards governing conduct bumper, it might explode United Nations Environment Programme of engineers in role as professionals - If process of recycling bottles produce too (UNEP) - world’s principal international - Body of philosophy indicating ways that much pollution, it is counterproductive environmental org. Global authority for eni with engrs should present themselves in - If process of refining gas produces too programmes focusing on climate, nature, professional capacity much toxins, it harms local community pollution, sustainable development - Engineering is a profession not just a job - Work of engrs can affect public health Ethics - Courage and Integrity Vienna Convention for the Protection of and safety and influence business - Ethics require courage to do right thing Ozone Layer (1985) - protect human health and practices and politics the situation calls for and envi from effects of ozone depletion nor did - Integrity to withstand pressures that push mention any substances that were thought to One source of Ethical Issue: Lack of you in wrong direction damage ozone Knowledge - Engineering design is about creating new Environmentalism United Nations Conference on Environment devices and products - Political and ethical movement seeks to and Development (Earth Summit) - targets for improve and protect quality of natural reducing emission of greenhouse gases thought Understanding ethical problems envi through changes to environmentally to cause global warming - Ethical problems are like design problems harmful human acts - Device must be designed to meet criteria Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for performance, aesthetic and price Environmental Ethics - By World Meteorological Organization - Apply large body of knowledge to solution - Field of applied ethics concerned with and UNEP of problem natural envi, instrumental value for - Study changes in earth’s temp, concluded - Involve use if analytic skills human beings and other animals and its that the balance of evidence suggest - Many correct solutions possible intrinsic value discernible human influence on global - Some solutions are better than others climate Environmental Law How ethics fits to engineering - Principle, policies, directives, and Kyoto Protocol - Engineers build products (phones, regulations enacted and enforced by - Featured binding emission targets for appliances, heart valves, bridges, cars). local, inter/national entities to regulate developed countries They advance society by building new human treatment of nonhuman world technology - Exists at many levels and is only partly Types of Environmental Laws - Engineers develop processes (convert constituted by international declaration, 1. Command - and - Control Legislation - salt water to fresh water, recycle bottles). convention and treaties United States Federal Water Pollution These processes change how we live - Regulatory standards for emissions from Control Act (1972) (regulates discharges and what we can accomplish coal-fired power plants in germany of pollutants to navigable waters in US). Products and Processes have Consequences - Initiatives in china create great wall - RA 9275 Philippine Clean water Act of for Society shelter belt of trees - to protect beijing 2004 (protect country’s water bodies from from sandstorms pollution from land-based sources)  a. Identification of type of - EU debated whether to implement such c. Oil development in environmentally harmful act tax at supranational level to combat environmentally sensitive area will b. Imposition of specific conditions or climate change significantly disturb native wildlife standards on act c. Prohibition of forms of act that fail Set Aside-Scheme 2. Polluters Pay Principle - purpose of to comply with imposed conditions - Final method of envi protection is setting may envi regulations is to force polluters or standards aside of lands and waters in natural state bear real costs of pollution, though such - International effort to preserve wetlands costs often difficult to calculate precisely 2. Environmental Assessment Mandates have focused on setting aside areas of a. Pollution charges for water - US National Environmental Policy Act ecological value and regulating their use management use serves 2 (1969) (require prep of envi impact objectives - environmental and statement for major federal actions RA 11038 - Expanded National Integrated economic affecting quality of envi). Presidential Protected Areas System Act of 2018 b. Laguna Lake Development Decree 1586 Environmental Impact Authority (LLDA) - example of Statement (EIS) of 1978 (establish envi Wetlands - any land areas that have pollution charge system applied to impact statement system including other waterlogged soil - could be natural or artificial industrial and commercial envi management related measures) a. Inland Habitats - marshes, peatlands, establishments around lake. a. Identify level or threshold of floodplains, rivers, lakes Pollution charge: fixed amount potential envi impact at which a b. Coastal and Marine Areas - and variable amount contemplated action is significant saltmarshes, mangroves, intertidal enough to require preparation of mudflats and seagrass beds, coral reefs 3. Integration Principle - envi protection assessment and other marine areas no deeper than requires that due consideration be given b. Establish specific goals for 6m at low tide to potential consequences of assessment mandated c. Human-made Wetlands - dams, environmentally fateful decisions c. Set requirements to ensure reservoir, rice paddles, wastewater - Integrated environmental assessment will be considered in treatment ponds, lagoons considerations to decision-making determining whether to proceed processes through envi impact with action as originally Principles of Environmental Law assessment (EIA) mandates contemplated or pursue 1. Precautionary Principle - requires that, - EIA - planning and management alternative action there is strong suspicion that certain act tool help govt, decision makers, may have envi harmful consequences, proponents and affected Economic Incentives better to control act rather wait for community address negative - Use of economic instruments to create incontrovertible scientific evidence consequences or risks on envi. incentives for envi protection is popular a. Certain level of air pollution will Process assures implementation form of envi law. result in increase in mortality from of envi-friendly projects - Pollution taxes, subsidies for clean techs respiratory disease 4. Public Participation Principle - and practices, creation of markets in envi b. Certain level of water pollution will decisions about envi protection formally protection or pollution reduce healthy fish population integrate views of public - Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden impose taxes on carbon dioxide emissions  - Govt decisions to set envi standards for envi. Ensure proper segregation, specific types of pollution, permit collection, storage, treatment, disposal of significant environmentally damaging acts solid waste through formulation and - DAO 2016-08 - Water Quality Guidelines adaptation of best eco-waste products and General Effluent Standards 4. RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 - protect country’s water bodies Sustainable Development from pollution from land-based sources. - Approach to economic planning that Provides comprehensive and integrated attempts to foster economic growth while strategy to prevent and minimize pollution preserving quality of envi for future gens through multi-sectoral and participatory - Green spaces approach - Waste-to-energy recycling - Solar panels - Eco friendly aesthetic designs - Wastewater treatment designs - Wind turbine Ph Laws Mandated by EMB 1. RA 6969 Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 - regulate, restrict or prohibit importation, manufacture, process, sale, distribution, use, disposal of chemi