Environmental Toxicology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are examples of biodegradable materials?

  • Mercury and lead
  • Radioactive waste and insecticides
  • Paper and wood (correct)
  • Aluminum and plastics

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-biodegradable materials?

  • They can accumulate in ecosystems
  • They do not convert into harmless products
  • They break down easily in the environment (correct)
  • They have strong chemical bonds

    • According to the definition of air pollution, which of the following qualifies as a contaminant?

  • Natural minerals
  • Purified water
  • Sunlight
  • Biological agents (correct)

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes primary causes of pollution?

    <p>They often include pesticides and heavy metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature do biodegradable materials share?

    <p>They contribute to biogeochemical cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Activated Sludge Process?

    <p>To enhance water quality by using microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law is focused on the protection of water resources?

    <p>RA 9275</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of stormwater management?

    <p>Screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of wastewater treatment?

    <p>Higher agricultural production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of wastewater treatment?

    <p>It can produce gases that lead to health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does greywater recycling involve?

    <p>Treating and reusing wastewater from domestic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological treatment method relies on living organisms?

    <p>Aerobic degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stormwater management, what is the purpose of rainwater harvesting?

    <p>To capture and use rainwater at a later point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some health issues caused by chronic exposure to chemical pollution?

    <p>Respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of approximately 14,000 deaths per day due to water pollution?

    <p>Untreated sewage contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does noise pollution primarily affect human health?

    <p>Leads to high blood pressure and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized source of pollutants?

    <p>Natural disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact of soil pollution on health?

    <p>Chemical poisoning or intestinal parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pollutants can cause skin irritations and rashes?

    <p>Oil spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary effects of heavy metals on plant growth?

    <p>Stunted growth or toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pollution is characterized as unwanted sound?

    <p>Noise pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to respiratory issues due to pollution?

    <p>Plant fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutant is linked with congenital disorders?

    <p>Pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a core virtue of professionalism?

    <p>Ambition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'impartiality' in a professional context?

    <p>Maintaining neutrality and fairness in dealings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of professionalism involves safeguarding information?

    <p>Confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'responsibility' in a professional context?

    <p>Recognizing and accepting personal commitments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'efficiency' in professional practice?

    <p>Producing results with minimal effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a professional approach design problems?

    <p>Collaborating with a team to explore multiple solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for professionals to respect public safety and health?

    <p>It fosters trust and accountability within the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of ethics within a professional setting?

    <p>To maintain a standard of conduct that protects all parties involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ethical obligation of engineers regarding confidential information?

    <p>To keep employers’ or clients’ intellectual property confidential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes the core qualities of professional practitioners?

    <p>Independence from all interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does discretion play in an engineer's communication?

    <p>Careful management, sharing information on a need-to-know basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integrity in a professional setting refer to?

    <p>Openness and honesty in communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is competence considered essential in engineering ethics?

    <p>It ensures professional responsibilities to society are fulfilled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does showing compassion to others fit into the code of ethics?

    <p>It reflects awareness of others' welfare and needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a requirement for professionals in engineering?

    <p>Extensive practical training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by personal vs business ethics in professional practice?

    <p>They must be balanced to maintain professionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)?

    <p>It operates in cycles, treating wastewater in batches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which national code requires compulsory connection to the sanitary sewer?

    <p>PD 856</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reactor utilizes floating media for microorganism growth?

    <p>Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a chemical treatment method for water?

    <p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a Membrane Bioreactor?

    <p>It combines biological treatment with membrane filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section in PD 856 covers the compulsory connection of houses to the sewer system?

    <p>Section 74</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do properly designed grease traps aim to achieve in sewer systems?

    <p>Minimize the amount of grease entering the sewer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does coagulation and flocculation work in water treatment?

    <p>By using chemical agents to aggregate particles into larger flocs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environmental Chemistry

    • Interdisciplinary science, including atmospheric, aquatic, and soil chemistry
    • Studies chemical and biochemical phenomena in natural environments

    Criteria for Hazard Identification

    • Health and environmental impacts of hazardous chemicals
    • Linked to toxicity (carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive hazard - CMR)
    • Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
    • Neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity, immuno-toxicity
    • Allergenicity, asthmagenicity
    • Skin and eye irritation

    Toxicology

    • Branch of science dealing with poisons
    • Any substance causing harm
    • Studies detection, occurrence, properties, and regulation of toxic substances

    Environmental Toxicology

    • Assessing toxic substances in the environment
    • Monitoring environments for toxic substances
    • Effects of toxins on biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems
    • Metabolism and fate of toxins

    Assessment and Monitoring of Toxic Substances

    • Extent of damage depends on type and structure of toxic substance, age, size, and species of organism

    Health Effects of Chemicals on Body Systems

    • Respiratory System: Function: oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Possible effects: asbestosis, lung cancer, bronchitis, fibrosis, emphysema, decreased oxygen supply. Contaminants include asbestos, radon, cadmium, benzene, carbon monoxide, soot.
    • Renal System: Function: waste removal, fluid balance, and salt regulation. Possible effects: damage to kidneys, decreased urine production, decreased ability to filter blood. Contaminants include cadmium, lead, mercury, uranium, chlorinated hydrocarbons.
    • Cardiovascular System: Function: nutrient and waste transport, temperature regulation. Possible effects: heart failure, inability to carry oxygen, damage to heart tissue. Contaminants include carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, nitrates, methylene chloride.
    • Reproductive System: Function: production of gametes, development of offspring. Reduced ability to have children, increased infant deaths, increased birth defects, infertility. Contaminants include mercury, carbon monoxide, lead.
    • Nervous System: Function: transmission of signals. Imbalance to move, speech, sight, loss of memory, decreased strength. Contaminants include arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide, cyanide.
    • Skin: Function: barrier, temperature regulation. Possible effects: irritation, rash, redness, dermatitis, damage. Contaminants include nickel, mercury, arsenic, chromium, PCBs.
    • Immune System: Function: protect against infections and diseases. Possible effects: overreaction to environmental substances, poor function, autoimmunity. Contaminants include mercury, lead, pesticides, PCBs.
    • Hepatic System: Function: breaking down substances, filtering blood, synthesizing proteins, regulation of nutrient levels. Possible effects: damage to liver, accumulation of fat, tumors. Possible contaminants include carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, vinyl chloride.

    Emerging Contaminants

    • Substances not regulated or studied
    • Potential threats to environments and human health

    Possible Emerging Contaminants

    • Pharmaceuticals
    • Personal care products
    • Brominated flame retardants
    • Nonionic surfactants
    • Industrial chemicals
    • Pollutants, from hospitals, households, etc.

    Human Exposure & Entry Points

    • Ingestion
    • Processing
    • Transferring
    • Emission
    • Dermal contact
    • Inhalation
    • Injection(skin penetration)

    Effects on Environment

    • Effects on fishes
    • Feminization of male fish
    • Alteration of female-to-male ratio in fish
    • Medication concentration in fish from wastewater treatment plants

    Environmental Microbiology

    • Study of microbial processes in the environment
    • Microbial communities
    • Microbial interactions

    Parasitology

    • Study of parasites
    • Their hosts
    • Relationship

    Classification of Microorganisms

    • Bacteria
    • Fungi
    • Algae
    • Protozoa

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    Environmental Chemistry PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate relationships between chemical substances and their impact on health and the environment. This quiz covers critical aspects of environmental chemistry, criteria for hazard identification, and the fundamentals of toxicology. Delve into the effects of toxins on ecosystems and the essential processes for monitoring and assessment.

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