English Sentence Structure PDF

Ingilizce Cümle Yapısı (English Sentence Structure) 1. Basic Sentence Structure ​ Subject (Özne): The person or thing performing the action. ​ Verb (Fiil): The action or state of being. ​ Object (Nesne): The receiver of the action. Example: ​ She (S) eats (V) an apple (O). ​ He reads (V...

Ingilizce Cümle Yapısı (English Sentence Structure) 1. Basic Sentence Structure ​ Subject (Özne): The person or thing performing the action. ​ Verb (Fiil): The action or state of being. ​ Object (Nesne): The receiver of the action. Example: ​ She (S) eats (V) an apple (O). ​ He reads (V) a book (O). 2. Sentence Types ​ Affirmative Sentences (Olumlu Cümleler): ○​ Subject + Verb + Object/Complement ○​ Example: "She writes a letter." ​ Negative Sentences (Olumsuz Cümleler): ○​ Subject + auxiliary verb (do/does/did) + not + main verb + Object/Complement ○​ Example: "She does not write a letter." ​ Interrogative Sentences (Soru Cümleleri): ○​ Auxiliary verb (do/does/did) + Subject + Main verb + Object/Complement ○​ Example: "Does she write a letter?" 3. Sentence Components ​ Adverbs (Zarf): Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.​ ○​ Example: "She writes quickly." ​ Adjectives (Sıfat): Modify nouns.​ ○​ Example: "She is a good writer." ​ Prepositional Phrases (Edatlı Tamlama): A phrase that begins with a preposition.​ ○​ Example: "She sat on the chair." 4. Complex Sentences ​ Coordinating Conjunctions (Bağlaçlar):  ○​ Connects words or clauses of equal rank (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). ○​ Example: "I want tea but I don’t have any." ​ Subordinating Conjunctions (Bağlaçlar): ○​ Connects a dependent clause to an independent clause (because, although, if, when, etc.) ○​ Example: "I stayed home because I was sick." 5. Word Order in English ​ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + Verb + Object​ ○​ Example: "She eats breakfast." ​ Negative Sentences: Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Verb​ ○​ Example: "She does not eat breakfast." ​ Questions: Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb​ ○​ Example: "Does she eat breakfast?" 6. Verb Tenses & Sentence Structure ​ Present Simple: Subject + base verb (s/es for he/she/it)​ ○​ Example: "She reads books." ​ Past Simple: Subject + verb in past form​ ○​ Example: "She read a book." ​ Future Simple: Subject + will + base verb​ ○​ Example: "She will read a book." ​ Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing​ ○​ Example: "She is reading a book." ​ Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + past participle​ ○​ Example: "She has read the book." 7. Passive Voice (Edilgen Yapı) ​ Form: Object + auxiliary verb (be) + past participle (verb 3)​ ○​ Example: "The book was read by her." ​ Active Voice: Subject + Verb + Object​ ○​ Example: "She read the book." ​ Passive Voice: Object + was/were + past participle​  ○​ Example: "The book was read by her." 8. Relative Clauses (İzafet Cümleleri) ​ Defining Relative Clauses: Provide essential information about the noun.​ ○​ Example: "The man who is wearing a red shirt is my brother." ​ Non-Defining Relative Clauses: Provide additional, non-essential information.​ ○​ Example: "My brother, who is wearing a red shirt, is a teacher." 9. Reported Speech (Dolaylı Anlatım) ​ Direct Speech: "She said, 'I am going to the store.'" ​ Reported Speech: "She said (that) she was going to the store." Common Changes in Reported Speech: ​ Time expressions (today → that day, tomorrow → the next day) ​ Tense changes (Present Simple → Past Simple) 10. Conditional Sentences (Koşul Cümleleri) ​ Zero Conditional (Genel Durumlar): If + Present Simple, Present Simple​ ○​ Example: "If you heat water, it boils." ​ First Conditional (Gerçek Durumlar): If + Present Simple, will + Verb​ ○​ Example: "If it rains, I will stay home." ​ Second Conditional (Hayali Durumlar): If + Past Simple, would + Verb​ ○​ Example: "If I were rich, I would travel the world." ​ Third Conditional (Geçmişe Dönük Durumlar): If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle​ ○​ Example: "If I had studied, I would have passed the exam." Key Points to Remember: ​ Word Order in English is fixed compared to Turkish, and it typically follows Subject-Verb-Object order. ​ Practice identifying tenses and verb forms for correct use in various contexts. ​ Prepositions and their use in phrases can be tricky—pay attention to commonly used ones (e.g., on, at, in). ​ Conjunctions help in creating complex sentences; recognize when to use them.