Climate Change Vulnerability Impact And Adaptation PDF

GGE-104/GGG-108: CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY IMPACT AND ADAPTATION UNIT- 1 CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE :MEANING, SCOPE AND TYPES OF CLIMATOLOGY. UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE,GREENHOUSE AND GLOBAL WARMING  INTRODUCTION 1 CLIMATE The long-term average of 2 weat...

GGE-104/GGG-108: CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY IMPACT AND ADAPTATION UNIT- 1 CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE :MEANING, SCOPE AND TYPES OF CLIMATOLOGY. UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE,GREENHOUSE AND GLOBAL WARMING  INTRODUCTION 1 CLIMATE The long-term average of 2 weather patterns in a  WEATHER specific regions over The short- term atmospheric extended periods, conditions in a specific area, typically 30 years or including temperature, more. precipitation, wind and humidity which can change from day to day. CLIMATOLOGY- DEFINITION, MEANING, SCOPE AND TYPE OF CLIMATOLOGY DEFINITION- According to Critchfield “climatology is the science that seek to describe and explain the nature of climate, how it differs from place to place and how it is related to man’s activities”. According to Austin Miller "Climatology is that branch of science which discusses the average condition of weather”. MEANING OF CLIMATOLOGY  Climatology is the scientific study of the climate ,focusing on long –term weather patterns and atmospheric conditions over time and space. It looks at trend like temperature, precipitation and wind patterns.  The father of climatology is considered to be Wladimir Koppen, a German-Russian scientist who developed the koppen climatic classification system ,which categorizes the world’s climates based on temperature, precipitation, and seasonal patterns.  The word climate comes from the Greek word Klima, meaning “Slope "or “region” which referred to the tilt of the earth’s axis and how it affects sunlight and subsequently, weather patterns. Today “climate” refers to the average weather conditions in a region over a long period  Different from meteorology s it studies short- term weather whereas climatology focuses on long-term trends.  SCOPE OF CLIMATOLOGY 1.PHYSICAL CLIMATOLOGY: This branch of climatology specially to explain the factors responsible for bringing about the temporal ad spatial variation in heat exchange, moisture exchange and air movement. These several observation are climatic elements as Insolation , duration of sunshine, temperature, air pressure, precipitation, winds, cloudiness and fog etc. Physical climatology is closely related to meteorology which includes not only the physics chemistry and dynamics of atmosphere but also many of its direct effect upon the earth’s surface, the ocean. 2. REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY: Regional climatology describe the various types of climates. A deals with spatial distribution, regional climatology is the concept of a scale in a regional as well as spatial pattern. On the basis of the size and the extent of the climatic region, the world is divided into three major regions; Macro-Climatic Region Meso-Climatic Region Micro-Climatic Region Macro-climatic region is the largest climatic region in which we study the basic factor of climate such as distribution of continents and oceans. Similarly the meso and micro climate are largely controls by local factors. The meso and micro climates of small areas also required differentiation and explanation as a result of micro-climatology, as a branch of also consider sometimes physical climatology where local climate are closely related to surface condition.  3. APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: In applied climatology we studies the applications of the climatological knowledge to specific practical problems. It analyses the relationship of climatology to other science. In applied climatology the ,main purpose to find out ways and means to make use of our knowledge of climatic elements for the betterment of human life on the earth. The available climatological data have a great many applications. Because of the rapidly growing literature of climatology and the experience of persons working in the field of climatology. There has emerged many specialized branch in the field of applied climatology. There are bioclimatology, agro-climatology related to agriculture, medical climatology related to medical, urban climatology are the most important example of the various branches of climatology. In Short, the term climatology is correctly applied to the study of the following five growing field 1. Climatological record 2. Theory of climatology or climate 3. Energy and moisture balance of the earth. 4. Study of climate as the environment of living organism. 5. Study of climate as the direct environment of man.  TYPES OF CLIMATOLOGY 1. DESCRIPTIVE CLIMATOLOGY  Focuses on the description of climate patterns and conditions in specific regions.  Uses data like temperature, precipitation and wind pattern  E.g. can conclude case studies of local ,regional or global climates. 2. synoptic climatology  Study of large scale weather patterns and how they influence the climate of particular region.  focuses on weather systems such as cyclones, anticyclones and monsoons.  useful for understanding climate variability and forecasting.. 3.PHYSICAL CLIMATOLOGY  investigates the physical processes behind climate phenomena.  includes topic like the energy balance of the earth, radiation and the water cycle  related to atmospheric sciences Types of climatol ogy Descriptive Applied APPLIED DESCRIPTIVE SYNOPTIC DYNAMIC PHYSICAL  4. APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY  Concerned with the application of the climatological knowledge to practical problems  It analyses the relationship of climatology to other sciences  To find out the ways and means to make our knowledge of climate elements for the betterment of human life on the earth. 5.DYNAMIC CLIMATOLOGY  Study how the atmosphere and climate change over time, focusing on the movement and interactions of air masses, winds and weather systems.  investigate the impact of changes in various physical parameters on climate CLIMATE CHANGE, GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING CLIMATE CHANGE  Climate change refers to long term changes in temperature, precipitation and other atmospheric conditions on earth.  It includes global warming ,shifting weather patterns etc.  Climate change can be both natural (volcanic eruptions)and human-induced (greenhouse gas emissions).  NATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE  VOLCANIC ERUPTIUONS :Release large amounts of dust and gases into the atmosphere ,temporarily cooling the earth.  OCEAN CURRENTS: changes in circulation of the oceans can influence climate by distributing heat around the planet.  SOLAR VARIABILITY: fluctuations in solar radiations can lead to changes in earth’s climate over time. HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE  BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS: Coal, oil and gas are burned for electricity, heat and transportation, releasing CO2.  DEFORESTRATION: cutting down forests reduces the planet’s ability to absorb co2 contributing to the greenhouse effect.  AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: Emission from livestock methane and the use of fertilizer release potent greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide.  IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE  RISING GLOBAL TEMPERATURE  EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS  MELTING ICE AND RISING SEA LEVELS  AGRICULTURE  HUMAN HEALTH  MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE  SWITCH TO RENEWABLE ENERGY  SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE  AFFORESTRATION  DISASTER RISK REDUCTION.  GREENHOUSE EFFECT  The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gas land is re-radiated in all directions.  Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface ,energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere.  As a result ,the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism.  The greenhouse effect is a warming near the earth’s surface that results when the earth’s atmosphere traps the sun’s heat.  The atmosphere acts much like the glass walls and roof of a greenhouse. FOUNDER OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT  First discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824.  First experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858.  First report quantitative by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. WHAT ARE THESE GASES?  Greenhouse gases are those which causes the greenhouse effect.  The greenhouse gases are :  Water vapour  Carbon dioxide  Nitrous oxide  Methane  Cfcs  IMPACTS OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT  RISING GLOBAL TEMPERATURE  MELTINF POLAR ICE AND GLACIERS  SEA-LEVEL RISE  EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS  FLOODS AND DROUGHTS  DISRUPTION OF ECOSYSTEM  AGRICULTURE  HUMAN HEALTHY. THANK YOU