Drinking Water NYU Tandon Fall 2024 PDF

NYU Tandon Fall 2024 Pure water in antiquity — 4000 BCE — Treatment methods (boiling, filtration) prescribed by Greeks to improve aesthetics — 1500 BCE — Pictures of purifying apparatuses on Egyptian walls (alum addition) — 400 BCE — Hippocrates discussed the link be...

NYU Tandon Fall 2024 Pure water in antiquity — 4000 BCE — Treatment methods (boiling, filtration) prescribed by Greeks to improve aesthetics — 1500 BCE — Pictures of purifying apparatuses on Egyptian walls (alum addition) — 400 BCE — Hippocrates discussed the link between water maintenance and health — 1st Century CE — Aqueducts and settling reservoirs developed/used More recently — 1854 — John Snow and cholera — 1892 — Robert Koch (Germany) identified filtration as mechanism to remove cholera-causing bacteria — 1908 — Introduction of chlorination — First municipal treatment: Jersey City, NJ — Significant reduction in deaths Water facts and figures — ~0.8% of water on earth is potable and available for use (held in aquifers, lakes/rivers, plants, etc.) — Freshwater (L+R) volume:___________ 2.5 x 1016 gal 18 gal — Groundwater volume: ___________ 2.8 x 10 — Of all precipitation… — 70% evaporates — 20% runs off into lakes, streams, rivers — 10% soaks in and becomes groundwater Hydrologic cycle More water facts and figures… — Daily per capita water requirement — 2-3 __________ liters per day — Number of people worldwide who do not have access to safe drinking water — 0.7 – 1.7 billion ____________ — ____ 33 % of all 80 % of all diseases and ____ deaths in developing countries result from consumption of contaminated water Human water usage (US estimates) — Personal use — Drinking, cooking, laundering, bathing, etc. 15 BGD — Total personal domestic usage: ________ — Industrial use — Manufacture of paper, petroleum, chemicals and metals 36 BGD — Total industrial usage: _________ — Irrigation (mostly agriculture) — 100 BGD Total usage: __________ — Other…including power generation — May be significant thermal pollution Health Risks — Water-borne diseases: result from ingestion of water containing pathogens — Examples: cholera, cryptosporidiosis — Water-privation diseases: result from insufficient quantity of water (hygiene) — Skin/eye infections, dysentery — Water-contact diseases: result from contact with organisms in water — Guinea worm disease, schistosomiasis Health Risks, continued — Water-insect related diseases: transmitted by insects using water supplies for habitat — Malaria, West Nile, Zika — Toxic chemicals: not all the risks are biological — Arsenic from minerals, nitrates from fertilizers, heavy metals from industries Health Risks, continued Acceptable daily intake (ADI) and guideline values (GV) for chemicals: 𝑁𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐿 (𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐿) 𝐴𝐷𝐼 = Where, 𝑈𝐹 UF = uncertainty factor BW = body mass; 10, 40, or 70 kg P = portion of ADI allocated 𝐴𝐷𝐼×𝐵𝑊×𝑃 to drinking water 𝐺𝑉 = C = daily drinking water 𝐶 consumption (0.75, 1, 2 L) Health Risks, Example problem A recent series of toxicology studies on rats was conducted to examine the relationship between the onset of liver disease and the consumption of drinking water with elevated levels of arsenic. The-dose response curve shown on the following slide is estimated. Assume the following: UF = 10 and 75% of As exposure is from drinking water a) Determine the most conservative estimate for acceptable daily intake for As in drinking water, and b) Determine the guideline value Health Risks, Example problem 120 100 Response (cum% liver disease) 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Dose [mg/kg-day] !" 𝑁𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐿 0.20 #"$%&' !" 𝐴𝐷𝐼 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = = = 0.020 #"$%&' 𝑈𝐹 10 !" 𝐴𝐷𝐼×𝐵𝑊×𝑃 0.020#"$%&' 70𝑘𝑔 0.75 !" 𝐺𝑉 = = = 0.525($%&' 𝐶 2𝐿  Urban Runoff Agricultural Runoff -Oil, Gasoline -Soil Erosion -Nitrogen -Nitrogen -Phosphorus -Phosphorus -Leaves -Animal wastes -Pesticides -Pesticides Nonpoint Sources River Point Sources Domestic Wastewater Discharge Industrial Wastewater Discharge -Suspended solids -Suspended solids -Organics -Organics -Phosphorus -Phosphorus -Oil & Grease -Nitrogen -Pathogens -Metals 15  Runoff from streets Wells Water Distribution System Storm sewers Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Collection System Raw Sewage Combined sewer system Deep Wastewater Well Treatment Injection Plant Wastewater Effluent River 16  Physical Parameters —Absorbance —Color —Solids —Taste and Odor —Temperature —Turbidity 17 Municipal drinking water treatment process Screen 18 Conclusion — Lack of access to clean drinking water is one of the top public health concerns (globally) — Developing world: several of the leading causes of death have a drinking water component — Developed world: problem is less severe, but illnesses and deaths happen every year — The problem isn’t going away — Population growth — Climate change — Our World in Data – Clean Water