Definition of Terms Transportation Engineering PDF

Definition of Terms Transportation Engineering Alligator cracking – a series of generally caused by hardening and shrinkage interconnected of interfaced cracks caused of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete from under...

Definition of Terms Transportation Engineering Alligator cracking – a series of generally caused by hardening and shrinkage interconnected of interfaced cracks caused of the asphalt and/or reflection cracking by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete from underlying layers such as cement surface under repeated traffic loading treated base Amplitude - the height between the trough Blowups - localized upward buckling and and the crest of a wave shattering of the slabs at traverse joins or cracks Asphatic Concrete – a layer consisting of properly designed mix od coarse aggregate Breakwater – the structure that protects fine aggregate, a filler and a bituminous harbor from stormy waves and permits calm in binder the harbor Average speed – the average of the spot Braking distance – distance traveled by the speeds of all vehicles passing a given point vehicle after the application of the brakes in the highway until it will stop Barriers – highway appurtenances designed to Breaking waves – waves which fall forward prevent vehicular penetration from the since the forward velocity of the crest travel way to areas behind the barrier such particles exceeds the velocity of as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles propagation of the wave itself. In deep and their occupants and to reduce the risk water, this normally occurs when the wave of injuries to pedestrians and workers length L is less than 7 times the wave height H (L < 7H) and in shallow water when Base - the component of the road structure the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25 H which receives the traffic load and transfer it to the subgrade Breasting dolphins - Type of dolphins which are designed to take the impact of the ship Base courses - this normally consists of when docking and to hold the ship against a aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock broadside wind. Therefore, they are provided Basic capacity - the max number of passenger with fenders to absorbed the impact of the cars that can pads a given point on a lane ship and to protect the dolphin and the ship or roadway during one hour under the most from damage. nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions Bollard - a vertical post to which the eye which can possible be attained of a morring line can be attached Batching – process of proportioning cement, - the mooring fitting for mooring water, aggregates and additives prior to ships during a storm installed at the mixing concrete outside or outside/inside of the berth far Bathymetry – the physical configuration of from the waterline the seabed, the measurements of depths of Broken back curve - these consist of two water in the ocean, etc. and also curves in the same direction separated by a information derived from such measurement short tangent Beuforts Scale – an instrument use to Bulkhead – a structure for retaining or to measure intensity of wind prevent earth or fill from sliding into Bitt - the mooring fitting for mooring ships water during a storm installed close to the water Capacity – the maximum sustained 15 min line of the berth rate of flow, expressed in passenger cars Bitumen carpet – a 20 mm thick premix per hour per lane, which can be accommodated bitumen layer over which is laid a seal coat by a uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in Bleeding or flushing – the exuding of one direction bitumen onto the pavement surface causing a reduction in skid resistance Catch point - the points at which the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground Block cracking – cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp Chevron markings – markings that are often corners or angles. These cracks are used to guide traffic into the right turning Engineereya’s Vlog lanes separated by an island, such as corner transportation system and some ideal travel island at a signalized intersection time for that segment Circular curves - these are usually laid Delineator – light retro reflecting devices out in the field by occupying the tangent to mounted at the side of the roadway in series curve point TC with a transit and then to indicate the roadway alignment establishing successive points by turning deflection angles and measuring chords Density – it is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a Clapotis – the pressure against a vertical thsection of roadway at a given instant time wall due to waves and is usually measured in vehicles per mile or per km Concrete - this term refers to any material consisting of a mixture of aggregates, such Design speed - defines as the maximum safe as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, fastened speed that can be maintained over a together by cement specified section of highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of Compound curve - these result when two highway govern curves of differing radius join one another Diagonal markings – markings which are Construction joint – joints provided in placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed concrete cement pavement is suspended portion of the road where traffic is not Continously reinforced concrete pavements – desired. a type of rigid pavement, which has no Diffraction – the spread of energy along a transverse joints, except construction wave crest joints or expansion joints when they are necessary at specific positions such as at Distance gaps – defined as the fraction of bridges. This type of pavement is typically time that vehicles are present at a point in used on high-volume, high-speed roadways space Cost of borrow – this is the cost of any Distance separation - the reciprocal of material that has to be obtained off job density which is usually measure in vehicles site in order to make a fill per mile or per kilometer Crossing conflicts - this traffic conflict Diurnal tides - tide which occurs only one occurs when they cross paths directly high tide a day Cross slope - these are normally specified Diverging – the process by which a vehicle in m/m or in percentages. In railway in a traffic stream leaves that traffic practice, cross slopes may be expressed in stream, such as a vehicle leaving the millimeters that the high rail is above the outside lane if an expressway low rail, since there is a standard horizontal distance maintained between rails Diverging conflicts - this traffic conflict occurs when vehicles leave the traffic Curing – the process of providing the stream required water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of time after Drainage - the primary consideration in the placing concrete design of geometric cross sections for highways, runaways, and taxiways Cut or excavation - the existing ground is above the construction section Drip track raveling – progressive disintegration of the surface between the Drainage – primary consideration in the heel paths caused by dripping of a gasoline design of geometric cross sections for or oil from vehicles highways, runways, and taxi ways Dry dock - an artificial basin for vessels Deep water waves – waves in which the ratio when the basin is pumped out of water depth to the wavelength is greater than 0.5 Duration – the time that a wind blows across the water Delay – difference between the actual travel time and a given segment of a Earthwork - these quantities are normally expressed as volumes, in metric units, they are given in cubic meters Engineereya’s Vlog Elevation - these are in meters above some Gap – Th headway in a major stream, which is datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor but it may be any arbitrary scale stream who wishes to merge into the major stream Emotion – the time linked with the two stages perception and intellection based on Geoemtric cross section - this view has a particular traffic situation like fear or elevation as its vertical axis and anger which has a vital influence on the horizontal distance, measured perpendicular final message or decision sent by the brain to the centerline, as its horizontal axis to the muscle Geotextiles - these are sometimes used in Estimates - these includes cost estimates constructing pavements. These are used to for various parts of the project and are add strength, control moisture, and prevent used too evaluate the acceptability of bids the movement of fine materials into drainage and financial feasibility of the project layers Expressway – divided arterial highway for Grade - expressed as decima fractions or as through traffic with full or partial control percentages of access and generally with grade separations at major intersection Grade separation - these traffic solutions eliminates the crossing conflicts by placing Facility oriented organization - primarily the conflicting traffic streams at involved in planning designing, different elevations at their point of constructing, maintaining, and operating intersection fixed facilities Gravity waves - Waves are formed by the Fairway – an open water with navigable depth frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring Faulting - elevation difference between energy from wind to water. Water particles adjacent slabs at traverse joints. This is are moved from their position by the wind, usually the result of pumping and is a major and then returned to the original position source of Portland concrete pavement by gravity, which is a restoring force. Fetch – the distance that the wind blows Groin – a shore protection structure usually over the sea in generating the waves is built perpendicular to the coastline to known as: retard littoral transport of sedimentary Fill or embankment - the existing ground is materials above the construction section Guide sign – inform and advice road users of Fixed mooring berth - A marine structure directions, distance, routes, the location consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship of services and points of interests and a platform for supporting the cargo Haul - the product of a volume of materials handling equipment. times the average distance it is hauled Flashing lamps - warning devices use to Headway – the reciprocal of flow is the supplement either controls and devices average time separation in the traffic necessary to alert motorist of construction stream and is usually measured in seconds and maintenance activities of obstruction in roadway Highest wave - A maximum wave height and wave period of the maximum wave height in Flexible - a pavement which has negligible wave train. flexural strength Horizontal Control – this type of control Flow - defines as the number of vehicles on the object on the job site is commonly per unit time passing a point in space and identified as primary, secondary and working is usually expressed in vehicles per hour Horizontal tangents - these are described Free haul distance - the cost of excavation in terms of their lengths and their normally includes the cost of removing the directions material from its existing state, hauling it up to some specified distance Immediate water waves – waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is less than 0.5 but greater than 0.40 Engineereya’s Vlog Intellection - after perception occurs, the Mixed diurnal tides - if one of the two formation of new thoughts and ideas, daily tide is incomplete that is it does not recalling old memories of similar occasions reach the height of the previous tide, then to a particular traffic situation the tides Jetty - a solid structure, which projects Mole – A breakwater is a structure into the sea perpendicular to the shore to constructed for the purpose of forming an berth vessels artificial harbor with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to Joint or crack spailling – the breakdown or provide safe shipping. When a accommodations disintegration of slab edges at joints or for breakwater supports a roadway cracks, usually resulting in the ;ss of sound concrete and the progressive widening Moonson - prevailing winds which are of the joint or crack seasonal blowing in one direction over part of the year and in the opposite direction Lag distance - distanced traveled by the the remainder of the year vehicle during the total reaction time Mooring dolphins - type of dolphins which Leeward side - the opposite side of a are not designed for the impact of the ship, structure facing the direction from which as they located in back of the face of the the wind comes dock where they will not be hit. They are Limit of economic haul - the longest located about 45 off the bow and stern. distance material should ever be hauled Neap tides – the lowest tide of the month Longitudinal cracking – cracks approximately when the line connecting the earth with sun at right angles to the pavement center line. and the moon form a right triangle that is These are caused by poorly constructed when the moon is in its quarters construction joints and shrinkage of the Occupancy - defined as the fraction of time asphalt concrete surface; they may also be that vehicles are present at a point in reflective cracks space Operating organization - known as carriers, Mass diagram - calculation of optimum haul primarily concerned with operating fleets to strategies and earthwork costs is done provide transportation services Mastic asphalt - a mixture of bitumen, fine Overhead sign – signs which provide means of aggregate and filler in suitable proportion displaying essential traffic information on heated to about 200 C in special cooker and wide multilane roads, where some degree of laid lane use control is required or where side of road clearance is insufficient to Maximum free speed – the maximum speed that accommodate a road side sign cab be attained on a highway as the flow tends to zero Parkway – an arterial highway for non- commercial traffic with full or partial Mean free speed - the maximum speed that control of access and usually located within can be attained on a highway as the flow park tend to be zero Passing sight distance – minimum sight Merging – the process by which a vehicle in distance required on a two lane, wo way on traffic stream joins another traffic highway that will permit a driver to steam moving in the same direction such as a complete a passing maneuver without ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle Merging conflicts - this traffic occurs when vehicles enter a traffic stream Pavement - the layered structure placed over a soil sub grade for forming a road Macroscopic - these models of traffic flow describe the relationship among flow, speed Pavement deflection – refers to the and density structural adequacy of the pavement section Microscopic - these models of traffic flow Pavement distress – refers to the condition describe the motion of individual vehicles of a pavement in terms of its general and their interactions with one another appearance Engineereya’s Vlog Pavement roughness – the measurement of the Queue - a delay which results when the extent to which a road surface deviates from demand for a facility exceed its capacity the plane Raveling – wearing away of the pavement Perception time - time required for surface caused by the dislodging of transmission of the sensations received aggregate particles and binder (through eyes, ears and body) to the brain and the spiral chord by the nervous system, Reaction time - the total time required for to a particular traffic situation perception, intellection, emotion and volition that is from the instant the object Period - the interval of time for two wave comes in the line of sight of the driver to crests to pass the same position in space the instant he arrives a decision say to slow down or overtake, under normal Pier – a berth structure projecting out from circumstance the shoreline Refraction - the bending of waves as they Plans - these refer to drawings, usually slow down accompanied by notes, of various aspects or components of the design Regulatory signs – signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, Plain concrete pavement – a type of rigid if disregarded, will constitute an offense pavement, which has no temperature steel or dowels for the load transfer. This type of Releiving platform - a platform or deck pavement is used mainly on low volume structure built below the top deck level and highways or when cement stabilized soils are supported on bearing piles. The main used as sub material function of the platform is to reduce the lateral soil pressure over the upper portion Plain view - this is a drawing of the of the sheet wall facility as it would look to an bserver directly above it Roadwork signs – warn or advise if temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger Profile - this view has elevation as its road users or the men and equipment engaged vertical axis and horizontal distance, in roadwork measured perpendicular to the centerline, as its horizontal axis Road capacity - the maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point Profile grade - line representing the on lane or roadway during one hour under the facility on the profile most nearly ideal roadway and traffic Port - a sheltered place where the ship may conditions which can possibly be attained receive or discharge cargo. It includes the Rumble strips – type of thermoplastic Lane harbor with its approach channels and marking designed to aid and provide motorist anchorage places with visual, audio and motion warnings on Possible capacity - the max number of the road passenger cars that can pass a given point Running speed – the average speed maintained on a lane or roadway during one hour under by a vehicle over a particular stretched of prevailing roadway and traffic conditions road, while the vehicle is in motion. This Practical capacity - the max number of is obtained by dividing the distance covered vehicles that can pads a given point on a by the time during which the vehicle is in lane or roadway during one hour without motion traffic density being so great as to cause Screeding – to level a floor or layer of unreasonable delay hazard or restrictions to concrete with a straight edge using a back the driver’s freedom to maneuver under the and forth motion while moving across the prevailing roadway and traffic surface Prime coat - a layer of stone chipping coat Sea - waves under the influence of the laid over a hot to make the surface water winds that generated them proof conditions Sea island - a berth structure with no Quay - a platform built in the harbor direct connection to the shore, at which the parallel to the shore and backed up by ships can berth. Berthing can take place on ground either one or both sided of the structure Engineereya’s Vlog Seal coat – a very thin surface applied over steep. It has a normal max. working capacity a bituminous pavement to make it impervious of 200 tons. Seiche – a very long-standing wave on a Significant wave height –the arithmetical large but limited body of water (lake) mean value of the highest one-third of the generated by occurring when a storm dies waves for a stated interval down after producing a wind tide Slobing robe - A type of mooring bollard Seiching waves - waves of this type have where all general mooring applications very long periods, typically from 30 sec. up including steep rope angles and lines from to the tidal period of 12 hr. 25 min. and two ships may be attached without are mostly found in enclosed or semi- interference. It has normal max. capacity of enclosed basins such as artificial port 200 tons. basins or bays. Swell - waves that have propagated beyond Semi diurnal tides – tides that occur twice the initial winds that generated them its lunar day Swells Waves – generated by storms, which Settlement - local sagging in the pavement occur outside area of observation caused by differential settlement, consolidation, or movement of the underlying Space headway – the distance between the earth mass front of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle Shallow water waves – waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is Space mean speed – the arithmetic mean of equal to or less than 0.40. speed of vehicles occupying a relatively long section of street or highway at given - waves which occur in instant water having a depth less than one half of the wave length and the influence of the Special instruction signs – signs that bottom changes the form or orbital motion instruct road users to meet certain traffic from circular to elliptical or near- rule requirements or road condition elliptical. Specifications - these are written Shoulders - these are intended primarily as instructions detailing how the facility is a safety feature. They provide for to be constructed accommodation of stopped vehicles, emergency Speed - rate of change of distance with use, and lateral support of the pavement respect to time and is usually measured in Skid resistance – describes the either miles per hour or feet per second effectiveness of a pavement to prevent or depending on the application reduce skid related crashes Spot speed - the instantaneous speed of a Significant wave - A hypothetical wave vehicle at a specified section or location having a wave height and period equal Spring tides – the highest tide which occurs respectively to average values of the wave at intervals of half a lunar month when the height and period of the largest 1/3 of all sun , moon and earth fall in line waves in the train as counted in the order of greater wave height. Steepness – the ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called Simply reinforced concrete pavement – a type of rigid pavement having dowels for the Stopping sight distance – minimum sight transfer of traffic load across joints with distance required for a driver to stop after these joints spaced at larger distance than seeing an object in the vehicle’s path with plain pavements ranging from 10 m to 30 without hitting that object m. Temperature steel is used throughout the slab Storm Surge – an abnormal rise of the sea level that occurs when a typhoon passes by. Single and double pillar - A type of mooring This rise above normal level on this open bollard which is suitable for warping ships coast is due to atmospheric pressure along berths a single pillar type is used reduction as well as due to wind stress. with lines from one ship only. General mooring application where rope angle is not Engineereya’s Vlog Structural number - determined based on the ship only. It has a normal maximum working traffic loads, soils support, and other capacity of 150 tons. design factors Temporary curbing – roadwork devices Sub base – the part of the road structure consisting of pre cast concrete sections, which is immediately above the subgrade and sandbag, and other which, may be used to composed of stone boulders or superior soil guide traffic at the construction site Sub grade - the layer of natural soil over Tidal bores - high crester waves caused by which the pavement road is laid the rush of flood tide up river or by meeting of tides Superelevation diagram - this applies to cuved facilities, such as highways or Tide - waves formed by gravitational railways, only. It consists of a graph with attraction of the moon and sun roadway or railway cross slope versus horizontal distance Time headway – the time interval between the passage of successive vehicle is moving in Super elevation run off - the length of the same lane and measured from head to head super elevation development from zero cross as they pass a point on the road slope to full design super elevation in a circular curve alignment Time mean speed – the arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point on a Swell waves - Wind generated waves which highway during an interval of time are created in the deep ocean at some distance from the port site and the wind Time sharing - these traffic solution that created them may be too distant to be involve assignment of the right of way to felt in the port or may have stopped blowing particular movements for particular time or changed, its direction by the time the Transitional water wave – a type of wave wave reach the port. where depth is less than ½ of wave length Superelevation or banking of curves - the but greater than 1/25 of the wave length purpose of this is to counteract the Traffic capacity – the ability of a roadway centripetal acceleration produced as a to accommodate traffic volume. t is vehicle round a curve expressed as the maximum number of vehicles Superelevation transition - this involve in a lane or a road that can pass a given modification of the roadway cross section point in unit time, usually an hour, that is from normal crown to full superelevation, at vehicle per hour per lane or roadway which point the entire roadway width has a Traffic cone – devices which may be conical cross slope of e in shape or tubular shaped capable of Surface attrition or surface abrasion - performing channelization o traffic which abnormal surface wear, usually resulting may be set on the surface if the roadway or from poor quality surface mortar or coarse rigidly attached for continued use aggregate Traffic congestion - a major challenge for Surface polish – loss pf the original the transportation system and the surface texture due to traffic action transportation engineering profession because it undermines the effectiveness and efficiency of the system Tack coat - an application of hot bitumen - demand exceeds the material given to the old surface to provide capacity of the transportation system adhesion to the old and new road surface Traffic signs – device mounted on a fixed Tangent run out - the length of super support or portable support whereby a elevation development from the normal cross specific message is conveyed by means of slope to the zero cross slope point on the words or symbols placed or erected for the tangent purpose of regulating warning or guiding taffic Tee head - A type of mooring bollard where all general mooring applications including Traffic safety - continuing challenge for steep rope angles. Any one bollard should the transportation engineering profession preferably be allocated to lines from one Engineereya’s Vlog because of public expectations that safety Water bound macadam - a road made of coarse will continue to improve. aggregate mechanically interlocked by rolling and bonded together with screening Traffic volume – the number of vehicles dust moving in a specified direction on a given lane or roadway that pass a given point Wave Crest - the highest point of the wave during specified unit time and is usually expressed as vehicles per hour or vehicle Wave height - the elevation of the crest per day above the through of the wave Transition curves - these are used to Wave length - the length between two connect tangents to circular curves consecutive crests Traverse cracking – cracks approximately at Wave period – the wave form travels over right angles to the pavement center-line. thee water surface and the time for two consecutive crests to pass a point These may be caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of the asphalt Wave refraction - A change in the dissection concrete, or may be reflective crack of travel of the wave with change in depth of water which distributes wave along energy Traverse joint – joints provided in the seashore unevenly concrete cement pavements at right angles to the centre line of the pavement Wave trough - the lowest point of the wave Tsunamis – waves created by large, sudden Wearing coarse - the layer in a road impacts, such as earthquakes, volcanoes or pavement which provides resistance to wear landslides that ends up in ocean. and tear due to traffic Vehicle dynamic - this determines the Wearing Surface - soil stabilized roads length of the superelevation run off of with cement/lime cannot be used transitional curves Weaving – the process by which a vehicle Velocity of wave propagation – the speed pf first merges into a stream of traffic the wave form which travels over the water obliquely crosses that stream, then merges surface for a certain wave in to a second stream moving in the same direction Vertical alignment - the longitudinal profile along the centerline of the road. It Weaving conflicts - this traffic conflict is made up of a series of grades and occurs when vehicles cross paths by first vertical curves merging and the diverging Vertical curve - these are normally Wharf - a platform built parallel to the parabolas centered about the point of shore or breakwater within the harbor to intersection of the vertical tangents they berth vessel join Wind - the circulation of masses of air Volition time - the time taking a decision more or less parallel to the earth‘s surface to produce action to a particular traffic situation Wind rose - the graphical representation of the direction, frequency and intensity of Volume - number of vehicles counted in a winds at a particular location over period specified time interval of time -maximum number of vehicles, Wind Seiching – when local winds blow over passengers or the like, which can be the surface of the water, near the shores accommodated by a given facility or system will create under given conditions at a given level of service Windward side – the side of a structure facing the direction from which the wind Wakes – waves formed by moving ship or boats Wind waves - waves generated by wind that - waves formed by moving ship or boats are acting on the sea surface bordering on the port site. Warning signs – warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous Engineereya’s Vlog  Definition of Terms Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics Absolute Pressure – pressure above absolute Major head loss - caused by pipe friction zero along straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness Archimedes Principle- Anybody immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called Metacenter – the point of intersection buoyant force equal to the weight of the between the axis of the body and the line of displaced fluid. action of the buoyant force Atmospheric pressure – pressure at any one Metacentric height – the distance from the point on the earth surface from the weight metacenter to the center gravity of the body of the air above it. Minor head loss – caused by changes in Bernoulli - in any stream flowing steadily velocity or directions of flow an are without friction the total energy contained commonly express in terms of kinetic energy is the same at every point in its path of flow Nozzle – a converging tube installed at the end of a pipe or hose for the purpose of Buttress Dam - consist of wall, or face, increasing the velocity of the issuing jet supported by several buttresses on the downstream side Orifice – an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows Dam – structures that block the flow of a river, stream, or other waterway Pascal - the pressure exerted onto a liquid a transmitted undiminished to all portions Drag Force – It acts opposite to the of the liquid direction of the oncoming flow velocity Pitot Tube – used to measure the velocity of Discharge – the volume of liquid passing a fluid flow or velocity of air flow as used cross section of a stream in airplane speedometer Embankment Dam - gravity dam formed out of Power – rate of work done per unit of time loose rock, earth, or a combination of these materials Relative Pressure – pressure above or below the atmosphere and can be measure by Froude Number – It is a dimensionless value pressure gauges or manometers that describes different flow regimes of open channel flow Reynolds Number – defines as the ration of inertia force to viscous force and Gates – an opening in a dam or other interpreted as the ratio dynamic pressure to hydraulic structure to control the passage shearing stress of water Turbine – extract flow energy to do Gravity Dam - used only the force of gravity mechanical work which in turn converted into to resist water pressure electrical energy for turbines Hydraulic grade line – graphical Turbulent Flow - when the path of individual presentation pf the total energy of flow particles are irregular and continuously Hydraulic Gradient – a line joining the cross each other points of highest elevation of water of a Viscosity – resisting property of a liquid series of vertical open pipes rising from a to shearing force pipeline in which water flows under pressure Water hammer - a pressure surge or wave Hydraulic Jump – abrupt increase in depth of caused when a fluid in motion is forced to rapidly flowing water stop or change direction suddenly Hydrodynamics – deals with the study pf the Weir – overflow structures which are built motion of liquid and of the interactions of across are open channel for the purpose of the fluid with its boundaries measuring or controlling the flow of liquids Laminar Flow – when the path of individual Venturi Meter – an instrument used in fluid particles do not cross or intersect measuring the discharge through pipes Engineereya’s Vlog  Definition of Terms Geotechnical Engineering Active earth pressure coefficient – ratio Intergranular Stress – stress resulting from between lateral and vertical principal particle to particle contact of soil effective stresses when an earth retaining structure moves away from a retained soil Liquefaction – a process by which water saturated soil sediment temporarily loss Allowable bearing capacity or safe bearing strength and acts as a fluid capacity -the working pressure that would ensure a margin of safety against collapse Overburden pressure - the pressure of the re from shear failure. (effective stress) of the soil removed fraction of the to place the footing Cohesion – the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that interparticle Over consolidated – it is a soil whose friction present effective over burn pressure is less than that which the soil experienced in the Consistency – used to describe the degree of past firmness of soil Passive earth pressure coefficient – ratio Embedment depth (D) - the depth below the between lateral and vertical principal ground surface where the base of the effective stresses when an earth retaining foundation rests structure is forced against a soil mass Equipotential line - a line along which the Pore water pressure – stress induced by potential head at all points is equal water pressures Factor of safety or safety factor - the Retaining wall – structure whose primary ratio of the ultimate net bearing to the purpose is to prevent lateral movement of allowable bearing cap ng capacity or to the earth or some material applied maximum vertical stress Shear – soil derives its strength from its Flow Line - a line along which a water capacity to resist particle will travel from upstream to the down stream side in the permeable soil Total Stress – sum of effective and neutral medium stresses Flow Net - a combination of a number of flow Shallow foundation - one in which the ratio line and equipotential line of the embedment depth to the minimum plan dimension, which is usually the width, is Footings - consisting of a small slab for Di/ B 52.5. transmitting the re load to the underlying soil. Ultimate bearing capacity - the maximum pressure that the soil can support Foundation - structure load to is that part of a structure which transmits the building, Ultimate net bearing capacity - the maximum load nto the underlying soil pressure that the soil can support above its current Engineereya’s Vlog  Definition of Terms Structural Engineering Construction Actual displacement - it is measured by Poisson's Ratio – the deformation of axially seismometer loaded members, the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal strain is constant Center of rigidity – it is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the Post tensioning – stressing high strength applied lateral force acts steel after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength Center of mass – it is the point through which the applied seismic force acts Pre tensioning – stressing high strength steel wires before concrete hardens Column – structural member ha the ratio of its unsupported height to its least lateral Plasticity – A condition that when there is dimension of not less than 3 and is used already a permanent deformation, it primarily support axial load continues to deform when a minimal load is applied beyond the elastic Corbel – a short edge beam projecting from a column to support a weight Reciprocal of deflection – it refers to the rigidity of a structure Creep – the structure is subjected to a load for a long period of time, it will continue Reciprocal of stiffness – it refers to to deform until a sudden fracture occurs flexibility of a structure Ductility – it refers to the ability of a Relaxation –Loss of stress that takes place material to deform in the plastic range with the passage of time as concrete is held without braking at a constant strain Elasticity – it refers to the property of a Resilience – it refers to the ability of a material which makes it return to its material to absorb energy in the elatsic original dimension when the load is removed range Eccentricity – it is the distance between Resonance – Refers to the large amplitude the center of rigidity and center of mass vibration of an object or system when given impulses at its natural frequency Fatigue – the structure is subjected to a cycle of stresses and ______, it causes the Soft Story – ne in which the lateral beam to have sudden ultimate structure stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above Focal depth – besides the epicenter, it describes the location of the earthquake Resultant – determines whether the body will be in equilibrium or will have a varying Homogenous – the material has the same state of motion composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all direction Static it refers to the force generated by a body at rest Hookes Law – stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region Story Drift – it is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below Isotropic - The material has the same elastic properties in all direction Torsional Shear Stress – occurs when the center of mass and rigidity do not coincide Kinetic Friction – retarding force acting opposite in motion Yielding – the material deforms considerably even with a slight increase in stress Magnitude of earthquake – it is measured by the Ritcher scale Toughness – it refers to the ability of a material to absorb energy in the plastic Orthotropic – The composite material range exhibits elastic properties in one direction different from that in the perpendicular Young's Modulus – it is the constant of direction proportionality that defines the linear relationship between stress and strain Engineereya’s Vlog