Transportation Engineering Concepts
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Transportation Engineering Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What causes alligator cracking in asphalt concrete surfaces?

  • Excessive heating during the construction process
  • Fatigue failure due to repeated traffic loading (correct)
  • Overuse of fine aggregates in the mix
  • Inadequate drainage of water

    • Which of the following describes blowups in transportation engineering?

  • Localized upward buckling of slabs (correct)
  • Formation of potholes due to freezing rain
  • Melting of asphalt during hot weather
  • Failure of a bridge due to heavy loads

    • What is the primary purpose of breasting dolphins in harbor engineering?

  • To allow small boats to dock safely
  • To absorb impacts from docking ships (correct)
  • To filter stormwater before entering the harbor
  • To serve as anchorage points for mooring lines

    • What does the average speed of vehicles passing a point on the highway represent?

    <p>The average of the spot speeds of all vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of waves, what characterizes breaking waves?

    <p>Waves that fall forward due to crest particle velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the base component of a road structure primarily do?

    <p>Receive and transfer traffic loads to the subgrade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors affect the braking distance of a vehicle?

    <p>Road condition and vehicle speed at braking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an essential component of asphalt concrete?

    <p>Bituminous binder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fenders in maritime contexts?

    <p>To absorb the impact of a ship and protect it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does batching refer to in the context of concrete mixing?

    <p>The proportioning of cement, water, aggregates, and additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a bollard in mooring?

    <p>To secure the mooring lines of a ship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of curve is described as two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent?

    <p>Broken back curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'capacity' refer to in traffic contexts?

    <p>The maximum rate of passenger cars that can pass a point in one hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is a bitt typically installed during ship mooring?

    <p>Close to the water line of the berth during storms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bleeding or flushing refer to in terms of pavement?

    <p>The exuding of bitumen onto the pavement surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is usually indicated by chevron markings in roadway design?

    <p>The presence of a sharp curve or turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the component of shear strength in soil?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes a soil that has experienced less pressure than it did in the past?

    <p>Over consolidated soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of a retaining wall?

    <p>A structure to prevent lateral movement of earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses represented by?

    <p>Passive earth pressure coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests?

    <p>Embedment depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essentially does pore water pressure indicate in soil mechanics?

    <p>Stress induced by water pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts refers to the sum of effective and neutral stresses?

    <p>Total stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flow net represent in soil mechanics?

    <p>A combination of flow and equipotential lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the buoyant force act against?

    <p>Gravity acting downwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a nozzle in fluid mechanics?

    <p>To increase the velocity of an issuing jet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the pressure above or below atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Relative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does longitudinal cracking in pavement primarily result from?

    <p>Poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Reynolds Number represent?

    <p>Ratio of inertia force to viscous force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes turbulent flow?

    <p>Path of fluid particles is irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of leeward side?

    <p>The side of a structure that is sheltered from wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neap tides characterized by?

    <p>The lowest tide of the month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Pitot tube in fluid dynamics?

    <p>To measure fluid velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of overhead signs?

    <p>To display essential traffic information on multilane roads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dam uses gravity to resist water pressure?

    <p>Gravity dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is defined as a sudden increase in water depth in a flowing stream?

    <p>Hydraulic jump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mass diagram' refer to in civil engineering?

    <p>Calculation of optimum haul strategies and earthwork costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines occupancy in traffic terms?

    <p>The fraction of time vehicles are present at a location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for structures built across open channels to control liquid flow?

    <p>Weirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dolphins are not designed for the impact of ships?

    <p>Mooring dolphins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term defines the graphical presentation of total energy of flow in a pipeline?

    <p>Hydraulic grade line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the embankment dam consist of?

    <p>Loose rock or earth materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'pavement distress'?

    <p>The condition of pavement indicating its general appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does merging refer to in traffic flow?

    <p>The process of a vehicle joining another traffic stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the effects of soil particle contact on stress?

    <p>Intergranular stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pavement roughness' measure?

    <p>The smoothness of the pavement surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is liquefaction in geotechnical engineering?

    <p>Loss of water-saturated soil strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'minor head loss' typically refer to?

    <p>Loss caused by changes in flow velocity or direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'lag distance'?

    <p>The distance traveled by a vehicle during total reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes macroscopic models of traffic flow?

    <p>Describing the relationships among flow, speed, and density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hydraulic gradient represent?

    <p>Line connecting highest elevation of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum free speed on a highway?

    <p>The maximum speed that can be attained as flow tends to zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reaction time?

    <p>The total time from perception to decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Transportation Engineering

    • Alligator Cracking is a series of interconnected cracks caused by fatigue failure of the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading.
    • Amplitude is the vertical distance between the lowest point (trough) and the highest point (crest) of a wave.
    • Asphalt Concrete is a layer consisting of a properly designed mix of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, filler, and a bituminous binder.
    • Average Speed is the average speed of all vehicles passing a given point on a highway.
    • Barriers are highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicles from penetrating the travel way into areas behind the barrier, minimizing damage and the risk of injury.
    • Base is the component of the road structure that receives the traffic load and transfers it to the subgrade.
    • Base Courses are typically made of aggregates like gravel and crushed rock.
    • Basic Capacity is the maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway in one hour under ideal traffic conditions.
    • Batching is the process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates, and additives before mixing concrete.
    • Bathymetry is the physical configuration of the seabed and the measurements of water depths.
    • Beaufort Scale measures the intensity of wind.
    • Bitt is a mooring fitting installed close to the waterline of a berth that secures ships during storms.
    • Bitumen Carpet is a 20mm thick layer of premix bitumen laid over a seal coat.
    • Bleeding or Flushing is the exuding of bitumen onto the pavement surface, causing a reduction in skid resistance.
    • Block Cracking forms large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp corners or angles, resulting in the loss of sound concrete.
    • Blowups are localized upward buckling and shattering of slabs at traverse joints or cracks.
    • Breakwater is a structure that protects a harbor from stormy waves and ensures calm waters.
    • Braking Distance is the distance a vehicle travels after brake application until it comes to a complete stop.
    • Breaking Waves fall forward because the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of wave propagation.
    • Breasting Dolphins are designed to absorb the impact of a ship when docking, protecting both the ship and the dolphin from damage.
    • Bollard is a vertical post to which the eye of a mooring line can be attached.
    • Broken Back Curve consists of two curves in the same direction separated by a short tangent.
    • Bulkhead is a structure that retains or prevents earth or fill from sliding into water.
    • Capacity is the maximum sustained rate of flow (expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane) that a freeway segment can accommodate under prevailing traffic conditions.
    • Catch Point is the point where the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground.
    • Chevron Markings are markings often used on breakwater supports for a roadway.
    • Lag Distance is the distance a vehicle travels during the total reaction time.
    • Leeward Side is the side of a structure opposite the direction from which the wind is blowing.
    • Limit of Economic Haul is the longest distance material should ever be hauled economically.
    • Longitudinal Cracking occurs approximately at right angles to the pavement center line, often caused by poorly constructed joints and shrinkage of the asphalt concrete surface.
    • Mass Diagram is used for calculating optimum haul strategies and earthwork costs.
    • Mastic Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen, fine aggregate, and filler heated to 200°C and laid.
    • Maximum Free Speed is the maximum speed attainable on a highway as the flow tends to zero.
    • Mean Free Speed is the maximum speed attainable on a highway as the flow tends to zero.
    • Merging is the process by which one traffic stream joins another traffic stream moving in the same direction.
    • Merging Conflicts occur when vehicles enter a traffic stream.
    • Macroscopic traffic flow models describe the relationship between flow, speed, and density.
    • Microscopic traffic flow models describe the motion of individual vehicles and their interactions.
    • Moonson are prevailing winds that blow in one direction for part of the year and in the opposite direction for the remainder of the year.
    • Mooring Dolphins are not designed for ship impact and are located behind the face of the dock where they will not be hit.
    • Neap Tides are the lowest tides of the month when the line connecting the Earth with the Sun and the Moon forms a right triangle.
    • Occupancy is the fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in space.
    • Operating Organization (also known as carriers) are primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services.
    • Overhead Sign provides means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multilane roads.
    • Parkway is an arterial highway for non-commercial traffic with full or partial control of access, typically located within a park.
    • Passing Sight Distance is the minimum distance required on a two-lane highway to allow a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle or cutting off the passed vehicle.
    • Pavement is the layered structure placed over a soil subgrade to form a road.
    • Pavement Deflection refers to the structural adequacy of the pavement section.
    • Pavement Distress refers to the condition of a pavement based on its general appearance.
    • Pavement Roughness measures how much a road surface deviates from a plane.
    • Queue is a delay that occurs when demand for a facility exceeds its capacity.
    • Raveling is the wearing away of the pavement surface caused by dislodging of aggregate particles and binder.
    • Reaction Time is the total time required for perception, intellection, emotion, and volition from the instant an object comes into view to the instant a driver makes a decision (e.g., to slow down).
    • Refraction is the bending of waves as they slow down.
    • Regulatory Signs inform road users of traffic laws and regulations that, if disregarded, constitute an offense.
    • Plain Concrete Pavement is a type of rigid pavement with no temperature steel or dowels for load transfer.
    • Period is the time it takes for two wave crests to pass the same point in space.
    • Pier is a berth structure projecting out from the shoreline.
    • Plans refer to drawings, typically accompanied by notes, of various aspects or components of a design.

    Geotechnical Engineering

    • Active Earth Pressure Coefficient is the ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure moves away from a retained soil mass.
    • Allowable Bearing Capacity or Safe Bearing Capacity is the working pressure that ensures a margin of safety against collapse of the foundation from shear failure.
    • Cohesion is the component of shear strength in a rock or soil that contributes to interparticle friction.
    • Consistency describes the degree of firmness of a soil.
    • Embedment Depth (D) is the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests.
    • Equipotential Line is a line along which the potential head at all points is equal.
    • Factor of Safety or Safety Factor is the ratio of the ultimate net bearing capacity to the allowable bearing capacity or to the applied maximum vertical stress.
    • Flow Line is the path a water particle would travel from upstream to downstream in permeable soil medium.
    • Flow Net is a combination of flow lines and equipotential lines.
    • Footings are small slabs that transfer the load of a structure to the underlying soil.
    • Intergranular Stress results from particle-to-particle contact in soil.
    • Liquefaction is a process where water-saturated soil sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid.
    • Overburden Pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the soil above a particular point.
    • Over Consolidated Soil has a present effective overburden pressure that is less than the maximum pressure the soil has experienced in the past.
    • Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient is the ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure is forced against a soil mass.
    • Pore Water Pressure is the stress induced by water pressures in soil.
    • Retaining Wall is a structure whose primary purpose is to prevent lateral movement of earth or other material.
    • Shear Strength of soil is its capacity to resist shearing forces.
    • Total Stress is the sum of effective and neutral stresses.
    • Shallow Foundation is one in which the ratio of embedment depth (Di) to the minimum plan dimension (B) is ≤ 2.5. It transmits the load to the underlying soil.

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