MSTE Terms PDF

Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Definition of Terms Flexible Post or Bollard - device used in place of Traffic Signs - device mounted on a fixed support rigid barrier posts or tr...

Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Definition of Terms Flexible Post or Bollard - device used in place of Traffic Signs - device mounted on a fixed support rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of (permanent signs) or portable support (temporary 450 mm by 50 mm wide with alternate bands of signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for by means of words or symbols placed or erected for delineation of traffic. the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic. Regulatory Signs - signs that inform road users of The standard colors for signs are as follows: traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will Red is used as a background for STOP signs, as border constitute an offense. color on GIVE WAY signs, warning signs and Special Instruction Signs - signs that instruct road prohibitive signs in the regulatory type. users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road Black is used as legend color for signs having white, condition yellow, orange, fluorescent orange, fluorescent Warning Signs - warn road users of condition on or yellow green background and as chevron for adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazard makers. hazardous Yellow is used as background color for road signs. Guide Signs (Informative Signs) - inform and White is the background color for most signs and advice road users of directions, distance, routes, the legends for some colored background. location of services, and points of interests Fluorescent Yellow Green is used as background Roadwork Signs - warn or advise of temporary color for signs related to pedestrian movement, school hazardous conditions that could endanger road users zones, and road work hazard markers to give or the men and equipment engaged on roadwork additional emphasis and guidance to vehicle Overhead Signs - signs which provide means of operators. displaying essential traffic information on wide multi- Fluorescent Orange is used as background color for lane roads, where some degree of lane use control is roadwork signs whose legends relate to personal required, or where side-of-road clearance is working. insufficient to accommodate a Green is used as background color for direction signs. road side sign Blue is used as background color for service signs. Barriers - highway appurtenances designed to Brown is reserved as background color for all tourist prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to facility directional and information signs. areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants, and to Classifications of signs reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers Signs are classified in the following groups according to Flashing Lamps - warning devices used to their use. supplement other controls and devices necessary to Regulatory Signs alert motorists of construction and maintenance Warning Signs activities or obstructions in the roadway. Guide Signs or Informative Sign Delineators - light retro-reflecting devices mounted Signs for Expressways at the side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the Signs for Special Purposes roadway alignment. Hazard Markers Traffic Cones - devices which may be conical in shape or tubular-shaped capable of performing Uniformity of application is as important as channelization of traffic which may be set on the standardization with respect to design and placement. surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for Identical conditions should always be treated with the continued use same type of signs so that road users can readily Temporary Curbing - roadwork devices consisting anticipate the course of action required. of pre-cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide traffic at the construction To be effective, the road sign should meet the five basic site. requirements: Fulfill a need Command attention Convey a clear, simple message Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Command respect; and Classification of Guide Signs Give adequate time for proper response Advance Direction Sign Intersection Direction Sign It should be noted that when all sign rules have been Reassurance Direction Sign followed, some visual judgment must be exercised in Finger Board Direction Sign adjusting sign elements. The following general rules are Street Name Signs to be applied when designing the sign face. Town Name and Geographical Feature Signs Cramping of legend is to be avoided; Service Signs Avoid large areas of blank panel, particularly blank Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs areas not symmetrically disposed across the panel; Route Markers If there are two list of legends side by side (e.g., as on Reassurance Signs) it is necessary to left justify the left One-Way hazard markers indicate to the list and right justify the right list; and, approaching driver the direction to be followed if Elements such as arrows and symbols may the marker appears in the driving path. They may sometimes have to be larger than the principal legend point to the left or right as appropriate and are would normally require. For example, an arrow used as follows: relates to several lines of legends on a direction sign To delineate an abrupt narrowing of pavement, for example, at a lane drop; Classification of Regulatory Signs At exposed ends of raised median islands where Priority Signs traffic is required to pass to Direction Signs one side; Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs On central island of a roundabout facing entering Speed Signs traffic; and Parking Signs To delineate the curve approach just prior to Miscellaneous Signs entering an intersection. Four Sizes for Regulatory Signs Pavement markings have definite limitations: Size A for urban low speed roads; They are subject to traffic wear and require proper Size B for rural roads - speed limit between 60 and maintenance; 70 kph; They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or Size C for high speed rural highways’ multi-lane dusty; urban roads They may be obscured by traffic; Size D for Expressways Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of materials; and Classification of Warning Signs They cannot be applied on unsealed roads. Horizontal Alignment Signs Intersection and Junction Signs The elements to consider when planning Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs Expressways are: Road Width Signs No frontage access; Road Obstacle Signs Development set well back from the highway; Pedestrian and School Signs Grade separated intersections for extremely high Railway Level Crossing flows and other intersecting expressways; Supplementary Signs Number of intersections to be minimized and Other Warning Signs Where necessary or for emergency purposes, parking/stopping to be provided clear of the main Signs in Directional Signing series are usually carriageway. classified into four categories: The elements to consider when planning National Those installed in advance of the intersection. Roads are: Those installed at the intersection. Limited frontage access Those on departure from the intersection. Development set well back from the highway Those installed on expressways. All access to premises provided via provincial roads Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Number of intersections to be minimized ‘No-Passing’ zones where there is a restricted sight Suitable at-grade channelized intersections for distance due to horizontal or vertical curves, or both; minor flows and other and elements As center lines on approaches to railway crossings No roadside vendors Warrants for Use Because of the high cost of installation and Color of Pavement Markings maintenance, use of raised pavement markers may be The color of pavement markings shall be white except considered only in the following condition: for the alternative uses of In hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently the yellow as specified below: causes of traffic accidents; and Double yellow no-passing lines; In winding roads and accident-prone areas. Unbroken portion of no-passing lines; Curb markings for prohibition of parking; The provision of safety sight distance depends on On islands in line of traffic; the characteristics of the driver such as: Bus and PUJ lanes; and, Alertness of driver Keep Intersection Open markings Recognition of the hazard Red shall be used in: Actions available to the driver – to stop or to change No Loading/Unloading Zone; and direction Fire lane zone The provision of safety sight distance depends on the characteristics of the vehicle such as: Design Speed Type of vehicle – car or truck The choice of an appropriate design speed for a road Friction between the tire and the road project is important to ensure a safe design. Eye height of the driver When choosing a design speed, the following factors Speed of vehicles need to be considered: Function of the road The provision of safety sight distance depends on Anticipated operating speed the characteristics of the road environment such Anticipated speed limit as: Road geometry – grade and curvature sight Warrants for Marking Center Lines limitations A center line may be marked on an urban or rural road Road surface – sealed or unsealed, smooth or rough if one or more of the following conditions are met: Road illumination at night Two lane road (greater than 6 m in width) carrying an Annual Average Daily Traffic (ADT) in excess of Each type of sight distance consists of three 1000 vehicles; elements: Two lane road (less than 6 m but more than 5 m in Driver Eye Height width) carrying an ADT in excess of 300 vehicles; and Object Height Winding roads with widths of 5 m or more. Sight Distance Barrier lines may consist of either: There are two components in stopping sight Two unbroken yellow lines; distance: Single unbroken yellow line; or, Reaction distance – the distance traveled while the Single yellow line with a broken white line. driver perceives a hazard, decides to take action, then acts by starting to apply the brakes to start slowing The following are the cases where barrier lines down; and should be used: Braking distance – the distance required for the As center lines on approaches to signalized vehicle to slow down and stop intersections; As center lines of multi-lane roads where overtaking must be prohibited, because of sign restrictions; Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Four different criteria used for the establishment Principles of good design to reduce the likelihood of sag vertical curves: of traffic accidents Headlight sight distance include: Passenger comfort Minimize the speed of vehicles at potential collision Drainage control points General appearance Separate movements and points of conflict by channelization, or in some situations, prohibit certain PPA has used MLLW as the datum line for design of movements (and provide for them at other port facilities in accordance with charts. But there intersections along the route) are many ports of which low tide go down very Control movements to reduce the possibility of often below MLLW. conflict and Clearly define vehicle paths by use of pavement For instance: (Port Cebu) markings According to the tide table (1991) of NAMRIA, the frequency of tide below MLLW is 213 times/year PAVEMENT MARKINGS and the maximum amount of the value is -0.51 m. 1. Pavement and Curb Markings Under this condition it is dangerous for ships to utilize the port. Color of Pavement Markings Shoulder paving is a valuable method of providing: The color of pavement markings shall be white Integrity of the pavement except for the alternative uses of yellow as Width to place edgeline pavement markings specified below: Additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding or Double yellow no-passing lines; drivers losing control in gravel. Unbroken portion of no-passing lines; Low maintenance costs compared with unpaved Curb markings for prohibition of parking; shoulders On islands in line of traffic; Bus and PUJ lanes; and Element of Berthing Facility: Keep Intersection Open markings. Planned Water Depth Red shall be used in: Design Water Depth No Loading/Unloading Zone; and Coping/Crown Elevation Fire Lane zone Length - Standard Part, Approach Part Black may be used in hazard markers to warn road Width of Apron users at locations where the protruding objects Slope of Apron such as bridge piers, traffic islands and other permanent objects on or near the roadway. There are four types of escape ramps: However, the use of black does not establish it as Sand Pile standard color for pavement marking. Descending Grade Horizontal Grade a. Longitudinal Lines – which are those laid in the Ascending Grade direction of travel. These include: Types of intersections that generally exist on the Center Line – used to separate opposite road network are: traffic movements of an undivided roadway Unflared and unchannelized intersections (without and is generally placed centrally on all roads widening or traffic islands) and bridges 6.0 m or more in width. Flared and unchannelized intersections (with widening but without traffic islands) and A center line may be marked on an urban or Channelized intersections (traffic islands to guide rural road if one or more of the following traffic) conditions are met: - Two lane road (greater than 6 m in width) carrying an annual average Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS daily traffic (ADT) in excess of 1000 unbroken yellow line for vehicles vehicles; proceeding in the direction where the - Two lane road (less than 6 m but unbroken yellow line appears on the right of more than 5 m in width) carrying an the markings, but vehicles traveling in the ADT in excess of 300 vehicles; and, other direction are permitted to cross this - Winding roads with widths of 5 m or line. more. Irrespective of these warrants, marking of The following are the cases where barrier other sections may be desirable where one lines should be used: of the following conditions is present: - As center lines on approaches to - Frequent horizontal or vertical signalized intersections; curves, or both; - As center lines of multi-lane roads - Sub-standard curves; where overtaking must be - In areas subject to fog; prohibited, because of sight - On approaches to major roads; restrictions; - Where accident record indicates the - ‘No-Passing’ zones where there is a need for center lines; restricted sight distance due to - Continuity of arterial road; and, horizontal or vertical curves, or - Heavy night traffic or tourist traffic, both; or both. - As center lines on approaches to railway crossings. Lane Line – broken lines used to separate adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the same No Passing Zone – shall be established at direction. vertical and horizontal curves and Lane Lines must not be continued on the elsewhere on two and three- lane highways, following cases: where passing must be prohibited because - Across signalized intersections. of dangerously restricted sight distance or However, lane lines of low priority other hazardous conditions. road must be discontinued at the intersection; Edge Line – used to delineate the edge of the - Across side street entrances unless traveled way to distinguish it from the the street is one-way street (going in shoulder area. It should be a solid white line only); between 100 mm and 200 mm wide. Studs - Past the start of the taper at which a or raised pavement markers may be used in multi-lane road narrows down. conjunction with edge lines where there are paved shoulders. Barrier Lines may consist of either: The purpose of installing edge lines is Double Unbroken Yellow Line – should generally based on the following: only be used where overtaking from both - To discourage travel on road directions of the road and all crossing shoulders; movements are prohibited. - To make driving safer and more assured, particularly at night and Single Unbroken Yellow Line – should be during inclement weather by used where overtaking from both directions providing continuous guide for the of the road are prohibited. However, driver; crossing movements are permitted. - To act as a guide past objects which are close to the edge of pavement Single Yellow Line with a Broken White and which constitute a hazard; Line – combinations of an unbroken yellow - To prevent parking at or near line and a white separation line have the intersections. same regulatory significance as a double Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Continuity Line – used to indicate that Parking Bay Lines – there are two types of portion of a carriageway assigned to through parking bays: parallel parking and angle traffic. It is intended to be crossed by traffic parking. turning at an intersection, or entering or leaving an auxiliary lane at its start or finish. Painted Median – painted median islands are used on wide roads where light traffic Transition Lines – used to guide traffic volume cannot justify the installation of safely past obstructions on roadways such as solid curbed median island. islands, median strips, bridge piers or indicate changes in the width of the traveled Bus and PUJ Lane line – an unbroken portion of the roadway and an increase or yellow line used to separate other vehicles reduction in traffic lanes. from buses and PUJ’s. b. Transverse Lines – which are laid across the Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Line – an direction of travel. These include: unbroken white line used to indicate the proper location of loading and unloading Stop Line - indicates the position beyond zone of public utility vehicles preferably which the vehicles should not proceed when with parking restriction. required by control devices like signals or by traffic police. ‘Do Not Block Intersection’ Lines – consist of yellow box within the intersection and Give Way Line – markings consisting of a yellow diagonal lines forming an ‘X’ inside two adjacent broken white lines across the the box. carriageway at which drivers must give way to all traffic. d. Other Markings Pedestrian Crossing Markings Approach Markings to Islands and Zebra (non-signalized crossing) – consists Obstructions – diagonal marking on of series of longitudinal bars. The bars are approaches to obstructions and median placed parallel to the road center line with islands shall consist of a splayed line or lines gaps of equal width to the bar. extending from the center of lane line to a Crosswalks (signalized crossing) – point to the right side or to both sides, of the defined by a pair of solid white lines across approach end of the obstruction. the road surface. They should be used in conjunction with mid-block or intersection Chevron Markings – often used to guide signals. traffic into the right turning lanes separated Roundabout Holding Lines – holding lines by an island, such as a corner island at a at roundabouts shall consist of broken signalized intersection. reflectorized white line. The leading edge of the holding line forms a prolongation of the Diagonal Markings – are placed on a sealed curb and the painted outline of the traffic shoulders or other sealed portion of the road island on the approach. where traffic is not desired. c. Other Lines Rumble Strips – a type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid and provide Turn Lines – may be used to guide vehicles motorists with visual, audio and motion through a turning movement at warnings on the road. Rumble strips are intersections. Turn lines, if used, should be highly visible horizontal lines on the road so designed as to indicate the proper course that produce a humming sound and ample for turning vehicles without being bumpy ride to the motorists when ran over. needlessly confusing to through traffic or the It promotes better traffic safety because it traffic making other turns. Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS stimulates more the human sense while Some of the only permitted message driving. markings are: STOP Marking on Exit and Entrance Ramps of KEEP CLEAR Expressways SCHOOL PED XING Exit Ramp Marking – a solid line shall be RAILROAD X’ING placed along the sides of the triangular SIGNAL AHEAD neutral area between the edges of the main NO RIGHT (LEFT) TURN roadway and the exit ramp lane at the gore BUS & PUJ LANE of every ramp terminal. Symbols Entrance Ramp Marking – a solid white Give Way Symbol – the symbol used to line shall be placed along the side of the supplement the give way sign consists of an triangular neutral area adjacent to the ramp isosceles triangle. lane at the gore of every entrance ramp terminal. Pavement Arrows – are white in color, used for lane use control. Curb Markings for Parking and Loading/Unloading Restrictions - The Numerals – The only numerals that should curb markings for parking restrictions shall be used are those associated with speed be of solid yellow color, covering the face of limits at locations to supplement speed limit the curb. Such markings are usually signs which are continuously disregarded by supplemented by parking prohibition signs drivers or which are obscured and cannot be to indicate the extent of the area where read easily. parking is legally prohibited at all times. On the other hand, curb markings for 2. Object Markings loading/unloading restrictions shall be of solid red color applied in the same manner Physical obstruction in or near a roadway that as with parking restrictions. constitute serious hazard to traffic, including installations designed for the control of traffic Approach to Railroad Crossing – shall be adequately marked. Typical Pavement markings consisting of a cross, the obstructions of this character are: letters RR, a ‘No Passing’ zone marking, and - Bridge supports a double solid stop bar shall be placed on all - Monuments paved approaches to level or at-grade - Traffic islands railroad crossing. Such markings shall be - Beacon, signal and sign support white except the NO PASSING barrier line - Loading islands which shall be yellow. - Railroads and draw-bridge gate - Posts of narrow bridges MESSAGES AND SYMBOLS - Underpass piers and abutments - Culvert headwalls Messages - Poles, trees, rocks, and structures Messages when painted on a pavement giving restrictions to overhead should be limited to three words or less. clearance They shall only be used to supplement other traffic control devices. The distance between 3. Reflectorized Markings words is variable depending on the message and location at which it is based (usually Raised Pavement Markers – small devices twice the length of the word if achievable). which are fixed to the concrete pavement Messages are white in color. surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement markings. Because of the high cost Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS of installation and maintenance, use of Road Environment raised pavement markers may be - Road geometry – grade and curvature considered only in the following conditions: sight limitations - In hilly areas where fog and rain are - Road surface – sealed or unsealed, frequently the causes of traffic smooth or rough accidents; and, - Road illumination at night - In winding roads and accident-prone areas. Sight Distance Elements Each type of sight distance consists of three Hazard Markers elements: Delineators - Driver Eye Height – the observed eye height of a driver; SAFETY DESIGN - Object Height – a possible object in the path of a vehicle; The first aim of safe road design is to ensure that road - Sight Distance – dependent on design users remain safely on the road. This depends on the speed and vehicle type. It is a major following factors: road safety design control when - a sound road surface; determining the horizontal and - an adequate width or cross-section; vertical geometric alignment for a new - horizontal and vertical alignment; or rehabilitation design. - good visibility/ sight distance; - delineation and signing; Stopping Sight Distance - provision for pedestrians, pedal cyclists and There are two components in stopping sight people with disabilities; distance: - management of traffic conflicts at - Reaction Distance – the distance intersections; and, traveled while the driver perceives a - speed management. hazard, decides to take action, then acts by starting to apply the brakes to Road Surface start slowing down. The reaction time The areas where the state of the road surface to be used for road safety design is 2.5 condition and good texture of the road surface is seconds. particularly important are where vehicles are - Braking Distance – the distance required to break or maneuver suddenly such as required for the vehicle to slow down - On the approach to traffic signals and stop. - At roundabouts - Around tight curves Vertical Geometry - On downhill slopes A vertical curve is expressed as a K value, which is the length of vertical curve in meters for 1% change in Sight Distance grade. The provision of safety sight distance depends on the Minimum K value vertical curves should be selected characteristics of the driver, the vehicle, and the on the basis of three controlling factors: environment. - Sight distance is a requirement in all Driver situations for driver safety; - Alertness of driver - Appearance is generally required in low fill - Recognition of the hazard and flat topography situations; and, - Actions available to the driver – to stop - Riding comfort is a general requirement with or to change direction specific need on approaches to a floodway Vehicle where the length of depression needs to be - Type of vehicle – car or truck minimized. - Friction between the tire and the road At least four different criteria are used for the - Eye height of the driver establishment of sag vertical curves. These are: - Speed of vehicles - Headlight sight distance Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS - Passenger comfort Principles of good design to reduce the likelihood - Drainage control of traffic accidents include: - General appearance - Minimize the speed of vehicles at potential collision points; Cross Section - Separate movements and points of conflict Shoulders by channelization, or in some situations, Shoulder paving is a valuable method of prohibit certain movements (and provide providing: for them at other intersections along the - Integrity of the pavement; route); - Width to place edge line pavement - Control movements to reduce the markings; possibility of conflict; and - Additional safety to prevent vehicles - Clearly define vehicle paths by use of skidding or drivers losing control in pavement markings gravel; and, - Low maintenance costs compared with Signal Controlled Intersections unpaved shoulders Traffic signals improve safety and simplify Overtaking Provision (Auxiliary Lanes) decision making. They also: - Separate vehicle movements in time. This The design of overtaking lanes and climbing lanes minimizes conflicts. requires the consideration of the: - Minimize delays at intersection; - Initial diverge taper - Enable vehicles from a side road to cross - Auxiliary lane length or enter the major road; and - End or merge taper - Assist pedestrians in crossing the road. Emergency Escape Ramps Where long steep grades occur, it is desirable Control of Conflicts to provide emergency escape ramps. These are to A conflict point occurs where two travel paths be located to slow or stop an out of control vehicle interact or cross. Safe intersection design uses the away from the main traffic stream. following principles: - Minimizing the number of conflicts; There are four types of escape ramps: - Minimizing the area of conflict; - Sand Pile; - Separating points of conflict; - Descending Grade; - Giving preference to major movements; - Horizontal grade; and and - Ascending Grade - Minimizing relative speed of conflicting movements. Intersections A large area of conflict can occur: - when roads intersect at an acute angle; The types of intersections that generally exist on - where wide roads intersect; and the road network are: - with offset cross intersections - Unflared and unchannelized intersections (without widening or traffic Control of Speed islands); The speed of vehicles through an intersection - Flared and unchannelized intersections depends on: (with widening but without traffic - Alignment islands) - Road environment; - Channelized intersections (with traffic - Traffic volume and composition; and islands to guide traffic) - Traffic control devices Common types of intersection are cross Relative Speed – a vectoral speed of convergence intersections, T-intersections, Y-intersections, of the vehicles in a conflict other multi-legged junctions and roundabouts. maneuver. Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Low relative speed conditions at intersections can - Where unbalanced flows with high volumes be obtained by: are on one or more approaches; - Choosing a layout where conflicting - Where a major road intersects a minor road movements cross at angles less than or and a roundabout would result in equal to 90 degrees; unacceptable delay to the major road; or - Providing a layout or alignment that - Where there is considerable pedestrian slows down approaching vehicles; and activity and due to high traffic volumes, it - Providing deceleration lanes. would be difficult for pedestrians to cross at the intersection. Turning Lanes Things to avoid: Provision for turning lanes can generally be - Straight approaches on high speed roads provided in the following ways: - Central island too small to provide - Shared turning and through lane; deflection; and - Flaring and taper; or - Unbalanced traffic flows. - Separate lane for deceleration and storage Safety of the Roadside Right Turn Slip Lanes – provided to minimize the Clear Zone – provides a balance between delays for right turning vehicles and to recovery area for every errant vehicle, the make the right turn movement easier and cost of providing that area, and the safer. probability of an errant vehicle encountering a hazard. A traffic island is provided with this treatment to: - Guide traffic into defined paths; Roadside and Median Safety Barriers - Separate through, turning and opposing The warrant for the use of safety barriers can be traffic movements; established considering: - Give advance warning of the intersection - Fore slope or back slope steepness and to approaching drivers; height; - Provide refuge for pedestrians; and - Unforgiving hazards within the clear - Prohibit undesirable or unnecessary zone; and traffic movements - Water hazard within the clear zone. Roundabouts – consists of a circular island in the PORTS AND HARBORS middle of an intersection and traffic moves Harbor - A protected water area to provide around it in an anticlockwise direction. safe and suitable accommodation for ships for Roundabouts may be appropriate in the following the transfer of cargo, refueling, repairs, etc. situations: Harbors may be subdivided into: - At intersections with high accident rate; a. Natural harbors: harbors protected - When physical control of speed is from storms and waves by the natural desirable; configuration of the land. - When the flow on each approach are b. Semi-natural harbors: harbors with balanced and capacity analysis indicates both natural and artificial protection. that volumes can be managed; c. Artificial harbors: harbors protected - When the volume of left turners is from the effect of waves by means of significant; breakwaters, or harbors created by - If traffic signals may be inefficient e.g. due dredging. to a large number of phases; and - For multi-legged intersections. Port – A sheltered place where the ship may Roundabouts may not be appropriate in the receive or discharge cargo. It includes the following situations: harbor with its approach channels and - Where satisfactory geometric design anchorage places. Ports may be subdivided cannot be provided due to insufficient into: space of unfavorable topography; Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS a. Ocean ports: ports located on coasts, isolated piled or gravity structure used tidal estuaries or river mouths where either to maneuver a ship or to the port can be reached directly by facilitate holding it in position at its ocean-going ships. berth. b. Inland waterway ports: ports located on navigable rivers, channels Dry Dock – a type of dock consisting of a and lakes. rectangular basin dug into the shore of a body of water and provided with a removable Fairway - a navigable channel in a harbor, enclosure wall or gate on the side toward the offshore etc; the usual course taken by vessels water, used for major repairs and overhaul of in such places. vessels. Berth - A place where the ship can moor. In the Waves case of a quay or jetty structure, it will include the section of the structure where labor, Significant Wave (significant wave height equipment and cargo move to and from the H1/3 and significant wave period T1/3) ship. The waves in a wave group are Berth structure - An artificial landing place rearranged in the order of their for the loading and unloading of ships. Berth heights and the highest one-third are structures can be subdivided into: selected; the significant wave is then a. Wharf - A continuous structure built the hypothetical wave whose height parallel to along the margin of the sea and period are the mean height and or alongside riverbanks, canals, or period of the selected waves. waterways where vessels may lie alongside to receive or discharge Highest Wave (highest wave height Hmax and cargo, embark or disembark highest period Tmax) is the highest passengers or lie at rest. wave in a wave group. Quay – this term can be substituted to wharf Highest One-Tenth Wave (H1/10, T1/10) is the when applied to great solid structures in large wave whose height and period are ports. equal to the mean height and period In stability calculation of gravity type of the highest one-tenth of the quaywall, the following matters should waves in a wave group. be examined: (a) Sliding of the wall Mean wave (mean wave height H , mean (b) Bearing capacity of foundation period T ) is the wave whose height (c) Overturning of the wall and period are equal to the mean (d) Circular slip and settlement height and period of all of the waves in a wave group. b. Pier – Any structure built into the sea but not parallel to the coastline and Deepwater Waves (deepwater wave height includes any stage, stair landing place, H0 and deepwater wave period T0) landing stage jetty, floating barge, and is the wave at a place where the pontoon, any bridge or other works water depth is at least one-half of connected there with. the wavelength; the wave parameters are expressed with Jetty – a landing stage or small pier at those of the significant wave at this which boats can dock or be moored. place. c. Dolphin: a berth structure for mooring the ship on the open sea; An Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Equivalent Deepwater Wave Height (H0’) is a. Mean Sea Level (MSL) – is the average a hypothetical wave height that has of the sea water surface for all stages been corrected for the effects of of the tide over a 19-year period. planar topographic changes such as b. Mean Low Water (MWL) – is the refraction and diffraction; it is height of the low water over a 19-year expressed with the significant wave period. height. c. Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) – is the average height of the lower low Wave Refraction occurs in intermediate waters over a 19-year period. depth to shallow waters. The d. Mean High Water (MHW) – is the change in wave height and wave average height of the high waters over direction due to the change in local a 19-year period. wave velocity caused in water e. Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) – depth. is the average height of the higher high water over a 19-year period. Wave Diffraction is a phenomenon whereby waves wheel into region that is Storm Surge is abnormal rise of the sea level screened by something like a that occurs when a typhoon passes breakwater. by. This rise above normal level on this open coast is due to Wave Reflection the waves reflected from atmosphere pressure reduction as port and harbor facilities can well as that due to wind stress. exercise a large influence on the navigation of vessels and cargo Tsunamis are wave with an extremely long handling. For example, waves period that mainly occur when reflected from vertical breakwaters there is a sudden large-scale sea can cause disturbances in floor movement usually associated navigation channels, and multiple severe, shallow focus earthquake. reflected waves from quaywalls can cause agitations within harbors. Seiche is a phenomenon involving abnormal oscillations of the water level with a period of Wave Shoaling shoaling is one of the approximately a few minutes to a few tens of minutes. important factors that lead to It occurs when small fluctuations of the water level are changing of the wave height in generated by micro-scale variations of the coastal waters. It exemplifies the atmospheric pressure by an air front or a low pressure fact that the wave height in shallow in the outer sea, and the components of those waters is also governed by the oscillations whose period is the same as a natural water depth and wave period. period of the harbor are amplified through resonance. __________________________________________________________ Wave Breaking At places where the water Cut or Excavation - wherever the existing depth is no more than about three ground is above the constructed section. times the equivalent deepwater wave height decreases rapidly of Fill or Embankment - wherever the existing the wave height due to wave ground is below the constructed section, the breaking shall be considered. construction is said to involve - Tides and Abnormal Water Level Catch Points - points at which the cut or fill slopes Astronomical tide is the periodic rise and fall intersect the existing ground. of sea level in response to the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon as modified by Hinge Points - points at which the cut or fill slopes the earth’s rotation. The essential parameters intersect the nearly horizontal roadway surface to characterize the tide are: Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Mass Diagram - graph of cumulative volume of Delay - It may be defined as the difference earthwork versus distance in stations from the between the actual travel time on a given segment beginning of the job, in which cut is considered to of a transportation system and some ideal travel be positive and fill negative. time for that segment. Haul - product of a volume of material times the Queue - The difference between A(t) and D(t) average distance it is hauled. represents aircraft that have arrived at the runway but have not begun (or completed) their takeoffs. Limit of Economic Haul - longest distance These lines of aircraft waiting to be served is called material should ever be hauled. a _________. Geometric Design - refers to establishment of Flow - defined as the number of vehicles per unit horizontal and vertical alignments and cross time passing a point in space, and is usually section, based on considerations such as operating expressed in vehicles per hour. characteristics of vehicles, design standards, and drainage Volume - number of vehicles counted in a specified time interval. Stopping Sight Distance - the distance required to see an object 0.15 m high on the roadway. Headways - measured between common points on successive vehicles. Passing Sight Distance - the distance required to see an oncoming vehicle of a certain minimum size. Time Gaps - measured from the rear of one vehicle to the front of the next. Design Speed - defined as the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of Occupancy - defined as the fraction of time that highway when conditions are so favorable that the vehicles are present at a point in space. design features of the highway govern. Indication - the red, yellow, or green light that is Plans - refers to drawings, usually accompanied by displayed to drivers in a given movement. notes, of various aspects or components of the design. Cycle - The time required for one complete sequence of signal indications. Specifications - these are written instructions detailing how the facility is to be constructed. Interval - discrete portion of a cycle during which the indications do not change. Estimates - It include cost estimates for various parts of the project and are used to evaluate the Phase - portion of the cycle during which the acceptability of bids and the financial feasibility of movements with the right-of-way do not change. the project. Plan View – a drawing of the facility as it would look to an observer directly above it. Signal Coordination - the timing of signals in relationship to one another so that vehicles Profile - this drawing has elevation as its vertical traveling at a predetermined speed can pass axis, and horizontal distance, as measured along through the greens of successive signals. the centerline of the facility, as its horizontal axis. Speed Progression - speed at which vehicles are Space-time diagram - When such motion takes presumed to travel through the coordinated place along a single linear facility such as a signal system. roadway or a railway, it can often be represented by a graph known as _______________. Through Band - The space-time path intersecting the green at all signals. Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS  Review Innovations MSTE TERMS Band Width - time difference between beginning Trip Assignment Models - intended to predict and end of the through band at any point. the number of travelers using various routes and, hence, the traffic on the links of a transportation Offset of the Cycle - The time difference between network. the beginnings of the greens at any two signals. Queue Discipline - So far, no explicit consideration Single alternate system - each signal displays the has been given to the relationship between the phase opposite that of the adjacent signals; thus the order in which customers arrive demanding pattern, looking down the street at any instant of service and the order in which they are served. This time, is red-green-red-green. relationship is referred to as the Double alternate system - phases at two Capacity Headways - Headways such that the intersections are grouped together, so that the vehicles are just filled at the maximum load point pattern is red-red- green-green-red-red. on the route. Triple alternate system - It groups three Policy Headways - Arbitrarily determined intersections and produce a pattern of red-red- maximum headways intended to represent the red-green-green-green. minimum acceptable standard for frequency of service. Fixed-time Systems - Employing minimum cycles are usually sufficient for platoon-breakup Joint Bars - used to fasten rails together metering. longitudinally. Traffic-responsive systems - May respond to Gage Bars - Steel bars used to maintain gage (that volumes measured upstream of the ramp, is, horizontal separation between the rails) at occupancies measured upstream of the ramp, critical locations such as curves and switches. occupancies measured downstream of the ramp, or some combinations of these. Rail Anchors - used to resist the longitudinal motion of rails relative to ties. Clearance Time - The time spent in decelerating and accelerating the vehicle and in opening and closing the doors. Dwell Time - The time spent loading and unloading passengers. Time Points - Route schedules, or timetables, give the times that successive bused pass points called _______. Trip - considered to be the basic unit of travel behavior. It also involves movement from a single origin to a single destination, and are usually described in terms of their origins, destinations, purposed, times of occurrence, travel modes, and routes. Derived Utility - this means that the utility of any particular trip is partially dependent on the activity it makes possible, and the way in which that activity is valued by the individual. Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS Compiled by: REVIEW INNOVATIONS