District of Columbia Fire and EMS Department Standard Operating Guidelines - Structural Firefighting PDF - December 2021

S TA N D A R D O P E R AT I N G G U ID E LIN E S STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING DECEMBER 2021 DISTRICT OF COLUMBA FIRE AND EMS DEPARTMENT STANDARD OPERATING GUIDELINES – STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW Purpose The purpose of these guidelines are to provide direction in achieving command and co...

S TA N D A R D O P E R AT I N G G U ID E LIN E S STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING DECEMBER 2021 DISTRICT OF COLUMBA FIRE AND EMS DEPARTMENT STANDARD OPERATING GUIDELINES – STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW Purpose The purpose of these guidelines are to provide direction in achieving command and control of all structure fire incidents. The following chapters describe the rolls and responsibilities of all responding units from the time of dispatch, through the conclusion of the incident. The District of Columbia Fire and EMS Department has guidelines and Bulletins in-place to address specific incidents (Special Operations, Metro, Railroad, EMS) that are not included in this document. Members shall reference those documents when responding to such incidents. Overview Standard Operating Guidelines are written to deploy resources for the most efficient protection of the citizens, property and safety of firefighting personnel while at the same time ensuring operational discipline, tactical efficiency and deliberate deployment of resources. Units are assigned specific tasks according to the type of incident. Any unit that will delayed in completing or will not be able to complete the assigned tasks as directed in the Standard Operating Guidelines must notify the Incident Commander as soon as it becomes clear that the assigned task will not be completed and/or will be delayed. The Incident Commander must decide if the unit not performing their assigned tasks would adversely affect the overall outcome of the incident and give permission for any deviation. The Incident Commander must give orders to assure that all the tactics being performed by units support the strategy (Offensive or Defensive) of the operation. Company Officers shall report to Command their progress or lack thereof. Inclusion of Recommendations During the past few decades, the District of Columbia Fire and EMS Department has encountered several fires where there have been significant injuries or death sustained to our firefighters. Nearly all of these incidents prompted either the District of Columbia Fire and EMS Department, NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) or both to conduct a thorough investigation and produce a detailed report of “Findings and Recommendations”. It is the intent of this updated version of the Standard Operating Guidelines to include the “Findings and Recommendations” to the fullest extent possible. Incidents: 472 L Street, NW – Commercial building fire that killed Firefighter Maurice T. Turner of Engine Company No. 16. (No Report) 1401 H Street, NW – Commercial building fire that killed Firefighter John T. Williams of Rescue Squad No. 1. (No Report) 400 Kennedy Street, NW – Corner store fire that killed Sergeant John M. Carter (Sergeant, 1st Battalion). (NIOSH and Departmental Report) 3146 Cherry Road, NE – Townhouse fire that killed Firefighters Anthony S. Phillips (Engine Company No. 10)/Louis J. Matthews (Engine Company No. 26). (NIOSH and Departmental Report) 619/621 4th Street, NE – Rowhouse fire that critically injured several members of Engine Company No. 4. (Departmental Report) 811 48th Place, NE – House fire that critically injured several members of Truck Company No. 13 and Rescue Squad No. 3. (Departmental Report) 1300 7th Street, NW – High rise apartment building fire that killed Lieutenant Kevin A. McRae of Engine Company No. 6 (NIOSH Report) District of Columbia Fire and EMS Department Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Table of Contents PAGE GENERAL DEFINITIONS 1 CHAPTER 1 – SAFETY 5 CHAPTER 2 – STAGING 13 CHAPTER 3 – SIZE-UP 16 CHAPTER 4 – INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND COMMAND 21 CHAPTER 5 – ENGINE COMPANY OPERATIONS 26 CHAPTER 6 – TRUCK COMPANY OPERATIONS 30 CHAPTER 7 – FIREGROUND SEARCH REQUIREMENTS AND RESCUE SQUAD OPERATIONS 36 CHAPTER 8 – LOCAL ALARMS 38 CHAPTER 9 – STRUCTURAL FIRE OVERVIEW 41 CHAPTER 10 – STRUCTURAL FIRE GUIDELINES 60 CHAPTER 11 – RAPID INTERVENTION GROUP GUIDELINES 77 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting General Definitions December 2021 DD General Definitions Access – A point of entry into an emergency incident or incident in a structure. Accountability – A system or process to track resources at an incident scene. Apartment House – A structure that is divided into separate apartments. Attack Stairway – In a high-rise building, this is the stairway that is designated for hose line advancement and operations. Attic – A space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or building. This space may be used for either living or storage and is accessed by stairs or ladders. Basement – A floor of a building that is partially or entirely below ground level. C.A.N. Report – Acronym for Conditions, Actions, and Needs that are used to describe current fire ground conditions, actions that are being performed and resources that may be needed. This term is also synonymous with a update that is provided to the Incident commander or responding Battalion Fire Chief Cockloft – The space located between the underside of the roof and the top floor ceiling. The Cock Loft is typically 3 feet or less in height with no direct access from below. Critical Factors – Critical factors are the things that affect the ability to accomplish tactical priorities and impact firefighter safety. These factors fall into 8 standard categories to include: The Building/Fire/Occupancy/Life Hazard/Arrangement/Resources/Action/Special Circumstances. Defensive Operation – An incident where operations are limited to the exterior of a structure and outside of the established collapse zone. Detached Building – A stand-alone structure. Dwelling – A place of residence. Egress – A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any accessible point in a building or facility to the exterior. English Basement – A floor of a building that is below ground level and has an entrance located on the front (A-Alpha) side of the Structure. Evacuation Stairway – In a high-rise building, this is the stairway that is designated for the removal of occupants. 1 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting General Definitions December 2021 DD Fire Resistive Construction – In these structures, the walls, partitions, columns, floors, and roofs are noncombustible. Exposed steel, such as girders, columns, beams and roof trusses must have approved fireproofing material applied to meet this standard. If any part of the structure lacks the above definition, the building will not meet the Fire Resistive standard. Flanking – A tactic utilized to quickly control the extent of fire from an exterior position. This is a common practice when controlling the horizontal fire spread in incidents involving rear porches. This can be accomplished in-conjunction with a simultaneous interior attack. Floor – Designated number consistent with the living space in a structure. Garden Apartment Building – An apartment complex (containing lawns and gardens) in which the structures are four-floors or lower and constructed of ordinary or wood frame components. Hallway – A common area or corridor with entry/exit points to numerous rooms. Heavy Duty – An operation where hose lines or appliances capable of flowing 325 gallons per-minute or more are utilized. Heavy Timber Construction – Heavy Timber construction consists of masonry or some other noncombustible material exterior walls. Interior columns, beams and girders are of heavy timber (minimum 8”x8”). Floors and roofs are of heavy planks (minimum 3”x6”). High-Rise – In the District of Columbia, any building the height of which is 5 stories or more is considered a high-rise structure. Hoisting – The process of raising a hose line, tool or appliance with a rope. Hybrid Construction – A mixed use of two or more construction types in one building. Typically, the ground level floor(s) will be fire resistive construction, while the upper floors will be lightweight wood frame construction. In the District of Columbia, these buildings commonly reach 8-stories in height. By law, the lightweight portion of the building cannot exceed 5-stories. Incident Action Plan – The objectives reflecting the overall incident strategy, tactics, risk management, and member safety that are developed by the Incident Commander. These plans are updated and remain fluid throughout the incident. Incident Commander – The individual responsible for all incident activities, including the development of the strategies and tactics and the ordering and the release of resources. The term “Incident Commander” shall refer to the person that has command (Company or Chief Officer) of the incident. The initial Incident Commander shall remain in command of the incident until command has been assumed, transferred or the incident is stabilized, and command is terminated. 2 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting General Definitions December 2021 DD Knee Wall – A short wall, typically less than three feet in height, used to support rafters in timber roof construction. Usually found in structures with peaked roofs. Knee walls are typically covered with plaster or gypsum board by enclosing the useful part of the attic space while the remaining small space under the eaves is only used for storage. This space is ideal for concealing fire spread and must be quickly accessed. Leader Line – A 2 ½” or 3” hose line, connected to the Wagon and utilized to supply one or two 1 ½” hose lines through a gated “Y” or reducer. Lightweight – A term that describes the density and dimensions of engineered/fabricated wood or metal structural components. Commonly utilized to describe truss roofs, floor joists and wall assemblies in frame construction. Lobby – An area of a building, providing a space out of which one or more other rooms or corridors lead, typically near the main entrance of a public building. Long-Length Hose Line – An attack hose line, of any size, that is longer than 200’. Lowering – The process of lowering a hose line from an elevated point, such as a window or rooftop. MAYDAY – A term signifying that a firefighter is in distress due to being lost, trapped or any other lifethreatening situation. Non-Combustible Construction – Noncombustible buildings are similar to fire resistive buildings in that their columns, floors. Roofs, walls and partitions are constructed of noncombustible material, meaning that these materials will not contribute to the spread of fire. These buildings are mainly constructed of steel and concrete and can range from one floor to multiple stories. Ordinary Construction – With ordinary construction, exterior walls and other structural elements that are portions of exterior walls are of approved noncombustible or limited combustible material, such as brick, block, stone and concrete. Walls, floors, and roofs are constructed of wood. Offensive Operation – An incident where members will be operating (in full PPE/SCBA) inside of a structure with an IDLH atmosphere present. Rear Porch – A covered rear area, constructed of wood, commonly found attached to rowhouses in the District of Columbia. Response Order – The position due, as assigned by the Office of Unified Communications upon the initial dispatch of an assignment. Row Building – A structure with two or more attached exposures. Scrub Area – The area of a building wall that can be touched by the tip or bucket of the aerial. Semi-Detached Building – A structure that has a similar attached exposure on one side. 3 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting General Definitions December 2021 DD Solid Stream – A water stream that is delivered through a solid tip on a play-pipe or heavy duty device. Stairway (Stairwell) – A set of steps or stairs that is either enclosed with surrounding walls or open with railings. Stories – Is the number of levels above ground. Straight Stream – A water stream that is delivered through a CVFSS tip and less than a 30-degree fog pattern. Vacant Building – A vacant building in the District of Columbia is defined by the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs as a property that has been unoccupied for a minimum of 30 days. V.E.I.S. – Acronym for Vent Enter Isolate Search, which is a tactic that is used to search an area of the building where access is made through an exterior window. Ventilation Stairway – In a high-rise building, this is the stairway that is designated for ventilation of heat, smoke and toxic gases. Void Space – A concealed area within a structure that requires removal of coverings, such as drywall and paneling to gain access. Warehouse Building – A large building, normally constructed with ordinary, fire resistive or noncombustible components that is utilized to store raw materials or manufactured goods. Wood Frame Construction – Wood frame construction is defined by NFPA as all structural elements, such as walls, floors, roof, arches, which are constructed entirely or partially of wood. 4 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 1.1 PERSONNEL ACCOUNTABILITY The purpose of the Personnel Accountability System is to account for all firefighters operating within the hazard zone of an incident. Use of the system will provide enhanced personal safety for the individual firefighter and will provide the command staff an improved means to track and account for all personnel working in the hazard zone. The hazard zone is defined as “any area that requires Self Contained Breathing Apparatus or in which a firefighter is at risk of becoming lost, trapped, or injured by the environment or structure”. The Hazard Zone includes but is not limited to the following: Any structure reported to be on fire Areas in proximity to a structure fire during exterior operations A structure undergoing overhaul after a fire Confined space incidents Trench collapse incidents Collapsed buildings Metro and heavy rail incidents The Personnel Accountability System begins when members assume duty on an emergency response vehicle and place their Personnel Accountability Tag (PAT) on the Unit’s “Unit Designator Card” (UDC). The First Due Battalion Fire Chief shall begin tracking the units assigned to the incident the moment units are dispatched and continue until the incident has been mitigated, and the Incident Commander determines tracking is no longer necessary. During the course of an incident, the Incident Commander should be able to account for all units at any given time, and therefore should be able to account for all assigned personnel. The accountability system will in no way reduce the Company Officer’s primary responsibility to closely supervise crewmembers (task level accountability), or crewmembers’ responsibility (personal accountability) to maintain the unit’s integrity. The Company Officer shall provide for the company’s safety and will maintain communications with Group/Division Supervisors (tactical level accountability)/Branch Directors or Command (strategic level accountability). The Following Rules Will Be Adhered to At All Times: The minimum crew operating in a hazard zone shall be two firefighters equipped with portable radios. Crews will always go in and come out together. Members shall not separate from their companies for independent action or attach to another Company. 5 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 All personnel shall be in contact with their Officer-In-Charge (OIC) by either: o o o o Voice Touch Sight Portable Radio System Components The Personnel Accountability System will be implemented on all emergency incidents. Every member of the Department who could be called to the scene of an emergency incident will be issued two Personnel Accountability Tags (PAT) and a Department ID Card. Each PAT will have a photograph of the member and information about the member. Personnel Accountability Tags Color Codes: White Yellow Orange Blue Red Officers and PIO Firefighters EMS Fire Inspector Other Members – as directed by the Fire Chief Make-Up PAT: In the event that a member does not have his/her PAT, (i.e. lost, stolen, or forgotten) his/her official Fire Department ID card shall be used in place of the PAT. The Platoon Commander will make an official journal entry. Members are issued two identical PATs. The PAT is considered to be an issued item of personal protective equipment. Members are not allowed to assume duty or ride apparatus without their PAT and/or Department Identification Card. Unit Designator Card (UDC) The Unit Designator Cards are approximately 3” x 4 1/2” plastic cards imprinted with the unit number. The UDC is located on a hook inside the cab on the Officer’s side of all apparatus. A metal ring is attached next to the name of each position on that unit. Each member’s PAT will be placed on the appropriate ring while they are on duty with that unit. Color Designation of UDCs: Red Green Black Orange Gold Engine Company Truck Company Rescue Squad EMS Units: BLS and ALS Transport Units Chiefs, EMS Supervisor, Haz-Mat, Fire Boat, Air Unit and other units 6 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 Unit Designator Cards will be considered part of the apparatus inventory. The Command Boards have hooks to hang the UDCs for the proper Group/Division/Branch to which Units are assigned. 1.2 RESPONSIBILITY OF INCIDENT COMMANDER Initial unit accountability will be required within ten minutes after the arrival of the first company on the scene of the incident. Command will contact each company to confirm their location and assignment. This can also be accomplished by the Battalion Fire Chief as units are assigned to Group/Divisions/Branches. Adjustments shall be made as units are assigned to different areas or tasks. The Office of Unified Communications Channel 0-2 operator will announce the time when the tenminute duration of the incident has been reached, and every subsequent ten-minute interval during the incident until Command notifies the OUC to discontinue. A formal “Roll Call” to account for each individual on the fire ground will be conducted at the 20-minute interval of the incident, and at each subsequent 20-minute interval. The Incident Commander shall acknowledge the 20-minute notification from the OUC and initiate a roll call. The Incident Commander shall conduct a formal roll call when changing from offensive to defensive operations, or whenever an event occurs that could jeopardize companies operating on the fire ground. The Incident Commander shall conduct a formal roll call prior to returning units on any incident where Command has been established and members have operated within an IDLH atmosphere. 1.3 FORMAL ROLL CALL The Incident Commander shall make a general announcement to all units on the fireground to standby for a roll call (Accountability Check). All personnel will notify their company officer of their condition and location. All units assigned to a Group/Division/Branch shall notify or cause to notify the Supervisor/Director of their assigned Group/Division/Branch. Group/Division Supervisors and Branch Directors shall give the count and location of all personnel assigned under their command who are located in the hazard one. Radio transmissions (except for emergency traffic) should be limited during the roll call. After all Groups/Divisions/Branches have been heard from, Command shall document the time and will note on the Command Board/Incident Worksheet the results of the roll call (Accountability Check). 7 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 Persons or crews unaccounted for will not stop the roll call from other Groups or Divisions. This is because more than one crew or person may be unaccounted for. If any personnel cannot be accounted for, the Group/Division Supervisor or Branch Director will report the status of the missing person as unknown and give the last known location. The Group/Division Supervisor or Branch Director will then initiate search procedures within their assigned area. Any member whose normal job is to operate outside of the hazard area is NOT to enter the hazard area without express permission of the member’s Company Officer. The member’s Company Officer shall give specific instructions as to the unit’s position within the hazard zone. The member shall join-up with other fire fighters and proceed directly to the location given by his/her Company Officer. The member shall not perform any task within the hazard zone prior to joining up with his/her unit. No member shall operate in the hazard zone alone. Command may call for a roll call to check the welfare of personnel at any time. However, a roll call shall be done in the following situations, after assuring continued suppression efforts and all obvious mitigation options have been initiated by Companies operating in the immediate vicinity: Upon receiving a MAYDAY transmission. Report of personnel missing or trapped. A unit or crew cannot be contacted in the hazard zone after three consecutive attempts by radio contact. Sudden hazard change on the incident scene such as vapor release, collapse, etc. After an evacuation of the building has been ordered. Under no circumstances shall the roll call take precedence over common sense, quick resolutions. 1.4 MISSING OR UNACCOUNTED PERSONNEL When the roll call indicates personnel are missing or unaccounted for, Command shall declare a MAYDAY. Command shall deploy the Rapid Intervention Group if in-place or assign companies capable of affecting an immediate rescue (Rescue Squad, etc.) to the operation when appropriate. Command shall establish a MAYDAY BRANCH to locate the missing personnel when appropriate. The MAYDAY procedures will remain in effect until the MAYDAY operations are completed and the Incident Commander reports the results of the MAYDAY operations and returns to normal fire ground operations. All other groups/divisions/branches operating at the incident shall maintain their current positions and assignments unless otherwise directed by Command. 8 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 1.5 LEVELS OF ACCOUNTABILITY LEVEL I: Company Officers shall insure that all PATs on the UDC reflect the names of all personnel assigned to that unit for that tour of duty. LEVEL II: All UDCs are to be collected from the apparatus and delivered to the command post as follows: Command may designate a company to collect all UDCs and/or; Order units to bring their UDCs to the command post. LEVEL III: Used when required by incident specific SOG’s or when the Incident Commander determines that the incident requires more stringent accountability (i.e. Metro, Haz-Mat, High-Rise, Confined Space, Explosions, Structural Collapse, Trench Rescue, Salvage/Overhaul Operations, etc.). The Incident Commander shall implement ‘ENTRY CONTROL” and designate an Entry Control Officer. Once LEVEL III accountability has been established, all units will bring their UDCs with PATs attached to the entry control point and present them to the Entry Control Officer. Personnel shall check in with the Entry Control Officer when they ENTER AND EXIT. Units may NOT exit at any other location from which they entered except in an emergency and Command MUST be immediately notified. Entry Control at LEVEL III: Anytime Level III accountability has been ordered, the Incident Commander will notify the OUC to sound a two-second alert tone on the incident talk group. Upon conclusion of the alert tone, the Incident Commander shall advise units that Level III Accountability has been implemented and the location of the entry control point(s). 1.8 MAYDAY PROCEDURES Fireground communications can become very hectic and confusing when a fire fighter is in DISTRESS, becomes LOST or TRAPPED. The term “MAYDAY” is the international distress signal and shall only be used when a member is in trouble and needs immediate assistance. Individual(s) declaring a “MAYDAY” will: 1. Activate the orange “Emergency Activation” button located on the top of the portable radio. Depressing this button will cause the radio to emit a set of four high-pitched tones, and the word “Emergency” will be displayed on the radio’s LCD display and at the OUC. 9 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 2. Push the push-to-talk button, and transmit the phrase “MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY,” and wait several seconds for Command to acknowledge. If Command does not acknowledge continue to transmit the term “MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY,” until acknowledged by Command. Pushing the push-to-talk button will activate all other radios that are on the same channel and will show “Emergency Received” on their LCD displays. If the push-to-talk button is not pushed after depressing the emergency button, the emergency signal will not be received by other radios on the fireground! Pushing the orange “Emergency Activation” button gives this radio priority over all other radios except the Incident Commander or the OUC. When a transmission is broadcast from the radio that has an activated “Emergency Button,” that transmission will interrupt and take over the channel. 3. Once acknowledged by Command be prepared to give your position on the apparatus, location and resources/equipment required. Be as specific and descriptive as possible with the above information. The acronym LUNAR should be used to give all pertinent information. - 4. L – Location U – Unit assigned N – Name A – Air status of SCBA R – Resources needed to mitigate emergency Command shall prompt the member in distress to activate their PASS device. The following shall be used as a guide for handling a MAYDAY: Command shall acknowledge the “MAYDAY”. Command shall gather information (LUNAR). Command shall develop an action plan to mitigate the “MAYDAY” with units on the scene. This is especially the case where the Rapid Intervention Group is not yet inplace. The intent of resolving a “MAYDAY” situation is to do so quickly with the units in-place. This keeps the operation in its simplest form, limits overcrowding in the hazard zone and assures suppression efforts continue. Additionally, this will allow for greater command, control and accountability. The Incident Commander shall attempt to resolve the “MAYDAY” while still on the initial incident talk group, as units switching talk groups in an IDLH atmosphere could add complexity and confusion to the situation. 10 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 If the “MAYDAY” can’t be mitigated immediately by units in close proximity to the member in distress, Command shall proceed with the full “MAYDAY” procedure: Command shall notify the OUC of the “MAYDAY” declaration. The OUC shall dispatch the next multiple alarm with a Rescue Squad. If a second alarm has already been requested, the OUC shall confirm with Command prior to dispatching additional units (3rd Alarm or greater). If no Rescue Squad is available an additional Truck Company shall be assigned. Command shall order all radio traffic to cease except EMERGENCY TRAFFIC. The talk group that the person declares the MAYDAY on shall be the MAYDAY Talk Group. (This may be any Talk Group due to confusion, etc.) Command shall switch all units, with the exception of Units assigned to the MAYDAY GROUP or MAYDAY BRANCH, off of the Talk Group. Command shall assign a MAYDAY GROUP Supervisor and/or a MAYDAY BRANCH Director when necessary. Command shall verify that the additional alarm with an additional Rescue Squad has been dispatched. Command shall coordinate the activities on the fireground and the MAYDAY BRANCH to ensure the most efficient use of available resources to resolve the “MAYDAY”. Command shall announce on all talk groups being utilized for the incident when the “MAYDAY” has been resolved. NO ACTIVITY SHALL TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER ASSISTING THE INCIDENT COMMANDER IN RESOLVING THE MAYDAY! The Office of Unified Communications Responsibilities During a MAYDAY Upon receiving a “MAYDAY” notification, the Office of Unified Communications shall acknowledge and operate in an emergency mode. The Watch Commander shall direct the talk group operators to transmit the MAYDAY information on all incident Talk Groups and the Talk Group Zero-1. The Watch Commander shall strictly enforce radio discipline and limit department radio traffic to EMERGENCY TRAFFIC ONLY. All Units shall use strict discipline on the talk groups and only make essential transmissions. Upon confirmation from Command, dispatch an additional alarm i.e. 2nd, 3rd alarm with a Rescue Squad assigned. If no Rescue Squad is available dispatch an additional Truck Company. The Watch Commander shall ensure all incident talk groups are monitored. The Watch Commander shall direct the radio operators to transmit the MAYDAY information on all affected talk groups except the incident talk group assigned to the MAYDAY Branch. It is important to understand the difference between MAYDAY, PRIORITY and 10-33 messages. 11 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 1 – Safety December 2021 MAYDAY is to notify Command (and other units on the scene) that firefighter(s) or crews are lost, missing or trapped. PRIORITY is to transmit an urgent message to Command that does NOT involve trapped or missing personnel. 10-33 is a coded message to inform the OUC that immediate police assistance is needed. 1.7 COLLAPSE ZONE The collapse zone is defined as the area around the perimeter of a structure that could contain hazards/debris should the building collapse. This area shall be determined by establishing a perimeter at a distance from the building that is equal to at least 1 ½ times the height of the structure. A safety message shall be transmitted on the incident talk group declaring that a collapse zone has been established and the perimeter defined. In addition, the collapse zone should be marked with yellow barrier tape by the Safety Officer or a designee. The Incident Commander shall assure that a collapse zone is established on any incident where a defensive strategy has been declared. It shall be the responsibility of all members operating, to assure that no operations are conducted, or apparatus is positioned within the established collapse zone. This includes limiting crew member movement utilizing alley/pathways (inside the collapse zone) to move about the fireground. Heavy-duty devices and exterior hand lines should NOT be operating at the same time unless the hand line is operating in an area that the heavy-duty devices cannot reach, and the crew on the hand line is not endangered by the larger stream. The need to use 1 ½” hand lines during heavyduty operations is limited. Group and Division Supervisors are responsible for conducting a roll call and for confirming that all Companies are out of the building before Command allows the use of heavy-duty devices. Command must coordinate the evacuation or sheltering of personnel with the companies providing the master streams. The only exceptions are when using the Fallback Position to shelter Companies (operating in a fire-resistive or non-combustible building) and when “flanking” operations are warranted. 12 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 2 – Staging December 2021 2.1 STAGING The responding first due BFC or the Incident Commander (IC) will utilize the following staging options as appropriate to enhance the deployment and accountability of resources. 2.2 Staging on Box Alarms and Triple Locals On all Box Alarm Incidents and Triple Locals, the 1st and 2nd due Engine Companies, the 1st due Truck Company and the assigned Battalion Chiefs will carry out their assigned responsibilities as outlined in Chapter 10 – Structural Firefighting Guidelines, unless otherwise ordered. 2.3 Staging In-Line of Approach Staging in-line of approach shall be utilized on all Box Alarms by all units except the first and second due Engine Companies, the first due Truck Company, and the assigned Battalion Fire Chiefs. Staging in-line of approach may be expanded to stage additional units in an uncommitted position outside of a potential hazard area; on incidents where apparatus positioning according to normal fireground SOG’s are not practical or applicable; or where the exact location of the incident is unknown or unconfirmed. Staging in-line of approach allows the units to maintain normal response routes, allows the initial incident commander to maintain control and, at the same time, ensure rapid deployment upon direction of the IC. Units may be also be directed to stage in-line of approach by the OUC at the time of dispatch or as required by other incident specific SOG’s. Units Required to Stage In-Line of Approach  The 3rd and 4th due Engine Companies will stage at the hydrant location of the 1st and 2nd due Engine Company’s layout and support their water supply. Crewmembers shall remain at the apparatus until given orders by Command. When 1st or 2nd due Engine Company has their own hydrant, the Engine Company affected will select an independent hydrant and stage at that location and remain flexible, so they may respond to any area of the incident as directed.  The 2nd due Truck Company, the 5th due Engine, Rescue Squad and the EMS units shall stage in-line of approach two blocks away from the reported incident location, without committing to the block; and shall remain flexible, so they may respond to any area of the incident as directed.  If the Incident Commander determines additional resources need to be committed to the building, he or she will provide specific direction to companies that are staged.  Units arriving at their staging location shall report their arrival verbally by radio. Units shall also request an assignment from Command when appropriate and necessary. 13 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 2 – Staging December 2021 2.4 Level II Staging The Office of Unified Communications will direct companies to respond on the staging channel that has been designated by the Incident Commander. Command will designate a staging area where companies are to report. Companies arriving at the staging area will notify Command by radio of their arrival at the staging area on the staging channel and will await instructions. While enroute and in the staging area, Company Officers shall also monitor the assigned incident talk group. This will provide companies and their members with situational awareness as the incident progresses. 2.5 Level III Staging Level III Staging is the designation of a formal staging area, under the direction of a Staging Manager. Command will notify the OUC that Level III Staging is in effect. Command will designate a staging area on Channel Zero-2. Command will assign a Staging Manager. The OUC will notify additional units of the assigned staging channel and location of the Staging Area. Companies responding to the Staging Area will respond on the staging channel. Companies in staging shall monitor the incident talk group and the staging channel. Companies arriving at the Staging Area will make no radio transmissions. Officers of companies dispatched to the Staging Area will report in person to the Staging Manager. If additional resources are needed, the Staging Manager will make all requests through Command. Requests made to the OUC shall be made by Command on Channel Zero-2. The Staging Area will be organized to allow easy entry and exit by companies passing through. Similar units will be organized together and arranged to allow free passage of each type of unit and other resources to the incident scene. The Staging Manager will perform the following duties: When an Operations Section is established by Command, the Staging Manager shall function under “Operations”. Notify Command/Operations on the staging talk group upon arrival and verify the companies available at the staging location. Determine from Command/Operations the minimum complement of units to be maintained in the Staging Area. Advise Command/Operations on the staging talk group when the number of companies in the staging area falls below the established minimum. Maintain a current list of companies in the Staging Area. Maintain a list of companies and their initial assignments on the incident that have been deployed from the Staging Area. Inform all Company Officers “face-to-face” of assignments given from Command/Operations. 14 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 2 – Staging December 2021 2.6 Relay to companies the following information: o The location and area of operation. o The Division/Group Supervisor or Branch Director to whom they are to report. o The talk group on which they are to operate. Interior Personnel and Equipment Staging Interior staging can be used by the Incident Commander to stage personnel and equipment on incidents involving high rises or other large buildings. Needed personnel and equipment, such as air cylinders, hose lines, etc. will be carried to an interior staging area, reducing reaction time. Units can be ordered to stage at a specific location in a building. Interior staging on a high-rise incident will be at least three floors below the fire floor. Interior staging on a major building may be in a separate wing or in any location protected from the incident conditions. Interior staging should be limited to fire resistant (Type I) and non-combustible (Type II) building types. Note for Clarification: These Firefighting SOG’s do not alter the staging guidelines or any of the requirements of other incident specific Standard Operating Guidelines issued by the Department (i.e. METRO Box Alarm SOG’s, HazMat Operations Bulletins, Technical Rescue Operations Bulletins, etc.). 15 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 3 – Size-Up December 2021 3.1 SIZE-UP Size-up is the exchange of information that helps to depict an image of the unfolding event. Included in the size-up report is the pertinent information that conveys the physical size of the incident, the magnitude of the incident, and the nature of the emergency. Size-up can be divided into following categories: Exterior, Interior, and C.A.N. (Conditions, Actions, Needs) reports. 3.2 Exterior Size-up The report of conditions on arrival is the on-scene size-up. It is designed to give descriptive information to all responding units. It is important that this information be correct and concise. Company and Chief Officers will formulate their action plans based on the information received from the size-up report. The first arriving unit in both the front and rear of the address shall give an exterior size-up that includes the following: Unit Name Correct address (if different than initially reported) Side of Building Building Height Type of Construction Building Occupancy Configuration Dimensions (if unusual) Condition on Arrival Critical Information Structural Emergencies Special Hazards Lightweight Construction Announce the strategy when determined to be defensive on arrival Request for Additional Resources Establish Command if 1st arriving Company Officer Provide status of 360 Definitions Side of Building – Most likely the side of the building (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta) that the company has positioned their apparatus. If the building is not of a standard configuration, the first arriving company shall designate the A-Alpha side. Building Height – on the reporting side of the building shall be given in stories. Stories – Is the number of levels above the ground. Floor – Designated number, consistent with that living space. 16 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 3 – Size-Up December 2021 Building Occupancy describes what the building is being used for as the main occupancy, according to the International Building Code, Chapter 3: Residential Commercial (Business) Mixed Occupancy Mercantile Industrial Educational Assembly Day Care Institutional Correctional Storage Configuration is the structural design of the building: Detached – single family Semi-Detached – duplex or rowhouse Row High-Rise Apartment Building Garden Apartment Warehouse Type of Construction is the general classification of construction type: Fire Resistive Non-Combustible Ordinary Heavy Timber Wood Frame Hybrid (Mixed use of two or more construction types in one building) Dimensions – (if unusual) shall be given for buildings that are very large such as a warehouse. The dimensions are an estimate of the outside footprint of the structure and shall be given in feet (example: 500 feet by 200 feet). Condition on Arrival – shall be a general description of what is observed on arrival. The following are examples: Nothing evident Light smoke showing from the 1st floor, quadrant A Fire showing from the 3rd floor, quadrant A 17 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 3 – Size-Up December 2021 Critical Information – shall be any information that might be relevant to the mitigation of the emergency. The following are examples: The building is being evacuated. Reports of people trapped inside the building Report of people visible from the exterior in need of assistance or rescue. o When possible, it should be relayed to units whether those occupants are in need of immediate rescue or whether they are in a position of relative safety/refuge and are not immediately threatened. Restricted apparatus access, such as a construction fence, etc. Exposure issues. Direction for incoming apparatus access and positioning. Pre-Incident Plan information. Strategy Offensive Strategy – An incident where members will be operating (in full PPE/SCBA) inside of a structure with an IDLH atmosphere present. Defensive Strategy – An incident where operations are limited to the exterior of a structure and outside of the established collapse zone. Investigation Mode – An incident where no IDLH atmosphere is present and requires further investigation, prior to deploying additional resources. Request Additional Resources if the emergency exceeds the capabilities of the dispatched units, Command is responsible for requesting this information. The following are examples of requests/recommendations for assistance: Special needed units Fill the Local Alarm assignment Fill the Box Alarm assignment Box Alarm Working Fire Dispatch 2nd Alarm Additional Alarm Hazardous Materials Box/Local Alarm Structural Collapse Rescue Assignment Foam Unit Task Force Metro Station or Tunnel Box Alarm 18 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 3 – Size-Up December 2021 3.3 Interior Size-up The conditions inside the structure could be very different from those that may be seen from the exterior. The first units entering the structure shall give the conditions as they move about the building. Units shall give reports at the following locations: 1. 2. 3. 4. Inside the front or rear door. On the fire floor. Arrival at reported location. Any other location that adds to the description of the incident. When responding to larger buildings, more interior size-ups would be given as the Company travels to the reported location. An example of the first arriving Company Officer’s (Command) interior size-up checklist for a reported fire in Apartment 801 of an apartment building would be the following: 3.4 Lobby condition “Lobby clear.” Annunciator Status “Annunciator Panel shows smoke detector activation, 8th floor” Stairwell condition “People are evacuating.” Identify the stairwell that will be used for the Fire Attack and/or Evacuation by the number and/or location in the building. 8th floor hallway condition “8th Floor hallway filled with black smoke.” Condition found at the door of apartment 801 “Believe to have a fire in apartment 801.” Condition found inside apartment 801 “The apartment is fully involved.” All other pertinent information that will affect the overall incident. Progress and C.A.N. Reports The fire ground and the scenes of other emergencies are very fluid and constantly changing. The changing conditions will dictate the strategic plan and the tactical operations of our units. The accurate and frequent updating or status reports keeps all personnel informed for safer operations. This shall be accomplished by providing C.A.N. (Conditions, Actions, Needs) Reports. Conditions Location Progress or lack of progress Obstacles Smoke conditions Visibility Fire conditions Heat conditions Update or change in initial building construction size-up (lightweight, etc.) Interior layout Changes to structural integrity Fire separation Fuel loads What’s burning What’s not burning Accountability and air supply 19 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 3 – Size-Up December 2021 Actions Fire control progress Inability to locate the fire Checking for extension Search progress Access to concealed spaces All clear Under control Needs Back-up / additional hose lines Exposure coverage Ventilation Forcible entry Assistance with access to concealed spaces Ladders Reinforcement Relief Change of strategy (Offensive to Defensive/Defensive to Offensive) Support work Tools or equipment Coverage for other areas in the building Urgent assistance 20 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 4 – Incident Management and Command December 2021 4.1 Incident Management and Command In accordance with Command Operations Bulletin No. 1, the Incident Command System (ICS) shall be utilized on all responses. Companies shall adhere to the Standard Operating Guidelines unless directed by Command. Critical Factors The Incident Commander performs effective initial and ongoing situation evaluation by identifying the incident’s critical factors. Every structure fire or emergency incident has several incident factors but only a handful of them are considered critical. Critical factors are things that affect the ability to accomplish tactical priorities and impact firefighter safety. Every incident is made up of its own unique set of factors. These critical factors fall into the 8 categories listed below. Building Fire Size, area and height Construction type Age and condition Use/type (strip mall, row house, commercial, etc.) Compartmentation along with horizontal and vertical openings Interior layout/arrangement Outside openings – doors and windows Concealed spaces – balloon construction, knee walls, attics & cocklofts Basements and crawl spaces Effect the fire has had on the building, percent involvement versus savable property. Size, extent, nature and location Stage – incipient to free burning Direction of travel Type of fuel on fire Intensity of the products of combustion Effects of wind conditions Ability to operate directly on the fire Occupancy Specific occupancy type (public assembly, residential, industrial, etc.) Fire load/contents (based on the occupancy type) Status (open, closed, occupied, vacant, abandoned, under construction) Time as it effects occupancy use Life Hazard Location of the occupants in relation to the fire Number of occupants Condition of the occupants (by virtue of fire exposure) 21 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 4 – Incident Management and Command December 2021 Physical capacities of occupants (i.e., care facility versus high school) Access rescue forces have to victims Arrangement Access, arrangement and distance of exposures Most likely direction or avenue of fire spread Capability/limitations on apparatus movement and use Combustibility of exposures Resources Action Staffing and equipment on scene Staffing and equipment responding and in reserve Water supply – hydrants and/or other sources Built in fire protection Effect current action is having Tasks that need to be completed Stage of the operation and status: from under control to out of control Special Circumstances Time of day/night Day of week Season Weather (rain, snow, fog, temperature/humidity, etc.) Social unrests (riots, terrorism, crime, etc.) The IC uses the critical factors as the foundation and starting point for determining the incidents overall strategy, the tactics required and the actual tasks that need to be performed to control the incidents problems. The Incident Commander shall identify the incident’s critical factors, consider the risk management plan, declare the incident strategy (Offensive or Defensive) and develop the Incident Action Plan with tactical priorities. The Incident Commander shall consider that each incident can be divided into 9 specific areas or functions from start to finish. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Establish/Assume, Confirm and Position Command Size-Up Communications Deployment Identity of Incident Priorities Strategy and Incident Action Planning Organization to include accountability and resource management Review, Evaluation and Revision Continue, Transfer and Terminate Command 22 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 4 – Incident Management and Command December 2021 4.2 Response Order and Discipline Any units on an alarm that arrive out of response order must contact the first due Battalion Fire Chief and receive approval prior to assuming the requested responsibilities. The following process shall be adhered to when requesting response order changes: 4.3 Contact the first due Battalion Fire Chief via the assigned tactical channel. Give unit designation, position originally due, location and position desired. Await approval from the first due Battalion Fire Chief. If permission to change position is granted, assume those responsibilities. If permission is granted to assume a first arriving position, shall establish Command as outlined in the Standard Operating Guidelines. First due Battalion Fire Chief Responsibilities Prior to arrival: Acknowledge the establishment of command by the first arriving company officer and provide support prior to arrival. Track and maintain accountability utilizing the appropriate worksheet Adjust response order, as needed. Relay critical information from CAD to responding units and on scene units. Acknowledge and relay pertinent information on the Command Channel. (usually TAC -02) Support the initial Incident Commander with resource management and communication of tactical direction. Upon Arrival: Assume Command and establish a stationary command post. Request an update from the initial incident commander. Evaluate strategic priorities, strategic objectives, and provide tactical direction as needed. The Battalion Aide will transmit this information and the location of the stationary command post to the Office of Unified Communications on Channel 0-2. Attempt to locate the Command Post with a view of two sides of the incident. If the location changes, update units operating on the Incident Talk Group and the Office of Unified Communications on TAC Channel 0-2. An Incident Command System worksheet shall be kept current (minute by minute) recording all activities that are occurring at the incident including the following: Address of incident Companies or Units dispatched Location of all Companies or Units and their assignment Division/Group Supervisors and Branch Directors Status of accountability with Company and Unit location informally not more than 10 minutes into the incident and formally at 20-minute intervals during the incident. 23 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 4 – Incident Management and Command December 2021 4.4 Location of Staging with the number and type of units requested to be staged. Status of search and rescue (primary and secondary) Status of utilities (gas, electric and water) Establishment of Rapid Intervention Group Establishment of on-scene Safety Officer Establishment of on-scene EMS/Medical Group List of all Department injuries and transports to area hospitals List of all Civilian injuries and transports to area hospitals Radio Report Examples Response with No Fire Evident: First arriving Company Officer – “Engine 34 is on the scene with a corrected address of 1234 Main Street, NW, with a two-story, detached, single-family house, ordinary construction, 20 x 40, with nothing evident from the A-Alpha side. Engine 34 is establishing the “Main Street” Command.” First Due Battalion Fire Chief (while responding) – “I copy Engine 34. Attention all units, Engine 34 has established the “Main Street” Command. The Battalion Fire Chief shall notify communications that Engine 34 has arrived on the scene and that they have established the “Main Street” Command. This will start the accountability benchmark timer. First arriving Company Officer (Incident Commander) – “Main Street Command to units responding, the “360” has been completed, there is nothing evident on all sides of the address. Basement access is on the D-Delta side. First arriving Company Officer (Incident Commander) – “Main Street Command to units responding, we had food on the stove with no extension. Smoke conditions are minimal and there is no need for EMS. We will be holding Engine 34 and Truck 18. The other units can return to service. First Due Battalion Fire Chief (while responding) – “Battalion 7 copies Command, holding Engine 34 and Truck 18 for food on the stove with no extension. Offensive Operation: First arriving Company Officer – “Engine 34 is on the scene with a corrected address of 1234 Main Street, NW, with a two-story, detached, single-family house, ordinary construction, 20 x 40, with fire showing from the second floor, A-Alpha quadrant. Engine 34 is establishing the “Main Street” Command”. First Due Battalion Fire Chief (while responding) – “I copy Engine 34. Attention all units, Engine 34 has established the “Main Street” Command. The Working Fire Dispatch will be requested.” 24 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 4 – Incident Management and Command December 2021 The Battalion Fire Chief shall notify communications that Engine 34 has arrived on the scene, “Main Street” Command has been established and request the Working Fire Dispatch. This will start the accountability benchmark timer. First arriving Company Officer (Incident Commander) – “Main Street Command to units responding, the “360” has been completed, there is fire showing from the second floor on the A-Alpha and B-Bravo sides, also smoke showing from the second floor and roof area on all sides. Basement access is on the D-Delta side. I need Truck 18 (first due) to open the roof over the A-Alpha Quadrant. (Engine 34 continues to stretch their attack line to the fire, provide C.A.N. reports, directs additional actions to units in staging as needed and attacks the fire). First Due Battalion Fire Chief (while responding) – Will monitor acknowledgement of orders from Command. If no acknowledgement from Truck 18, “Battalion 7 to Truck 18, did you copy Command that they want the roof opened up”? First Due Battalion Fire Chief (arrives on the scene) – “Battalion 7 to Command, I have arrived on the scene (ask for an update if necessary), Battalion 7 is assuming the “Main Street” Command.” Defensive Operation First arriving Company Officer – “Engine 34 is on the scene with a corrected address of 1234 Main Street NW, on the A-Alpha side of a two-story, middle of the row house, ordinary construction, 20 x 40, with heavy fire showing from all floors and through the roof. Engine 34 will be operating in the defensive mode and is establishing the “Main Street” Command; the command post is located on Side A at the rear of Engine 34.” “Command to the units responding, this will be a defensive operation. Company Officers are to establish and remain clear of the collapse zone.” First Due Battalion Fire Chief (while responding) – “I copy Engine 34. Attention all units, Engine 34 has established the “Main Street” Command, operating in the defensive mode, and the command post is located on Side A at the rear of Engine 34. The Working Fire Dispatch will be requested.” The Battalion Fire Chief shall notify communications that Engine 34 has arrived on the scene, the “Main Street” Command has been established and request the Working Fire Dispatch. This will start the accountability benchmark timer. First Due Battalion Fire Chief (arrives on the scene) – Battalion 7 will assume the “Main Street” Command” face to face with Engine 34. 25 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 5 – Engine Company Operations December 2021 5.1 GENERAL ENGINE COMPANY RESPONSIBILITIES The following Standard Operating Guidelines are to assist in conducting efficient fireground operations. The Incident Commander has the authority to order any Company to deviate from these guidelines. Any unit that will not be able to complete the assigned tasks as directed in the Standard Operating Guidelines must notify Command as soon as it becomes clear that the assigned task will not be completed. A Company that discovers conditions that require immediate action must notify Command that they are performing tasks other than those assigned. A Company may request permission to deviate from their assigned task if they are in better position to accomplish another task. The Company must receive approval from Command before deviating from the SOGs. The primary means of hose line advancement shall be through a doorway. However, if it is necessary to utilize an additional means, such as through a window, over a ladder (portable ground or aerial), a fire escape, hoisting, etc. the company officer shall coordinate through the Incident Commander. Engine companies will operate as one team towards their assigned goals. Generally, engine companies perform rescues by placing their hose-lines in a position to protect search and rescue operations, and/or by extinguishing the fire. 5.2 ASSIGNED DUTIES FOR AN ENGINE COMPANY Company Officer The performance of a Company is the responsibility of the Company Officer who shall ensure that the company operates in a safe and efficient manner. Activate the DVRS and select appropriate antenna. Shall determine the appropriate size and length hose line (Offensive Strategy). Shall determine the appropriate heavy-duty device(s) (Defensive Strategy). Monitor members air supply. Assist with advancement of hose line. Wagon Driver Locate a water supply. Locate the apparatus on side A or C as determined by the position due or by pre-plan. Assist with the advancement of hose lines. Ensure activation of DVRS and appropriate antenna selection. Charge appropriate lines, including standpipe and sprinkler systems as ordered. Monitor pump and apparatus operation. Place portable ladders as needed or appropriate. Monitor apparatus radio for orders. Remain with apparatus, unless otherwise directed by Command. 26 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 5 – Engine Company Operations December 2021 Line Position Advance the appropriate size and length hose line. Operate hose line. Perform all tasks assigned by Company officer. Layout Position Lay supply line when ordered. Connect hydrant valve to hydrant. Charge supply line when ordered. Report to Wagon Driver and assist if needed. Assist in advancing hose line, by flaking out hose, removing kinks, and backing up the line position. Report to the company officer with additional equipment (standpipe rack, hook, etc.). Engine companies will operate as one team in one location while inside a structure. Command will be notified of problems that may prevent or delay the initial hose line from getting in service. Advancing Hose Lines The Company Officer may take advantage of other Wagons that might be in better locations than their own, with the notification of the Wagon Driver of the other Company. The 3rd due and the 4th due Engine Company may stretch a hose line from the 1st due or 2nd due Engine. Engine Companies advancing a second hose line off apparatus that is already operating an attack line must ensure that a constant water supply for the original Company is established. If the 3rd or 4th due Engine Company advances a hose line from their respective apparatus, their primary responsibility is still to ensure that the 1st or 2nd due Engine Company’s supply line (continuous water supply) is charged prior to their (back-up) hose line. Fire Department Connections – Standpipe and Sprinkler Systems It is the responsibility of the 1st and 2nd due Engine Companies to supply buildings containing standpipe or sprinkler systems with a positive water supply. The Companies will hook up to the system and charge the systems if there are indications of fire, or when ordered. If Companies are unable to supply their assigned sprinkler or standpipe connections, Command must be notified as soon as possible. In some cases, the 3rd and 4th due Engine Companies may be in a better position to complete the charging of the buildings suppression system(s). Company Officers of these units shall notify Command when appropriate. Back Up Lines Initial attack lines will be supported by back up lines. The backup line provides protection for the initial attack crew and is an assurance of a constant water supply should the first line burst or should other problems arise. Under no circumstance will the back-up line impede the progress of 27 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 5 – Engine Company Operations December 2021 the initial hose line and crew. This can be accomplished by “backing-up” the initial hose line from the floor-below (if fire is located on the second-floor of a single family home) or in the front yard (if fire is located on the first-floor of a single-family home). If a fire necessitates more than one hose line to operate in a specific area, Command shall give the order for a “second hose line” to move-in and assist. 5.3 The Engine Company providing a backup line will assist the initial attack crew by performing whatever tasks are needed to ensure the initial hose line is in position and operating effectively. When hose lines are not advancing and conditions are deteriorating, back out. Never pass or operate above a fire without having assurance that the fire below is being attacked. Keep the interior stairs clear to allow egress for Companies operating above. WATER SUPPLY Engine Companies shall slow their response as they approach the scene in order to effectively locate a water supply. The unit shall announce over the assigned tactical channel the location from which they have laid a supply line, or if they have their own hydrant. An Engine Company must be able to connect to the hydrant with their soft sleeve (40-feet or less) in order to declare that they have their own hydrant. Engine Companies special called on alarms for water supply shall stage at the pre-determined location and will be given specific directions by Command or his/her designee. Proper terminology shall be used when the Company Officer is reporting their method of securing a water supply. The acceptable description of such shall be: “Engine 35 is laying out from __________” “Engine 35 is split laying from __________” “Engine 35 is reverse laying from _________” “Engine 35 has their-own hydrant at __________” No other terminology shall be permitted. **Engine Companies operating on the fire ground will immediately notify Command of any water supply problems. 5.4 2 ½” HOSELINE OPERATIONS Upon arrival, the Company Officer has the responsibility to select the appropriate size and length hose line for the conditions present. If it is decided that a 2 ½” hose line is necessary, consideration shall be given to requesting another Engine Company assist with advancement. 5.5 HEAVY-DUTY OPERATIONS Incident Commanders and Company Officers shall recognize and forecast the potential for heavyduty operations throughout any incident. This can be accomplished by evaluating fire conditions, structural integrity, building construction types and resources present (critical factors). The 28 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 5 – Engine Company Operations December 2021 strategy for these types of incidents will be defensive in nature and the appropriate devices shall be selected. Engine companies shall lay dual supply lines if they suspect an incident will require heavy-duty devices. If an Engine Company secures their own hydrant or is supplying dual supply lines, a heavy hook-up shall be made. Laying dual supply lines and performing a heavy hook-up initially allows for full use of the available water supply and greater flexibility for supplying heavy-duty devices. Group and Division Supervisors are responsible for conducting a roll call, and for confirming that all Companies are out of the building before Command may allow the use of heavy-duty devices. The only exception is when using the Fallback Position to shelter Companies operating in a fireresistive or non-combustible building. Command must coordinate the evacuation or sheltering of personnel with the companies providing the master streams. Heavy-Duty Devices A heavy-duty device is defined as any hose line or appliance capable of flowing 325 gallons perminute or greater and operating on the exterior of the fire building (out of the collapse zone). Any deviation of this shall be at the discretion of the Incident Commander. Heavy-duty streams are most effective when applied through windows and played off of the ceiling. The following are considered heavy-duty devices: 5.6 2 ½” hose line with a 1 ¼ tip (325 GPM). Wagon Pipe Monitor Nozzle (Engine and Truck Company) Aerial Ladder Bed Pipe Aerial Ladder Pipe Assembly Aerial Platform (Tower) LONG-LENGTH ATTACK HOSELINES AND GUIDELINES FOR EXTENDING A long-length attack hose line shall be defined as any attack hose line that is longer than 250’. Upon arrival, if it is anticipated that an attack hose line longer than 400’ is necessary to fulfill the Engine Companies responsibilities (fire attack, back-up, exposures, etc.), members shall utilize a leader line (2 ½” or 3” hose line) for the initial stretch from the Wagon. When possible, connection of the 1 ½” attach hose line to the 2 ½” or 3” leader line shall be completed with a 2 ½” to 1 ½” reducer. This will ensure that a shut-off or gate valve (play-pipe or appliance) does not inadvertently compromise the flow of water. If there is a shut-off or gate valve between the leader line and the 1 ½” hose line, it must be properly secured open prior to the crew advancing into the IDLH atmosphere. This shall be done utilizing a utility rope or short webbing. In the event that the leader line concept was not initially utilized and a 350’ 1 ½” attack hose line needs to be extended, the overall attack hose line made-up entirely of 1 ½” may not exceed 400’. 29 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 6 – Truck Company Operations December 2021 6.1 GENERAL TRUCK COMPANY RESPONSIBILITIES Truck Company operations entail many roles and responsibilities that support the overall suppression and rescue efforts on the fireground. Tasks must be prioritized and completed accordingly. The Truck Company Officer shall assure that the exterior of any fire building and/or exposure buildings are the main priority. This requires the entire crew to effectively place portable ground ladders, perform coordinated ventilation, provide means of egress and the removal of security devices (bars/gates, etc.). All members must understand their respective assignments and be capable of utilizing their experience, training, and judgment to handle the emergency incident. Preparation and discipline are paramount in assuring a successful truck company operation. 6.2 DUTIES OF THE TRUCK COMPANY The primary responsibilities of the Truck Company are as follows: Rescue – obvious in nature, such as victims at windows Forcible entry Ladder Placement Priority of ladder placement: 1. 2. 3. 4. Fire Floor Floor Above Top Floor Roof Priority of ladder placement on confirmed rooftop fires: 1. Roof 2. Floor Below Roof 3. Other Areas Adjacent to the Operation Ventilation Search Utility Control Overhaul Salvage The Officer-In-Charge of the Truck Company and Truck Driver are both responsible for the proper placement of the apparatus to insure accessibility in the placement of the aerial ladder. If the Officer is not with the Truck, it is the responsibility of the Truck Driver to position the Truck properly. 30 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 6 – Truck Company Operations December 2021 Members of a Truck Company are expected to think as individuals, work as a team, and be prepared to initiate any task that is necessary. The Truck Officer will maintain communication with the Roof Team throughout the incident. Truck Company operations on fires are divided into two (2) main categories: 1. Low-rise (four floors or less) and 2. High-rise (five or more floors) The occupancy and use of the structure will also require some special considerations. 6.3 RESCUE Truck Companies have the ability to effect the rescue of trapped occupants, utilizing several options: 6.4 Proper placement of portable ground ladders. Proper placement of the aerial ladder/tower. Removal of smoke via coordinated ventilation efforts. Performing an interior search. Initiating VEIS (Vent, Enter, Isolate, Search). VEIS – VENT-ENTER-ISOLATE-SEARCH In unusual instances where traditional means of egress are blocked, members of a Truck Company may utilize the Vent-Enter-Isolate-Search technique. This can provide an alternate means to remove victims from the IDLH atmosphere. Companies using this technique shall gather as much pertinent information as possible, if it is reported that a trapped occupant is located in a specific area. Because VEIS is significantly different from normal search and rescue techniques, the use of this technique will be directed by the Company Officer with notification to the Incident Commander and will include the exact location where the members will be operating. Vent – The member places a ladder (portable ground ladder or aerial) in a position for rescue. Prior to ascending the ladder, the member shall have on full personal protective equipment and be utilizing SCBA. Once at the tip of the ladder (entry to structure), the member shall perform horizontal ventilation by removing all glass and window components. VEIS uses exterior windows, so crews should be extremely careful to not enter pre-flashover environments. Opening windows for VEIS will change fire behavior and crews should be cognizant of the rapidly changing fire environment. Enter – Prior to entry, the member shall sound the floor, utilizing a hand tool. If in possession of a Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC), scan the vicinity for victims, room layout, identify hazards and temperatures. The second member of the team will ascend ladder and maintain contact with the member performing the search from the outside. Isolate – Upon entry, it is imperative that the member immediately identify the doorway leading into the room and close it. This will provide for isolation from fire elements. 31 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 6 – Truck Company Operations December 2021 Search – The member shall perform a systematic search of the room in a primary fashion. At no point shall the member exit the room via the closed doorway. Once the search is completed, the member shall exit the window originally entered (via the ladder). Upon completion, the Incident Commander will be notified of the results of the search and that they have left the IDLH atmosphere. 6.5 VENTILATION One of the Truck Company’s primary responsibilities is to provide ventilation. Efficient ventilation assists operating crews with the relief needed to perform search/rescue operations and fire extinguishment. Truck Company ventilation efforts shall always be coordinated with Engine Company operations. Performing ventilation without a properly placed (and charged) hose line will result in the rapid spread of fire, potentially endangering the lives of occupants and firefighters. If it is anticipated that Engine Companies will be delayed in their arrival to a working structural fire, Truck Company Officers shall assure that ventilation efforts are not prematurely initiated. This shall include, but not limited to, leaving windows intact, controlling doors, delaying vertical/horizontal ventilation, etc. It is commonly found that there is a delay in the timely placement of a charged hose line to fires involving basements and high-rise buildings. In these circumstances, ventilation will be delayed until a charged hose line is in-place and capable of effectively advancing into the fire area. This will require discipline by all members on the fireground. The Incident Commander will ultimately be responsible for recognizing when these situations are present and give orders accordingly. 6.6 POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) is a tactical operation that must be used only when favorable conditions exist. Improper use of PPV can lead to accelerated fire spread, the extension of hidden fire, and the endangerment of occupants and firefighters. All requests for the use of PPV shall be directed to the Incident Commander. The Incident Commander must assess all conditions affecting the use of PPV prior to the implementation of PPV. Command will consider fire conditions, building construction, and life hazard before granting permission to begin PPV. The Incident Commander or Ventilation Group Supervisor shall coordinate the location of PPV Fans and the exhaust outlet locations during the PPV operation. The Incident Commander or Ventilation Group Supervisor shall monitor the effects of PPV by requesting reports from different location throughout the building (Divisions, Groups or Roof Team). Truck Company Officers or the Ventilation Group Supervisor shall update Command at 10- 32 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 6 – Truck Company Operations December 2021 minute intervals during the operation of PPV. PPV shall be continued until the completion of interior operations including salvage and overhaul activities. 6.7 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ASSIGNED MEMBERS The Company Officer is ultimately responsible for assuring the overall safety, efficiency and performance of the Truck Company. Recommendations or orders shall be promptly made as conditions dictate. When deviation from the Standard Operating Guidelines is necessary, it shall be approved and communicated to all responding companies through the Incident Commander. Outside Team The Outside Team shall consist of the Company Officer, Bar position and Hook position and are responsible for the following: Placement of portable leaders to provide secondary paths of egress. Performing outside, coordinated horizontal ventilation. Removing gates, security bars, boards, etc. in area of operation. Forcing entry to exterior doors when necessary. When the outside duties assigned above are completed, the outside team may move inside together to complete the following tasks: Forcing entry to interior doors when necessary. Searching for victims in the fire area or assigned area of responsibility. Performing ventilation, overhaul and salvage in area of operation. Assuring the isolation/control of utilities as appropriate. Company Officer Responsible for the performance of the Company and to ensure that the company operates in a safe and efficient manner. Prioritizes and coordinates Company operations. Utilize the Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) or assign its operation to the Bar position. Work with Bar and Hook positions as Outside Team. Monitoring air supply. Bar Position Works with Officer and Hook as a member of the Outside Team. Shall carry a Halligan Bar and a Flat-Headed Axe (Or Sledgehammer) at a minimum. When encountering buildings with suspected metal doors and metal frames, shall also carry a Hydra-Ram. If assigned by the Company Officer, shall operate with the Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC). 33 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 6 – Truck Company Operations December 2021 Hook Position Works with Officer and Bar as a member of the Outside Team. Shall carry a 6-foot ceiling hook, unless building attributes require a ceiling hook of a different length. Bring two-hooks as to expedite the process of checking for extension. Roof Team Responsibilities Truck Driver Locates the apparatus as determined by SOG’s or as directed by the Incident Commander. Places aerial ladder or ground ladders in position to make rescues or to gain access to the roof. Works with the Tillerman as part of Roof Team. Tillerman Assists with positioning the apparatus. Places aerial ladder or ground ladders in position to make rescues or to gain access to the roof. Works with the Truck Driver as part of the Roof Team. Roof Team Assures coordinated ventilation efforts (including use of PPV fans). Opens hatches, skylights and bulkheads. Checks rear and sides of the building. Vents top floor windows when applicable. Notify command when these activities are completed (or that they were unable to be completed). Top floor, attic and cockloft fires: Cut roof opening directly over the fire location (4’ x 4’) Enlarge opening to 4’x 8’ if conditions dictate. Make trench cuts as necessary to limit fire spread. Gives a report to the Truck Company Officer or Vent Group Supervisor. Reports directly to Command if unusual conditions are found. Places lights and fans in service. Notify command when these activities are completed (or that they were unable to be completed). 34 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 6 – Truck Company Operations December 2021 6.8 ROOF OPERATIONS The quickest and most efficient accessibility to the roof area depends on the height of the involved building. During fires involving the 4th floor or below, the aerial ladder is the optimal choice. Alternatively, fires involving high rise buildings may require access via an interior stairwell. This is especially true when dealing with fires in the upper floors of a high-rise building, where the aerial ladder is placed to the fire floor. The Incident Commander should consider designating a “Roof Division” when personnel are operating in this area. Roof Team The Roof Team shall consist of at least two-members, due to the importance of safety and efficiency. Each member operating on the roof shall wear full personal protective equipment and SCBA. If there is any doubt as to the stability of the roof, members shall notify the Incident Commander immediately. The Incident Commander shall also make prompt notification to interior crews and determine if building evacuation is warranted. The roof team shall ensure that they remain cognizant of the roof terrain, roof edge, egress points and attached exposures, especially in conditions of decreased visibility. The roof team shall maintain two points of egress while operating. If members of the Roof Team anticipate the need for a charged hose line on the roof, they shall deploy a line while advancing to the roof or request an Engine Company via the Incident Commander. Roof Team Reports Size-up information and CAN reports from the Roof Team are a valuable asset to the Incident Commander and the successful outcome of an incident. Examples of Roof Team Reports: Obvious rescues unseen from the exterior sides. Fire, smoke and stability conditions on the roof. Roof construction type. If no size-up given for the C-Charlie side, provide this from the roof vantage. Construction features that are unseen from the exterior sides (light shaft, center courtyard). Requests for additional resources. Roof loads, such as large HVAC or utilities. When ventilation efforts cannot be completed. When natural ventilation is completed (hatches, skylights, scuttles and vents). When ventilation efforts are complete. 35 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 7 – Fireground Search Requirements and Rescue Squad Operations Operations December 2021 7.1 FIREGROUND SEARCH REQUIREMENTS A primary search will be completed during all offensive firefighting operations unless otherwise directed by the Incident Commander. A secondary search shall be completed at all structure fire incidents after the fire is under control. The primary search is a rapid and systematic search of the building for victims during the initial stages of firefighting. A secondary search will follow the primary search and is considered a series of ongoing search activities until the entire building is cleared. The secondary search will not be considered completed until the following actions have been completed: a. All areas of the building have been searched after the building has been completely cleared of smoke or any other condition that impairs the vision of rescue personnel. b. Areas of debris that have the potential to conceal victims have been searched. c. All stairwells have been searched top to bottom. d. All elevators have been searched. e. Roof areas have been searched that are accessible to occupants and that could provide an area of refuge not visible from the ground. f. All other spaces have been searched where victims could be anticipated to seek refuge. g. The welfare of all occupants that may have sheltered in place is verified. This will include occupants on all floors of the affected building, including the floors below. When the structural integrity of a building prohibits the completion of secondary search where victims could be present, the Incident Commander will utilize structural collapse search guidelines including the use of canine search assets when appropriate. 7.2 RESCUE SQUAD OPERATIONS The primary responsibility of the Rescue Squad is to perform search and rescue operations on all structural fires. Duties of the Rescue Squad Rescue Squad apparatus shall position at a location that does not impede the access of additional responding Companies or obstruct the visibility of the Incident Commander. May be assigned to the Rescue Group with the Officer of the Rescue Squad as the Rescue Group Supervisor. Responsible for the completion and/or coordination of primary and secondary searches unless otherwise assigned by the Incident Commander. 36 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 7 – Fireground Search Requirements and Rescue Squad Operations Operations December 2021 The Rescue Squad Officer will develop a Search and Rescue Plan, that will consider: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Location and extent of the fire Placement and anticipated effectiveness of hose lines Type of construction and occupancy Number and location of entrances and egresses Location or anticipated location of the most endangered entrapped victims. Prioritizing areas that have not been searched by other units. Need for specialized tools or skills. The Rescue Squad Officer shall implement rope assisted search procedures when dictated by building lay-out and configuration. This may also be directed by the Incident Commander when appropriate. The Rescue Squad Officer shall request additional resources if the Rescue Size-up indicates that available resources may be inadequate for the completion of assigned tasks. The Rescue Squad Officer directs members to their operational locations; usually the members will be divided into two teams of two. One team assigned to the floor above and one team assigned to the fire floor. The Rescue Squad driver remains flexible to assist with logistical needs of specialized tools. The rescue squad driver will immediately assist with the removal of security bars, roll down doors/gates, etc. The rescue size-up is an on-going process, as the fireground is a fluid, constantly changing situation. The Rescue Squad Officer or Command may direct members to a specific location as situations arise and dictate. The Rescue Group Supervisor shall give pertinent updates regarding: Status of progress. Primary and Secondary search results Requests for additional personnel or equipment. The location of where a victim is being removed to and if they will require medical treatment. Upon completion of search and rescue operations, the Rescue Squad shall immediately make themselves available to be reassigned at the discretion of the Incident Commander. 37 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 8 – Local Alarms December 2021 8.1 LOCAL ALARM OVERVIEW A Local Alarm is any response less than a full Box Alarm Assignment. The Office of Unified Communications (OUC) will dispatch a Triple Local Alarm for the following types of incidents: Odors of Smoke inside a building Fire Reported Out Contained Appliance Fires Electrical Shorts Conditions on the arrival of the first fire unit may indicate that additional resources will be needed. Company officers are to ensure that they give complete size-ups, including a request for additional units, or additional Alarms if warranted by conditions on arrival. Company officers are responsible for the safety of the members of their Company, including requiring the appropriate use of PPE, including SCBA, if necessary. 8.2 Triple Local Alarms (Non-Natural Gas Leaks) – 3 Engines, 1 Truck and BFC First Due Engine Company Positions on the address side of the structure, Side A-Alpha. Gives a complete size-up, including layout and establishes Command. Stretches a hose line to the seat of the fire. May be assigned by Command to either a Division or to the Attack Group. Second Due Engine Company Positions in the rear or opposite the address side, Side C-Charlie. Gives a complete size-up. Verifies the conditions in the basement and notifies Command. Advises Command of the status of utilities. After checking the basement, they will request an assignment from Command. Command may assign the 2nd due to back up the 1st due Engine Company with a second hose line, cover the floor(s) above the fire, cover an exposure or any other task assigned. Third Due Engine Company Stages in line of approach so that they may complete the water supply for the 1st or 2nd due Engine Company. Command may assign them to back up the 1st due Engine Company with a second hose line, cover the floor(s) above the fire, cover an exposure or any other task assigned. 38 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 8 – Local Alarms December 2021 Truck Company 8.3 Positions on the address side of the structure, Side A-Alpha. Gives a complete size-up if arriving first on the scene and establishes Command or provides an updated size-up if additional information is evident on their arrival. Places portable ground ladder(s) to Side A-Alpha as outlined in the Truck Company Operations SOG’s. Places portable ground ladder(s) to Sides B-Bravo, C-Charlie, and D-Delta as outlined in the Truck Company Operations SOG’s. Enters the building with tools and meters appropriate for the type of incident. Places aerial ladder in position for rescues. o If no rescues are to be made, or rescues are being covered by portable ground ladders, place aerial ladder for access to the roof. Forces entry through exterior and interior doors. Coordinates ventilation, both vertical and horizontal, with attacking Engine Companies. Searches for victims in their assigned area after outside duties are complete. Is responsible for the control of utilities. Will be assigned by Command to a Division, Group, or Branch when appropriate. Is responsible for overhaul and salvage. Response to Residential Automatic Fire Alarms, Activated Smoke Detectors and Alarm Bells (Local Alarm System – not monitored) Engine Company Responsibilities Positions on the address side of the structure, Side A-Alpha. Gives a complete size-up. Locates and utilizes the buildings fire suppression system annunciator panel. Investigates and mitigates problem. If incident escalates, requests additional resources and follow the SOG for applicable structure. Response to Commercial Automatic Fire Alarms Engine Company Responsibilities Positions on the address side of the structure, Side A-Alpha. Gives a complete size-up Investigates and mitigates problem. If incident escalates, requests additional resources and follow the SOG for applicable structure. 39 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 8 – Local Alarms December 2021 Truck Company Responsibilities Positions on the address side of the structure, Side A-Alpha. Gives a complete size-up if arriving first on the scene, or up-date size-up if additional information is evident on their arrival. Enters the building with tools and meters appropriate for the type of incident. Forces entry through exterior and interior doors. Coordinates ventilation, both vertical and horizontal, with the Engine Company. Searches for victims in their assigned area. Controls utilities. 40 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 9 – Structural Fire Overview December 2021 9.1 STRUCTURAL FIRE OVERVIEW With the studies conducted by Underwriter’s laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the ATF regarding Modern Fire Behavior, it is critical that we include the results of these studies into our everyday operations. One commonly unknown fact about these studies is that they originated in the District of Columbia, after the tragic firefighter fatalities/injuries at 3146 Cherry Road, NE (Box Alarm 6178). The science behind these studies cannot be ignored. The results of multiple tests have supported what we have already known for years that ventilation must be coordinated with fire attack (water application to the seat of the fire). In short, modern fuel in homes and occupancies is much different than in the past when reacting to fire. These fuels (modern) release energy at a rate of 5 to 10 times faster than older traditional (legacy) fuels. What this mean is that fires will reach flashover much quicker than in the past (without the quick application of water to absorb the heat). Additionally, newer construction techniques with superior insulation qualities are causing fires to reach the decay stage (smoldering) prior to flashing over before our arrival. This situation is referred to as a ventilation limited fire which means the building has fuel/heat and only needs air to reach the fully developed stage (Flashover). This phenomenon can occur as quickly as 60-90 seconds when failing to apply water to the seat of the fire. Additionally, these studies show that ventilation without the application of water will increase the heat release rate of modern fuels (Furnishings) which in simple terms means the fire will get bigger. With this knowledge in mind, we must reconsider our operations on the fire ground. The two results of this testing that are contradictory to what we have traditionally thought is that ventilation will relieve smoke and heat (without water application) and that hose stream application will push fire. Ventilation without water application will increase the heat release rate of modern fuels and thereby increase the volume of fire. With this in mind, ventilation shall always be performed simultaneously with water application. Any delay in water application shall cause the companies to delay ventilation until a hose line is in place and capable of flowing water. All Chief/Company Officers and Firefighters should anticipate this. Ventilation MUST be controlled whenever necessary. The second misconception is that water applied to a fire from an exterior position will “push” the fire. It is true that if a fog steam is aggressively rotated, it will entrain air and create a current. This will certainly affect the movement of heat and gases. However, a straight or solid stream applied without rotating the nozzle will not contribute to fire spread. While the department and these Standard Operating Guidelines are not advocating for exterior stream application on arrival, there are times that application from the exterior will quickly solve the incident problems. Examples of such situations could be utilizing a “Flanking” tactic, suppressing fire during a MAYDAY situation, entry into a structure that is significantly delayed or a large volume of fire on arrival where exposures are compromised. The results of these studies and their application to our everyday operations are simply summarized as never delay applying water to the fire, ventilate only when water is ready to be flowed and control all openings such as window, doors and roofs. Our current standard operational guidelines place a heavy emphasis on these considerations. 41 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 9 – Structural Fire Overview December 2021 Operations at the scene of emergencies differ depending on the type of structure involved, the type of problem, and the location of the incident in the structure. RECEO, an acronym for Rescue, Exposure Protection, Confinement, Extinguishment, and Overhaul, is a general blueprint for emergency operations. These functions, in the order listed, along with salvage and ventilation, are the priorities that should be considered to successfully mitigate fire situations. RECEO assists in focusing on the order priority of actions that should be taken, often in exact order, but most times the activities of units will be addressing the tasks simultaneously. All personnel shall assist in the mitigation of the emergency by completing their assigned duties in the best manner possible. Assigned duties are designed for the efficient and effective operation of a Company performing a tactical operation within the overall strategic plan to complete the mission. Although it is imperative to follow this model during structural fire incidents, It should be understood that quickly and efficiently applying water to the base of the fire area(s) is a factor in addressing each of the following benchmarks. When at all possible, water to the fire shall never be delayed, unless extenuating circumstances prohibit such operations. All Companies shall work through the priorities that present themselves at the scene of the incident, guided by RECEO. R – Trapped occupants are always our number one priority. If this situation presents itself, companies shall immediately facilitate the rescue of those individuals. The Companies shall direct their attention to the task and their tactics should represent that mission. Engine Companies generally perform rescues by placing a hose line in-service between the fire and the occupants, or by extinguishing the fire. E – The protection of exposures can be in the form of any surrounding structural area and attached occupancies. If the structure is fully involved with fire, then the possibility of any rescue attempt is unlikely. Therefore, our mission requires the protection of the most property as possible. Tactics should be directed to protecting property outside the building and inside. The protection of exposures goes hand-in-hand with confinement. C – The placement of the first hose line shall be decided with confinement as the determining factor. The proper location of a hose line can protect lives and property from the impingement of fire. Also, the confinement of the fire protects the rest of the structure allowing fire personnel to operate safely during search and rescue operations. E – The quick extinguishment of the fire directly addresses the mission. The extinguishment of the fire allows units to operate safely and search the structure while protecting the unburned property. O – The overhaul operations will find any hidden fire that threatens the structure from unseen locations therefore protecting the property from fire extension. 42 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 9 – Structural Fire Overview December 2021 9.2 STAIRWAY GUIDELINES Stairways serve many critical functions during a fire. These critical functions are especially true in single-family dwellings and other buildings, which have only one unenclosed stairway. Stairways: Usually provide the quickest and safest access route to upper floors. Provide a path of egress for the removal of victims. Serve as a route of egress or access for firefighters to lower safe location when fire conditions make the upper floor(s) untenable Conversely, when the stairways are blocked with firefighters and /or equipment, rapid access to upper floors is lost, routes for removal of victims are gone, and if deteriorating fire conditions force units at the seat of the fire to retreat, they may be prevented from doing so, resulting in burns or even death. Members should not stop or congregate on stairs. Incident commanders will exercise control in assigning units assigned to upper floors and units will maintain control of stairwells for egress and access. To prevent stairways from being blocked the following guidelines will be adhered to: Fire conditions. As an example, if the fire appears or has been reported to involve one room, in most instances, one line can be used to knock the fire down and a second line can be positioned a safe distance back to be advanced only if the first line experiences trouble, has inadequate flow for knockdown, or the fire is or has spread to other rooms or floors. Size of the building. Generally, a typical row or single-family detached dwelling cannot safely accommodate more than the interior personnel from the first-due and back-up engine, first truck, and the rescue squad. Consider staging back-up lines on the floor below, when applicable. Those lines will only advance to upper floor(s) if needed. If the size of the building is large and / or the fire has possession of or is extending to other parts / rooms units, additional units can be deployed to those locations along with specific instructions regarding where they are to operate. If the volume of fire exceeds the knockdown capability of the initial lines, larger diameter lines should be a consideration. Company officers will be also be held accountable for the actions of their unit that cause stairways to be blocked. To assist in alleviating blockages on stairways, company officers will adhere to the following guidelines. Units assigned to provide a back-up line will take all necessary actions to assist the company they are backing up with getting the first hose line into operation at the seat of the fire or between the fire and occupants before placing their hose line into operation. 43 Standard Operating Guidelines – Structural Firefighting Chapter 9 – Structural Fire Overview December 2021 9.3 ▪ Members will not be positioned on stairways in a stationary position unless they are assisting with advancing a hose line forward or performing a task that necessitates they be positioned on the stairs. ▪ When units have been assigned to the upper floors, they will not advance up the stairs unless and until they