Copy of Information Technology EOY_CSEC .pdf

Grade 10 EOY TOPICS *Everything that has been covered since September up until now* Spreadsheets Terms (equal sign, column, row, cell, cell address, labels, values autofill, merge and center, formula, functions (from SUM to IF, VLOOKUP), range, Relative and Ab...

Grade 10 EOY TOPICS *Everything that has been covered since September up until now* Spreadsheets Terms (equal sign, column, row, cell, cell address, labels, values autofill, merge and center, formula, functions (from SUM to IF, VLOOKUP), range, Relative and Absolute cell address) Sorting, Filters, Advanced Filtering Creating Charts , Pivot Tables Computer Fundamentals (Input, Processing Storage and Output) Study each component individually as well. Software: System (OS and Utility) and Application Software (General Purpose to Integrated) User Interface Database Management (Database Terminologies-Database, field/Attribute/Column, Tuple/Row/record, DBMS, primary key, file/Relationships/Table, queries.) File Organization Trouble Shooting Computer Specification Information Processing (Processing Modes, Data Validation and Verification) Document types: turnaround document, human-readable and machine-readable forms Computer Networks and Web Technologies Word Processing- Editing and formatting features automatic table of contents mail merge Information Technology EOY/CSEC NOTES (grade 10 – grade 11) Janine Williams  COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS – COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in a secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse. A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and information. ADVANTAGES OF USING A COMPUTER: Increase your productivity; Easy to enter data; Processing information quickly; Information can be stored; Sorts and organizes information DISADVANTAGES OF USING A COMPUTER: Can affect a person’s health/Social Isolation; Reduction in employment opportunities; Increased Cyber Crimes/Security concerns; Increased dependency on computers; Learning curve; Dependence on Electricity DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF INFO TECH: Information Technology is a vast and inclusive field that focuses on the use of computers, software, networks, and electronic systems to manage and process data, information, and knowledge. SCOPE OF I.T: Finance (mattress → bank account; piggybank → bank account; partnership → investment account) Communication (Letters → email/gmail; Verbal communication → facetime, call, voice note) Education (typewriters → laptops; stones → calculators, spreadsheets; books → ebooks; boards → projectors and smartboards) Security (dog → alarm; lock & key → code; human resources → cameras) Business/Commerce (barter improved to e-commerce/online business) Entertainment (sticks & stones → app games; dancing → hand games; hand games → app games; painting → apps [ibis paint X, procreate]) Research (library → google; field trips → AI stimulation) Healthcare (bush tea, herbs, exercise → steroids/drugs, gym; no alternative to rest) F C E S B E R H T T BERES THCFT Transportation (donkey → car; walking → car/bicycle/GPS/maps) Tourism (Flyers → websites, social media; Verbal communication → websites, social media)  Input in the form of data is entered into the computer and the data is then processed by the CPU into output in the form of information. The data is put into the computer using input devices, processed (data converted to information) and can either be stored or turned into output and then the information is sent back to us as a hardcopy and or softcopy by output devices. There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input, Processing, Memory, Output, Storage. INPUT – Any information or data sent to a computer for processing is considered input. An Input Device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allows you to interact with and control it.. (Joystick, Keyboard, Mouse) Manual Entry – Manual Input Devices requires the user to transfer data to the computer themselves. Examples of Manual Data Entry includes: Keyboard/Keypad Mouse Microphone Touch Sensitive Devices (Touch screen, touch pad) Direct Data Entry – A direct data entry device can transfer information automatically from a document to the computer- such as a form or barcode. Examples Include: Barcode Reader OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) OCR (Optical Character Recognition) MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) OUTPUT – Any information that is displayed, projected, sent out from a computer or other electronic device is considered output. Examples of Output include sound emitted from speakers and visuals projected by a computer monitor (Projector, Speaker, Monitor, Headphones, Printer). An output device is any hardware device that is used to display or output information. Laser Printer​– A laser printer is a type of printer that utilizes a laser beam to produce high-quality text and graphics on paper. Ink-jet Printer​– An inkjet printer is a type of printer that sprays tiny droplets of ink onto paper to create text or images. Dot matrix​– Dot matrix printers are a type of impact printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires and typically uses a print head that moves back and forth or in an up-and-down motion on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper. Thermal printer​– A thermal printer is a type of printer that generates images by heating thermal paper or other media, which causes a reaction in the paper coating to create the desired output.  Plotter​– A plotter is a type of printer that is used to produce high-quality, large-scale drawings or graphics. Projector​– A projector is a device that projects an image onto a surface, such as a screen or wall, for viewing by an audience Headphones​– Headphones are a pair of small speakers worn over the ears, connected to a device such as a smartphone, computer, or audio player, to listen to audio privately. Monitor​– A monitor is a display screen used to output visual information from a computer or other electronic device. ​ There are two types of output. Soft Copy Output : Or temporary output refers to information displayed on a screen or in audio or voice form through speakers. Examples of soft copy output devices are monitors, speakers, and projectors Hard Copy Output : Or permanent output refers to output printed onto paper or on other material form. Examples of hard copy output devices are printers and plotters. Processing is the transformation of the input data to a more meaningful form (information) in the CPU. The central processing unit (CPU) is the component which manipulates the data/instruction entered. The two fundamental sections are: Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit Memory (immediate access storage) is the temporary holding space for data and instructions. There are two types of memory: ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory) Storage is where data is permanently kept on your computer. A storage device records and retrieves items to and from a storage medium. Examples: USB ports, CD drives, DVD drives, floppy disk drives A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer keeps data instructions and information. Examples: Floppy diskettes, thumb drives, CDs, DVDs CATEGORIES OF SECONDARY STORAGE MAGNETIC STORAGE: storage of data on a magnetized medium (Floppy Disks, Hard Disks, Magnetic Tape). - Hard disks are thin but rigid metal platters covered with a substance that allows data to be stored as magnetized spots. The term hard is used to distinguish it from a soft, or floppy disk. Hard disks hold more data and are faster than floppy disks. - A Floppy Disk is a removable, flexible plastic disk, coated with a magnetisable material. The disk is to protect it from dust and grease. Floppy disks are not widely used as they were years ago because of their durability and low storage capacity. - Magnetic tape is an external storage device that can be used for making copies of audio, video, and data. OPTICAL STORAGE: any storage type in which data is written and read with a laser (CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory), CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable), CD-RW (Compact Disc Rewritable), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc/Digital Video Disc))  - CD uses laser technology to store data, information and instructions. The CD can store audio, text, graphics and video. - DVD also uses laser technology to store data, information and instructions. SOLID STATE STORAGE/FLASH MEMORY: computer storage media that stores data electronically and has no moving parts (USB (Universal Serial Bus)Drive/Flash Drive/Jump Drive, Smart Cards - bank card, credit card etc, Flash Memory Cards) - The USB Drive possesses the ability to transfer, retrieve and store files at a fast rate. - A flash memory card is a mini storage medium that uses a flash memory chip to store data. CLOUD: lets you store data with multiple redundancy options, virtually anywhere (DropBox, iCloud, Google Drive, Microsoft One Drive) Storage Media – These are the physical materials or components on which a computer keeps data, information and instructions. A storage medium is also called secondary storage. Primary storage which is also called main memory or immediate access store (IMAS; A group of chips that is located on the motherboard of the computer. There are two types of primary memory: RAM and ROM. RAM IS VOLATILE.On RAM, contents can be accessed (read, write and remove) in any order. RAM is normally used for primary storage in computers to hold active information such as data and programs and is called working memory. ROM IS NON-VOLATILE. On ROM, data is prerecorded. It cannot be removed. ROM chips hold data and instructions necessary for starting up the computer when it is switched on. TYPES OF ROM: PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory. This is acquired as a blank chip. Once the PROM is programmed, the information written is permanent and cannot be erased or deleted. EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This is a type of ROM chip which can be erased and reprogrammed several times. It has to be removed from the computer to be reprogrammed. In order to erase information from EPROM , the chip must be removed from the circuit and exposed to ultraviolet light. EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Similar to EPROM, but can be reprogrammed without removing it from the computer.  UNITS OF STORAGE The basic unit used in computer data storage is called a bit (binary digit). Computers use these little bits, which are composed of ones and zeros, to do various tasks and interact with other computers. BIT- Binary and Digit Calculating Units of Storage: When calculating storage there are a few things to consider. 1. When you are moving from a larger unit to a smaller unit you MULTIPLY (*). When you are moving from smaller to larger you DIVIDE (/). LOCAL AND CLOUD STORAGE Cloud Storage refers to the storage of data on remote servers that can be accessed through the internet. Examples include: Local Storage includes physical hardware kept nearby that is used to store data and information. These include external hard drives, flash drives, CDs etc. Examples:  PROS OF CLOUD STORAGE CONS OF CLOUD STORAGE Accessibility – Users can access their data from Cost/Costs Over Time – While cloud storage can anywhere with an internet connection. This offer cost savings in the short term, the costs can flexibility is particularly valuable for people who accumulate over time, especially as storage need to work or access files on multiple devices or needs grow. from various locations. Collaboration – Many cloud storage services offer Requires Internet connection – Access to cloud collaboration features, allowing multiple users to storage is dependent on a reliable internet access, edit, and share documents in real-time. connection. If the internet is slow or unavailable, it may impede the ability to access or upload data. Disaster Recovery – Cloud storage enhances Security Concerns – In 2014 Dropbox leaked its disaster recovery capabilities by providing off-site customers’ confidential data because of a security data storage. glitch in its systems. PROS OF LOCAL STORAGE CONS OF LOCAL STORAGE The user has complete control over access to your The user has to manually save and back up to files and therefore it is really secure in comparison prevent loss of information to an online storage where you don't know where your data is stored and who has access to your data The data can be accessed easily and quickly The user is completely responsible for the safety of the data The user does not require an internet connection to Takes up more storage space if you store locally access the document. It is more difficult to collaborate with others (e.g. you need to upload on a hosted server and then either send an email or a link to the intended user)  SPREADSHEETS A spreadsheet is a grid of cells organized in rows and columns. Each column is assigned a letter and each row is given a number. They are widely used in finance related tasks such as payroll, budgets and creating financial statements. The primary purpose of a spreadsheet is to organize and categorize data into a logical format. EXAMPLES: Excel, Apple Numbers, Quip, Smartsheet, Google Sheets A row is a group of cells that runs from the left of the page to the right. In Excel, rows are identified by numbers. HORIZONTALLY A column is a group of cells that runs from the top of the page to the bottom. In Excel, columns are identified by letters. VERTICALLY A cell is the intersection of a row and a column. A cell address, or cell reference, is an alphanumeric value used to identify a specific cell in a spreadsheet. A cell range is a group of cells that form a rectangle on the screen. A range is represented by a cell address with a colon in between. Eg:- (B2:B6) Values are numbers that can be used in calculations. Values have an automatic right alignment Labels are other types of data, entered as titles and headings. Text automatically align to the left A worksheet is a collection of cells organized in rows and columns. N.B: Microsoft Excel might show ##### in cells when a column isn't wide enough to show all of the cell contents. WAYS TO ADJUST A COLUMN:  1. To AutoFit column width, select one, several or all columns on the sheet, go to the Home tab > Cells group, and click Format > AutoFit Column Width. To AutoFit row height, select the row(s) of interest, go to the Home tab > Cells group, and click Format > AutoFit Row Height. 2. Put your cursor on the line that makes the column and drag your cursor to adjust the column to your preferred size. A FORMULA is an expression which calculates the value(s) of a cell. All formulae must start with an equal (=) sign. FUNCTIONS are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel. DATE FUNCTION – Used to create a date based on individual components such as year, month, and day. The syntax for the DATE function is: =DATE(year, month, day). For example, to create a date for May 8th, 2023, you would use the following formula: =DATE(2023,5,8) IF FUNCTION – Return one value if a condition is true and another value if it's false. For example: =IF(A2>B2,"Over Budget","OK") =IF(A2=B2,B4-A4,"") PRODUCT FUNCTION – Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product. The formula is =PRODUCT(range). AVERAGE FUNCTION – Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments. The formula is =AVERAGE(A1:A20) COUNT FUNCTION – Used to count all cells that contain values ONLY. If this function is used to count cells that contain alphanumeric values, it will return a zero (0). An example of an alphanumeric value is 123 Silver Close. The format for formulating this function is: =COUNT(range) eg. =COUNT(A4 : A10) COUNTA FUNCTION – Used to count cells that contain labels, values or both. The format for formulating this function is: =COUNTA(range) eg. =COUNTA(A4: A10) COUNTIF FUNCTION – Counts the number of cells in a range that meet a given condition. This function counts labels, values or both. The format for formulating is : =COUNTA(range, “condition”) example =COUNTIF(A4 : A10, “red”) or =COUNTIF(A4:A10, “