Senior High School Social Sciences PDF 2024

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1 The Emergence of the Social Sciences 1 DO_Q1_DISS_GRADE11_MODULE1_LESSONS1-5 RESOURCE TITLE: Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1 Revised Edition, 2024 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Sec: Juan Edgardo “Sonny” M. Angara Undersecretary: Dr. Gina O. Gonong Development Team of the Module Writers: ELIZA T. MAZO Ph.D. REYNOLD P. ALCANTARA ARTEMIO C. ARDEZA JR. DEXTER B. BAGANI ROGERICK F. FERNANDEZ Reviewers: EDNA C. LUCAÑAS-DE JESUS ANALYN D. FABIAN Editors: MARICION T. RUMABUA-SABUG RAQUEL V. ENCIO Illustrator: NATHANIEL D.C. DEL MUNDO Layout Artist: FROILAN R. MAZO RAPHAEL A. LOPEZ LYNET D. DEL PILAR Management Team: Dr. NOEL D. BAGANO, OIC-SDS Dr. ERNEST JOSEPH C. CABRERA, OIC-ASDS Dr. FILMORE R. CABALLERO, CID Chief Dr. MYRON WILLIE III B. ROQUE, EPS-LRMS Dr. EDNA L. LLANERA, PSDS/Division SHS Focal Dr. LEILANIE M. MENDOZA, EPS-Araling Panlipunan Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – National Capital Region – SDO VALENZUELA Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St., Marulas, Valenzuela City Telefax: (02) 292 – 3247 E-mail Address: [email protected] 2 Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text. Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not Put Unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. 3 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences Quarter 1 – Module 1 Lesson 1: Nature and Function of Social Sciences This module was designed and written with you in mind to help you understand the meaning, scope and function of Social Sciences and its different disciplines. This module will address the different learning situations that every learner is facing and use language that recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. This module shall discuss contents related to the following Most Essential Learning Competency: Differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science disciplines with the natural sciences and humanities A. Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. _____ 1. Which of the following is NOT true about Social Science? a. it is the study of society and human behavior b. it includes biology, chemistry and physics c. it may help in alleviating problem and improve lives d. it uses scientific method _____ 2. Who is considered as the “Father of Sociology”? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke _____ 3. “Man by nature is a social animal”. Which of the following best explains this maxim? a. Few people can isolate themselves in society. b. Socialization is part of the human experience. c. Man is in the same hierarchy as animals. d. Man is not God. _____ 4. Laws and institutions are created by fallible human beings therefore being prone to error. This is the main idea behind what philosophical work? a. Karl Marx’s Das Kapital b. John Lockes’s Treatises of Government c. Vico’s New Science d. Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws _____ 5. Which of the following is NOT an example of a perennial social problem? a. love life c. criminality b. poverty d. corruption _____ 6. Modern society is held together by a division of labor that makes individuals dependent upon one another. Who proposed this idea? a. Emile Durkheim c. Montesquieu b. Thomas Hobbes d. John Locke 2 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 _____ 7. Which Philosopher attacked the concept of Patriarchalism and proposed a more civilized society based on natural rights? a. Emile Durkheim c. Montesquieu b. Thomas Hobbes d. John Locke _____ 8. Which of the following is NOT the focus of Social Science? a. Change in human relationship and reinterpretation of present and past events. b. Concerned with the fundamental laws of the material universe c. Basic social systems, institutions and recesses. d. Relationships between individuals and institutions. _____ 9. Who is the philosopher that argued that society developed due to conflict that arose between classes of people? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke _____ 10. Who believes that a government should be ruled by an absolute sovereign? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke B. True /False Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if not. _____ 11. John Locke first coined the term “Sociology”. _____ 12. Social Science is called “hard science” as Natural Science is to “soft science”. _____ 13. Norms are a standard pattern of behavior in society. _____ 14. Humanities focus mostly on the tradition, culture and heritage of the society. _____ 15. Society refers to a group of people who share common culture and territory. Lesson Nature and Function of Social 1 Sciences Social interaction is an inevitable part of our human lives. From the moment that we were conceived by our mothers, to the relationships we build among our family, friends, classmates, teachers and to other people, we were always connecting and communicating with others. As a famous maxim goes, “man is a social animal”. As we grow older, we meet different people, we interact differently to them, and our understanding of human relations and the society we live in becomes more complex. The image on the above is just one typical situation where human interaction happens. But in today’s society, there is an abrupt change in how people behave and interact with one another due to the pandemic. 3 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Directions: Name some changes in the things that you usually do before the pandemic (CoVid 19) and how it differs during the pandemic. Before Pandemic (ECQ/GCQ/Alert Level) During Pandemic (ECQ/GCQ/Alert Level) Many changes occur in our lives brought by this pandemic. That is why it is significant for everybody to understand the behavior and attitude of people in their society, which is the primary concern of the field of Social Science. Directions: Analyze the picture and answer the questions that follow. 1. What do you see in the picture? 2. Imagine you are living on top of the huge building in the middle, how would you describe your surroundings? How about your way of life? 3. How about if you are living on the ground level of the community, how would you describe your surroundings? Your way of life? 4. Is there a difference in how you view your surroundings? What is the reason behind these changes of views? How we see or view our surroundings depends on certain conditions like the amount of light on the surroundings, the time when we look at things, our emotions, beliefs and even the experiences in life we had. This way of perceiving the things we see in our environment is called perspectives. Perspective or point of view is a particular way on how we think and look about something that is mostly based on the knowledge we had as influenced by our beliefs and experience (collinsdictionary.com). Since our views are based on personal experiences and beliefs there is a tendency that how we look at things can be clouded by biases and prejudices as the author Anais Nin puts it “We do not see things as they are, we see things as we are”. To avoid these prejudices in our judgment from happening, we need valid information or facts to support our initial perspective thus, the need to study Social Sciences. 4 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Watch it On-line. Directions: Visit and watch the link below to understand more about Social Science. 1. What are Social Sciences? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXobZMs2IOE 2. What is Social Science? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-g3dYJ2RSw What can you say on the following views on Social Sciences? Social Science explores how people behave, live and view the world. Social Science is the study of society itself Why is there a need to study Social Science? How will it benefit you and the society? Social Science is a major category of academic discipline and a field of science that deals with the study of societies as well as human interactions and relations that took place within society. Social Science basically helps us understand the world through its branches of discipline such as sociology, psychology, history, economics, political science, law, anthropology and geography. Knowledge brought by these disciplines will help students develop the ability to make reasonable decisions and make them a model citizen in a culturally diverse and democratic society (Varia, 2020). The world we live in today is a product of the actions made by people in the past based on the standard norms of the society back then and how we live and behave today may bring significant influence in the future. Social Science focuses on the following: (a) Change in human relationship and reinterpretation between the present and past events, (b) Human activities and spatial distributions an interaction of culture, biological and physical elements, (c) Basic social systems, institutions and recesses, (d) Relationships between individual and institutions; and among political economic and social institutions, and (e) The nature of societies and authors; and the interactions of people with each other and also their social and physical environment. 5 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Social Science, just like any other academic discipline, has developed into the field we know today through various ideas contributed by different philosophers (see timeline below). In the 1700’s the theory of Social Contract emerged as one of the important political theories of our time. It is integral in the growth of Social Science for it shows the relationship established between man and the state. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both argue that man gives up certain rights in order to achieve harmony and progress within the society, and his political and moral obligations depend on the agreement or contract that built the society, thus, a government was formed. But the philosophers differ on the type of governance that the state should embrace. For Hobbes, for the society to survive, authority should be ceded in the hands of the monarchs or the sovereign while Locke argues that to build a civilized society, it should follow the very foundation of the natural rights of man. 6 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Giambattista Vico contributed the idea that man’ history is divided into three ages, the divine age, heroic age and the age of man that captures philosophical, historical, anthropological and sociological discussion during his time and the next that adds on the exploration of social science discussions. Baron de Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws gave importance to political freedom and its preservation by means of the concept of separation of powers of government (executive, legislative and judiciary) and the implementation of civil and criminal law for the protection of the civilian. Auguste Comte, the father of Sociology, defined sociology as a positive science. Positivism is the search for "invariant laws of the natural and social world”. It became the foundation of structural functionalism theory that Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim explored in their own sociological concept. For Karl Marx, he believes that there exists conflict in the society between the bourgeoisie (those in power / elite) and proletariat (masses / working class) and this conflict is brought by economics. While Emile Durkheim believed that the society is like a living organism that each member has a part to play in order for the society to function well, each one is important. He further discussed that norms and deviances are part of the society that is why laws are essential to preserve order in the society. Social Science vs. Natural Science There is a prevailing question in the academic world whether “Social Science can be really considered as Science”? To explore this argument let us first find what these bodies of knowledge are. There are three practical ways of categorizing human knowledge (Yusop, 2018) namely: Natural Science, Social Science and Humanities. Social Science studies is an organized study of human society in its different aspects including politics, human interaction and behavior, its past, geographical features and even the languages and symbols used in human interaction. The branches of study under Social Science such as history, geography, anthropology, psychology, political science, sociology etc. explores man’s social relation and the society itself. Social Science as a discipline is characterized as spontaneous and unpredictable for it deals with human attitudes, behavior and emotions that may vary from time to time and person to person and relies on the process of observation and interaction as a method of gathering knowledge and data. For instance, if you want to know the way of life of an ethnic group or how people cope with the present pandemic, observations and interviews are the best method to use to gather qualitative data. Qualitative Research follows the same process of scientific method namely: identifying the problem, formulating hypothesis, gathering and analyzing data in order to examine the issues and recommend probable solutions on the topic being studied. Natural Science is the scientific study of phenomena or laws of the natural world (bilogyonline.com), data gathering involves observation and empirical / experimental proof. Natural Science is divided into two, the life or biological sciences and the physical sciences (physics, chemistry, astronomy etc.). Unlike Social Science, the objects / phenomenon being studied in natural science are characterized by exactness, control and predictability for data used in Natural 7 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Sciences are based on repetitive experiments in laboratory-controlled environments. Example if you want to study in which environment will a plant grow best, you will make a situational environment (laboratory) for two or more plants and observe them for a period of time until data is achieved so that your conclusion is based on scientific empirical or experimental data. Humanities deals with the manner on how human experience and heritage is processed and deals with unfolding the answer on what makes us human. It involves the study of human culture such as literature, religion, arts, philosophy and language. Just like Social Science, Humanities is concerned with human lives and nature involved in the field of law, linguistics, psychology, economics and politics. But in the process how they interpret data differs for Social Science used empirical approach while Humanities involve a more critical and analytical approach. That is why Humanities is considered more philosophical than Social Science. I. Organizing Your Ideas Directions: Fill in the needed information to complete the graphic organizer. 8 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 II. Compare and Contrast Directions: Write at least one similarity or difference from each discipline based on the discussion above. Answer the questions that follow. 1. What makes Social Science a Science? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why is it important to know and study Social Science? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3-2-1 Chart Directions: Using a 3-2-1 chart, list down 3 things that you have learned from the lesson, 2 things that captured your interest and 1 question that you still have in mind regarding the topic. 9 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Directions: Cite some examples of the importance of studying Social Science. Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. _____ 1. Laws and institutions are created by fallible human beings therefore being prone to error. This is the main idea behind what philosophical work? a. Karl Marx’s Das Kapital b. John Lockes’s Treatises of Government c. Vico’s New Science d. Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the laws _____ 2. Which Philosopher attacked the concept of Patriarchalism and proposed a more civilized society based on natural rights? a. Emile Durkheim c. Montesquieu b. Thomas Hobbes d. John Locke _____ 3. He believes that a government should be ruled by an absolute sovereign. Who is this Philosopher? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke _____ 4. Hard science is the other term associated with what discipline? a. Social Science c. Social Studies b. Natural Science d. Humanities 10 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 _____ 5. Which of the following is not true about Social Science? a. it is the study of society and human behavior b. it includes biology, chemistry and physics c. it may help in alleviating problem and improve lives d. it uses scientific method _____ 6. “Man by nature is a social animal”. What best explains this maxim? a. Few people can isolate themselves in society. b. Socialization is part of the human experience. c. Man is in the same hierarchy as animals. d. Man is not God. _____ 7. Who is considered as the “Father of Sociology”? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke _____ 8. Soft science is the other term associated with what discipline? a. Social Science c. Social Studies b. Natural Science d. Humanities _____ 9. Modern society is held together by a division of labor that makes individuals dependent upon one another. Who proposed this idea? a. Emile Durkheim c. Montesquieu b. Thomas Hobbes d. John Locke _____ 10. Which of the following is NOT the focus of Social Science? a. Change in human relationship and reinterpretation of present and past events. b. Concerned with the fundamental laws of the material universe c. Basic social systems, institutions and recesses. d. Relationships between individuals and institutions. _____ 11. What do you call the standard pattern of behavior in society? a. deviance c. norm b. values d. ritual _____ 12. This Philosopher argued that society developed due to conflict that arose between classes of people. Who is this Philosopher? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke _____ 13. Which is NOT TRUE about Humanities? a. It focuses on human experience and heritage. b. It gathers empirical data to validate human experience. c. Some branches of Humanities are language, history and psychology. d. It is considered as more philosophical than Social Science. _____ 14. Who first connotes the term “Sociology”? a. Auguste Comte c. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx d. John Locke _____ 15. Who emphasized the separation of powers within the government in his theory? a. Montesquieu c. Thomas Hobbes b. Emile Durkheim d. John Locke 11 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Directions: Read the excerpt below. Write a 10-sentence paragraph describing how functions of Social Sciences helps us understand the situation. Michelle Silvertino, a 33-year-old single mother from Camarines Sur was one of the stranded passengers at a footbridge in Pasay waiting for a bus that will take her back to her family in the province. She was at the street after her employer brought her to a bus terminal in Cubao expecting that she could go home the next day, but unfortunately there is no bus schedule due to the general community quarantine. So, she walks all her way until she reached Pasay and stay there until she became viral in a news together with some stranded passenger in the area. She was promised a ride home by the Office of the Vice President on June 5, but in a sad twist of faith she became sick with Covid 19 symptoms that led to her death (inquirer.net, June 11, 2020). 12 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 What I know Assessment 13 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 Agoncillo, Jodee A., “Stranded woman picked up by cops hours before death”, Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 11, 2020 Retrieved https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1289598/stranded-woman-picked-up-by-cops- hours-before-death#ixzz6PDcGZcCB Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Ph.D, Fadrigon, Cecile C., Ph.D, Mendoza, Diana J., Ph.D, ‘Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences.”, Phoenix Publishing House, (2016): 1 – 9 Historical Background of Social Science, https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/ 10603/ 40587/8/10_chapter1.pdf Varia, Vishal, Ph.D., “15 Ways to Make Social Science Interesting.”, The Progressive Teacher, (2020) Retrieved http://www.progressiveteacher.in/15-ways-to-make- social-science-interesting/ Yusop, Nash, Defining Social Science as the study of society, slideshare.net, (2018) Retrieved https://www.slideshare.net/NashYusop/discipline-and-ideas-in-the- social-sciences?qid=92b03e4d-587e-467f-9c04- 60285dd0e91d&v=&b=&from_search=1 Videos and Pictures / Icons www.biologyonline.com www.collinsdictionary.com www.merriam-webster.com https://unsplash.com/photos/5HSHOq6BoPs https://thenounproject.com What are Social Sciences? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXobZMs2IOE What is Social Science? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-g3dYJ2RSw 14 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON1 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1 Lesson 2: The Social Science Disciplines You have learned from the previous module the nature and functions of Social Science disciplines with the Natural Sciences and Humanities. We have encountered how Social Sciences emerged as a discipline and have analyzed the comparison of the three disciplines. In this module, we will be dealing with the Most Essential Learning Competency: Explain the major events and its contributions that led to the emergence of the social science disciplines. Specifically, you should be able to: 1. Identify the different disciplines in the social sciences 2. Compare the various social science disciplines concerning their scope of study and methods of inquiry 3. Outline the historical roots that led to the emergence of the various social science disciplines Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. Who proposed a new language of understanding economic phenomena using economic models and theories? A. Karl Marx C. Leon Walras B. Thomas Malthus D. Adam Smith 2. What Social Science discipline means “to know”? A. Political science C. Psychology B. History D. Demography 3. Mark, a psychologist, is interested in studying emotional expressions. He wants to know if it has an influence on the overall well-being of a person. This kind of research topic is inclined towards the theoretical work of ____________? A. William James C. Charles Darwin B. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt 4. What can a sociologist use to gather data quantitatively? A. A large survey B. A literature search C. An in-depth interview D. A review of television programs 5. The following shows the significance of Demography as a study, EXCEPT: A. Estimate the required funding for senior services B. Development of adequate and workable health care systems C. Aid in the planning of school classroom construction D. Explain people’s behavior 6. What sociological theory, pioneered by Auguste Comte, used scientific facts to understand society? A. New social history C. Stoicism B. Social ethnology D. Positivism 16 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 7. What theory introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure helped in the progress of Linguistics as a discipline. A. Structuralism C. Neogrammarians B. General approach D. Functionalism 8. What method employed by several Social Science disciplines involves immersing oneself in the data as much as possible? A. Secondary data analysis C. Fieldwork B. Historiography D. Experiment 9. Which of the following geographers paved the way for modern geography? A. Karl Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt B. James Wundt and Charles Darwin C. Edward Ullman and Peter Haggett D. John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman 10. Which of the following describes the development of the study of History that stemmed from the fact that there were parts of the past that were principally disregarded like the narratives about women. A. Antiquarianism C. Classical scholarship B. Church history D. New social history 11. Charles Darwin’s work is relevant to psychology because his beliefs showed that: A. humans and animals are not different from each other B. human behavior is a result of the survival instincts of man C. humans descended from apes D. Darwin created functionalism 12. For sociologists, society is composed of people who ____________. A. Reside in a defined area C. Interact B. Share a culture D. All of the above 13. What philosophy believes that the goal of all inquiry is to provide a code of conduct characterized by tranquility of mind and certainty of moral worth? A. Functionalism C. Structuralism B. Stoicism D. Positivism 14. High infant mortality, epidemics, famines, and wars kept the population growth rate low. These are indicators of ______________. A. Migration rate C. Protection rate B. Birth rate D. Death rate 15. Which of the following includes the characteristics of the study of Anthropology? A. Resilient and flexible C. Holistic and comparative B. Progressive and democratic D. Analytical and defensive Lesson 2 The Social Science Disciplines Social Science is a dynamic way to see and interpret things that happen in your daily life. It can help you understand human societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. You learned from Lesson 1 the difference between social science with natural science and the humanities. You were also able to trace the development of social science as a body of knowledge. With this perspective, you might think that social science as a study is broad and there are so many concepts and ideas to consider. 17 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 For this part of the module, you will be introduced to the various disciplines within the social sciences. You will also learn about the emergence of each discipline and how key personalities from various periods helped in shaping each discipline. Your knowledge of different social science disciplines will help you fine-tune your personal view of this complex world. Task #1: “A Day in My Life During Covid-19 Pandemic″ Think about your day to day activities during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Describe what your typical day has been like since the outbreak. Here are some questions to consider: How have these changes impacted your daily routines? What have been the challenges and/or positive happenings from this situation? How has that made you feel about the world we live in and the future that lies ahead? Process Questions: 1. What have you noticed about your response? 2. In what ways are you affected by the pandemic crisis? 3. Are your responses always medical or health-related? 4. How did the pandemic crisis change you as a person? Task #2: “A Day in the Life of Others During Covid-19 Pandemic″ This time, talk to three (3) of your family members, neighbors, or friends regarding their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Write their responses on the graphic organizer below: Questions Interviewee #1 Interviewee #2 Interviewee #3 How have these changes impacted your daily routines? What have been the challenges and/or positive happenings from this situation? 18 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 How has that made you feel about the world we live in and the future that lies ahead? Process Questions: 1. What have you noticed about their responses? 2. In what ways are they affected by the pandemic crisis? 3. Are their responses always medical or health-related? 4. How did the pandemic crisis change them as a person? TASK #3: Directions: Compare the responses of the three respondents and your responses using the diagram below. Based on these tasks, you have learned that the COVID-19 pandemic affects people in many ways. The current health crisis is not just related to scientific concerns, but also includes physical, mental, social, spiritual, and other aspects of our daily lives. How can we better understand our personal or other people’s situations? It is interesting to know that even if all live in the same community, each person has different ways of thinking and behaving based on different situations each day. Since social science is the study of human relations in a society, we can use this to help us understand our very own complexities brought about by our many similarities and differences. This part of the module will help us understand further the various social science disciplines that can advance our understanding of the complexities of human society. These social science disciplines are the following: Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Demography. 19 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humanity in every place and time (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride, 2017). Anthropology looks for answers to biological and cultural questions about people who have lived in the past and in the present. Its primary concern is human nature. The term comes from the Greek words anthropos for “human” and logos for “study.” Anthropologists (people studying anthropology) are doing fieldwork as their instruments of study. To do fieldwork means to immerse yourself as much as possible in the data, such as staying in field sites in the hope of finding things that have been used in the past (called artifacts or relics). Anthropologists also do a comparative approach to understand gathered data (example: comparing peoples and cultures who lived in the past and in the present). Anthropology is valuable in so far as it contributes to our perception of human beings. When the world becomes ever more interconnected, recognizing and seeking to accept cultural and biological differences is becoming more and more relevant. Emergence of Anthropology as a Discipline Historically, anthropology started without specific scientific goals. Anthropology is modern science that started in the late 1800s (Ember, Ember, and Peregrine, 2015) when researchers began documenting their excavations carefully. Smith and Davies (2008) said that early anthropology has its roots in the efforts of Western civilization to better understand the lands it colonized. Notable anthropologists and their valuable contributions: ❖ Marcel Mauss (1872-1950) - focused on social ethnology ❖ Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) - focused on symbolic anthropology ❖ Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) - championed the significance of doing fieldwork and participant observation in studying anthropology ❖ Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) - paid attention to culture and personality in her book "Patterns of Culture" ❖ Franz Boas (1858-1942) - considered as the "Father of Modern Cultural Anthropology" Anthropologists by the 1960s were not happy with only researching human nature. They eventually included other pressing real-world problems like poverty. Anthropology today is a multidisciplinary field that draws on many different academic fields from many studies. Economics According to Mankiw and Taylor (2014, p. 1), economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. The study attempts to answer these three key questions: (a) What goods and services should be produced?; (b) How should these goods and services be produced?; and (c) Who should get the goods and services that have been produced? 20 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Given this premise, economics is considered the study of choices or how people make decisions to maximize the use of their limited resources. The field of economics is divided into two branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics is the the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. In the end, economics aims at improving the working standards of people in their daily lives. Economic research can generate significant insights into individual and total behavior and relationships and help make more effective use of scarce resources in societal efforts. Emergence of Economics as a Discipline Economic thinking goes as far back as the ancient Greeks and the Old Middle East. Notable economists and their valuable contributions: ❖ Adam Smith (1723-1790) - developed economics as a discipline; published his work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776, where he proposed the idea of the "Invisible Hand" in the economy ❖ Karl Marx (1818–1883) - presented his ideas on communism and a “classless society” in his work Das Kapital ❖ Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) - wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population where he proposed that a problem would happen because the number of people will exceed the supply of food ❖ Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) - introduced new economic concepts such as economies of scale, marginal utility, and the real-cost paradigm ❖ John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) - introduced Keynesian economics that promoted increased economic participation of the government during depression; his most popular book is The General Theory of Employment published in 1936. Using theory and observation is part of the scientific method, but economists must always bear in mind that they are studying human beings and that people are behaving incoherently or irrationally. Geography Geography is the study of how and why things vary on the earth's surface from place to place (Getis, Bjelland, and Getis, 2014). Learning about geography makes us critical thinkers, since we become more aware of the place we live in. It helps us to think deeper about the earth. Emergence of Geography as a Discipline Geography history has two main parts: the exploration and map-making history, and the development of the academic discipline. The word "geography" was first used in the 3rd century BCE as the title of the book of Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE), Geographica. Other Greek thinkers, 21 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 such as Thales (625-546 BCE), Herodotus (484-425 BCE), Aristotle (385-323 BCE), Strabo (63 BC-23 AD), and Ptolemy (100-170 CE) also made important geographical contributions. When most of the great works about geography were lost during the Dark Ages in Europe, Arab geographers such as Muhammad al-Idrisi (1099-1165), Ibn Battuta (1304-1369), and Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), have nurtured and advanced the study of geography. Marco Polo (1254-1324), an Italian merchant, published his work The Description of the World, later known as The Travels of Marco Polo, which described his experiences in Asia between 1271 and 1295. During the Renaissance Period, more people would want to explore the unknown parts of the world. By the 18th century, geography gained popularity and was introduced as a formal study in universities By the end of World War II, geography used new ways to collect and process data, such as the use of computers for mapping and analysis. Remote sensors and aerial photography were also incorporated in geographical studies. Notable geographers and their valuable contributions: ❖ Bernhardus Varenius - published Geographia generalis, which promoted the general principles of geography ❖ Gerardus Mercator - created the 1569 world map based on a new projection still being employed in nautical charts ❖ Works of Karl Ritter (1779-1859) and Alexander von Humboldt (1769- 1859) paved the way for the start of modern Geography. ❖ Edward Ullman (1912-1976) and Peter Haggett (1933- ) have led the use of the quantitative method for geographical analysis. Geographers currently use old and new methods to collect and process geographical data, such as the following: interviews and observations, archival research, mapping, satellite imagery, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). History History is the study of the past and our attempts at understanding it. Historians (people who study history) conduct investigations to answer questions about historical events, and its connection to the present time. The word history has originated from an ancient Greek verb meaning to know. Tony Judt (mentioned in Donnelly and Norton, 2011, p. 8), stated that history helps us to understand the “perennial complexity” of our current dilemmas: social, political, moral, ethical, ideological, and so on. Historians use various sources to learn about the past, such as written documents, artifacts, oral accounts, materials objects, etc. Source criticism (or information assessment) is the process of evaluating an information source's qualities, such as its validity, reliability, and relevance to the subject under investigation. 22 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Emergence of History as a Discipline Herodotus (484-425 BCE) (considered as the "Father of History”) and Thucydides (460-400 BCE), helped to lay the groundwork for the emergence of history as a formal study. Although Herodotus’ works show the great desire to record everything important about the past, he used a lot of unverified facts and failed to make a clear distinction between fact and fable. On the other hand, as his work on recording the Peloponnesian War has shown, Thucydides attempted to establish chronology and facts with some precision. During the Medieval period, two types of histories emerged: universal history and chronicle history. Contact with Byzantines and Muslims broadened the writing of history by showing other viewpoints to the Westerners. Renaissance humanism revolutionized historiography when historians revived classical learning, as shown by the works of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) and Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540). Both the Reformation and the Catholic Reformation supported historical scholarship with the use of the past to back up their religious views. Notable historians and their valuable contributions: ❖ Voltaire (1694-1778) - his works highlighted folkways, social history, and accomplishments in the arts and sciences ❖ Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) - combined scholarship and philosophical concerns on his works about the rise and fall of human civilization ❖ Thomas B. Macaulay (1800-1859), Jules Michelet (1798-1874), and Henry Adams (1838-1918) wrote about the history of the nation-state. ❖ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Frederick J. Turner (1861-1932), and James Harvey Robinson (1863- 1936) developed their philosophical positions by turning to history. In the 20th century, the movement towards a wider social and economic past persisted. Other formal disciplines contributed to the development of history as a study, such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, and science. The development of the “new social history” explored parts of the past which were largely overlooked, such as the narratives of women and minorities. Learning about history enhances our knowledge of the world by helping us understand past events. We can explain our current situation because of this learning. Linguistics Linguistics is concerned with the nature of language and (linguistic) communication (Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish, 2001, p. 1). The primary goal of linguists (people who study linguistics) is not just to understand the structures and functions of language. Understanding human language can lead to understanding more about how people think. In this view, Chomsky (1975, mentioned in Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish, 2001) argues that the study of language is the study of the human mind. Linguistics lets us understand the world around us. Such knowledge can be applied, apart from simply knowing the intricacies of world languages, to 23 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 enhance contact between people, contribute to translation programs, assist in literacy efforts, and manage speech disorders. Emergence of Linguistics as a Discipline The term linguistics is a product of the 19th century, although early forms of the study dated back to ancient times, as evidenced in early practices in Asia and Europe. Notable linguists and their valuable contributions: ❖ German school of linguists who proposed Neogrammarianism, whose one concern included the restoration of the Indo-European proto- language, considered as the source of almost all languages in Europe and India. ❖ Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) - wrote Cours de linguistique générale, which introduced structuralism in the 20th century. Structuralism focused on signification. ❖ Noam Chomsky (1928- ) discovered and developed generative grammar, a study focusing on syntax; this has become the dominant model of formal linguistics. The use of anthropological research methods on linguistic sources leads to the discovery of certain cultural characteristics within a speaking group through its linguistic features. It is also commonly used as an instrument of language documentation, in an attempt to curate endangered languages. Linguistic inquiry now uses the anthropological approach to explain the cognitive, social, sociolinguistic, and social processes that languages experience as they change and develop, as well as a general anthropological inquiry that typically exposes the numerous variations and relativities that underlie language usage. Political Science Morlino, Berg-Schlosser, and Badie (2017, p. 2) defined political science as the science of power. Its study is concerned about legitimacy, sovereignty, and authority. The aim of studying political science is to develop people’s knowledge and understanding of how government and politics function in and around the world. Emergence of Political Science as a Discipline The discipline of political science traces its roots to Aristotle, considered the "Father of Political Science". He called politics “the master science.” Political philosophers such as Plato (428/427-348/347 BCE) and Aristotle (385-323 BCE) started to examine political thinking in such a way as to put greater emphasis on the scientific dimension of political philosophy. Stoicism, a Greek philosophy, was eventually used by Romans. Stoics have always believed that the goal of all inquiry is to provide a code of conduct characterized by tranquility of mind and certainty of moral worth. The 24 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 philosopher Lucius Annaeus Seneca (died: 65 AD) and the emperor Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD) were considered notable Roman Stoics. Politics was later influenced by the rise of monotheism, particularly Christianity. Notable people and their valuable contributions to political science: ❖ Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) - wrote The Prince, a 16th-century political treatise, where he argued that adverse actions can be used by a ruler to maintain the nature of the state. ❖ The works of the French philosophers Voltaire (1694-1778), Jean- Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and others are models for political analysis and criticism. The Enlightenment period brought forth the idea of the necessity for the severance of Church and State. During the Progressive Era (the 1890s-1920s), political science was considered as applied science, being used to understand governance issues. Most prominent applied political scientists include Woodrow Wilson (1856- 1924), Charles A. Beard (1874-1948), and Charles E. Merriam (1874–1953). Psychology Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes (King, 2019, p. 2), such as biological activities, feelings, perceptions, memory, reasoning, and thoughts (Feldman, 2019). Psychology as a study has different methods: biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Psychologists use the scientific method to come up and evaluate conclusions from their study. They normally use three types of research: descriptive, correlational, and experimental. Learning about psychology can help people understand their own and other people's behaviors. It can also be used to assess, diagnose, and treat psychological distress and mental illness. Emergence of Psychology as a Discipline Psychology, as a study, emerged from the disciplines of physiology and philosophy. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) and William James (1842-1910) are considered as the founders of psychology. Wundt proposed the approach called “structuralism” due to his study on the elemental parts or structures of the human mind. Meanwhile, James became the proponent for the approach called “functionalism.” His study looked into the functions of the mind and behavior. This approach is linked to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection. This theory still influences psychologists at present since it is fully supported by usual observation. 25 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Sociology Macionis (2012, p. 2) defined sociology as the systematic study of human society. Sociologists use a sociological perspective to find usual patterns in people’s behavior to explain social phenomena. There are a lot of key topics that can be explored in sociology. Examples of topics are race and ethnicity; youth cultures; gender and sexuality; class conflict and inequalities, and many more. According to Macionis (2012), the sociological investigation starts with the use of a sociological perspective and by asking questions and staying curious. Four methods of social investigation are commonly employed by sociologists. These are the following: do a survey, arrange an experiment, do field research, and analyze existing sources. Emergence of Sociology as a Discipline Sociology as a discipline only emerged in the early 19th century, even if it is rooted in the works of philosophers such as Plato (428/427-348/347 BCE), Aristotle (385-323 BCE), and Confucius (551-479 BCE). During the Enlightenment period, social thinkers looked into and tried to explain the social world in general. Amidst the social upheavals of the 19th and 20th centuries (political revolutions, the Industrial Revolution, among others), social thinkers focused their works on supporting social change and sustaining social order. Notable sociologists and their valuable contributions: ❖ Auguste Comte (1798–1857) - the "Father of Sociology" for coining the term sociology. He introduced positivism (use of scientific facts to understand the social world). ❖ Karl Marx (1818–1883) - proposed the idea of class conflict ❖ Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) - postulated the idea of social integration ❖ Max Weber (1864–1920) - created his own theory of social stratification ❖ W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) - studied about racism ❖ Jane Addams (1860-1935) - thought of sociologist as social reformer ❖ William Graham Sumner of Yale University taught in the United States the first course known as "Sociology” (1876) Demography Demography is the science of population (Lundquist, Anderton, and Yaukey, 2015, p. 2). It is mostly concerned about births, deaths, and migration since these affect the population. Other topics related to demography include population growth; age and sex structure; mortality, morbidity and health, fertility; unions and householding; migration; urbanization; and population diversity (Lundquist, Anderton, and Yaukey, 2015). Demography helps governments and society to make better plans to address challenges related to population development, aging, and migration. As its method of inquiry, regular census is considered as the foundation of demographic data-gathering systems for a country or nation. Sample surveys 26 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 have also been used to supplement censuses or to substitute for registration. Complex procedures have been developed for inferring missing or doubtful data from the reliable data at hand. Where no factors are known precisely, however, estimation becomes very indirect indeed. Emergence of Demography as a Discipline John Graunt’s (1620-1674) work, entitled Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality (1662), contributed to the development of demography as a discipline. Another such study was undertaken by Johann Süssmilch (1707-1767), whose work is entitled Die Göttliche Ordnung (1741; “The Divine Order”). Demography became more interdisciplinary during the period between the two World Wars. The founding of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population in 1928 ushered the growth of modern demography. From various historical times up to the present, scholars of the social sciences approach issues in society from diverse ways and perspectives. Since human lives are truly complex, we can say that all of them do not concern themselves exclusively with one level of analysis. The different social science disciplines have served as guides to better understand our problems and prospects. Activity 1: Gathering Information Directions: Through the use of the Internet and other printed resources, do your work on notable social scientists from each field of the social sciences. What are their significant contributions to their respective field? For each specific discipline, you may want to include contemporary innovations, progress, and breakthroughs. This activity will help you expand your knowledge about the topic. Activity 2: Comparison Chart Directions: Using the graphic organizer below, write the focus of study and the similarities of the different Social Sciences discipline. Social Science Focus of Study Similarities Disciplines Anthropology Economics Geography History Linguistics Political Science Psychology Sociology Demography 27 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Activity: What’s Apt? Directions: Identify the appropriate Social Science discipline applicable to the given topic for research. Depending on the subject, you can consider more than one social science discipline. Give your reason for your answer. Situation Appropriate Social Reason Science Discipline 1. Studying about the landslide hazard mapping and its effects to the community. 2. A research on the possible causes and symptoms of burnout 3. An inquiry into the Philippine law entitled Human Security Act of 2007 4. Looking into the effectiveness of non-verbal communication for displaying emotions 5. Studying about what really happened during the Martial Law period in the Philippines Activity: Reflective Essay Directions: Refer to your answers to the compare-and-contrast graphic organizer of the previous activity. Reflecting on these observations, how do the various social science disciplines help us understand people? 28 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. Who proposed a new language of understanding economic phenomena using economic models and theories? A. Karl Marx C. Leon Walras B. Thomas Malthus D. Adam Smith 2. What Social Science discipline means “to know”? A. Political science C. Psychology B. History D. Demography 3. Mark, a psychologist, is interested in studying emotional expressions. He wants to know if it has an influence on the overall well-being of a person. This kind of research topic is inclined towards the theoretical work of ____________? A. William James C. Charles Darwin B. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt 4. What can a sociologist use to gather data quantitatively? A. A large survey B. A literature search C. An in-depth interview D. A review of television programs 5. The following shows the significance of Demography as a study, EXCEPT: A. Estimate the required funding for senior services B. Development of adequate and workable health care systems C. Aid in the planning of school classroom construction D. Explain people’s behavior 6. What sociological theory, pioneered by Auguste Comte, used scientific facts to understand society? A. New social history C. Stoicism B. Social ethnology D. Positivism 7. What theory introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure helped in the progress of Linguistics as a discipline. A. Structuralism C. Neogrammarians B. General approach D. Functionalism 8. What method employed by several Social Science disciplines involves immersing oneself in the data as much as possible? A. Secondary data analysis C. Fieldwork B. Historiography D. Experiment 9. Which of the following geographers paved the way for modern geography? A. Karl Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt B. James Wundt and Charles Darwin C. Edward Ullman and Peter Haggett D. John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman 10. Which of the following describes the development of the study of History that stemmed from the fact that there were parts of the past that were principally disregarded like the narratives about women. A. Antiquarianism C. Classical scholarship B. Church history D. New social history 29 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 11. Charles Darwin’s work is relevant to psychology because his beliefs showed that: A. humans and animals are not different from each other B. human behavior is a result of the survival instincts of man C. humans descended from apes D. Darwin created functionalism 12. For sociologists, society is composed of people who ____________. A. Reside in a defined area C. Interact B. Share a culture D. All of the above 13. What philosophy believes that the goal of all inquiry is to provide a code of conduct characterized by tranquility of mind and certainty of moral worth? A. Functionalism C. Structuralism B. Stoicism D. Positivism 14. High infant mortality, epidemics, famines, and wars kept the population growth rate low. These are indicators of ______________. A. Migration rate C. Protection rate B. Birth rate D. Death rate 15. Which of the following includes the characteristics of the study of Anthropology? A. Resilient and flexible C. Holistic and comparative B. Progressive and democratic D. Analytical and defensive Chain of Events Summary Directions: Make a timeline of the historical foundations and social contexts that led to the development of each discipline in Social Science. You may use any applications to make your timeline more creative. It can be created physically or virtually. 30 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 31 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 Akmaijan, A., Demers, R.A., Farmer, A.K., & Harnish, R.M. (2001). Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication (5th ed.). The MIT Press. Donnelly, M. & Norton, C. (2011). Doing history. Routledge. Ember, C.R., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P.N. (2015). Anthropology (14th ed.). Pearson. Feldman, R.S. (2019). Essentials of understanding psychology (13th ed.). McGraw Hill Education. Getis, A., Bjelland, M., & Getis, V. (2014). Introduction to geography (14 th ed.). McGraw Hill Education. Haviland, W.A., Prins, H.E.L., Walrath, D., & McBride, B. (2017). Anthropology: The human challenge (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. King, L.A. (2019). Experience psychology (4 th ed.). McGraw Hill Education. Lundquist, J.H., Anderton, D.L., & Yaukey, D. (2015). Demography: The study of human population (4th ed.). Waveland Press, Inc. Macionis, J.J. (2012). Sociology (14th ed.). Pearson. Mankiw, N.G. & Taylor, M.P. (2014). Economics (3 rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Morlino, L., Berg-Schlosser, D., & Badie, B. (2017). Political science: A global perspective. SAGE Publications, Inc. National Behavior Support Service. (2016, April). After reading strategy summarising maps and organizers. https://www.nbss.ie/sites/default/files/publications/summarising_maps__compre hension_stratey_handout__copy_2.pdf National Council of Teachers of English. (2006). Reflective writing rubric. http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson963/Rubric. pdf Roskin, M.G., Cord, R.L., Medeiros, J.A., & Jones, W.S. (2012). Political science: An introduction (12th ed.). Longman. Smith, C.M. & Davies, E.T. (2008). Anthropology for dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 32 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON2 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1 Lesson 3: Dominant Approaches and Ideas of Social Sciences: Structural Functionalism, Marxism, & Symbolic Interactionism In the previous modules, we have learned the nature, emergence, and scope of the different Social Science discipline. We have also able to understand the similarities and differences of the discipline. Social Science is anchored to basic concepts and theories that would help us analyze the discipline. For this lesson, we will be focusing on structural functionalism as one of the major theories in Social Science. Most Essential Learning Competencies: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories: a. Structural functionalism b. Marxism c. Symbolic Interactionism True or False Directions: Write the letter T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong. 1. Society can function even if the other structure or institution does not. 2. The goal of Structural-Functionalism theory is to maintain stability and order. 3. A school is an example of a social structure or institution. 4. The intended or desired outcome of a social structure is called latent functions. 5. Social dysfunction will disturb the society to operate. 6. Social function is the result or effect of a social structure. 7. Social structure is composed of an unpredictable pattern of social behavior. 8. Structural-Functionalism encourages members of society to participate in the welfare of everyone. 9. A manifest function is beneficial to society. 10. Structural-Functionalism is focused on individual effort to function but not on the individual group. 34 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.1 Dominant Approaches and Ideas of Lesson Social Sciences: Structural 3.1 Functionalism Social Science is primarily focused on human relationships in society as discussed in the previous lesson. Hence, one of the approaches necessary to understand society and its people is through the Structural-Functionalism approach. In the previous lesson, you have learned the different disciplines in the Social Sciences which are interrelated and interdependent. Such disciplines are necessary in understanding human behaviors and social relations that make up society. Structural-Functionalism provides a framework on how societies organize and function. Activity 1. Picture Me Directions: Draw a picture of a house and label each part. Answer the following questions: 1. What part of the house do you consider the most important? 2. What will happen if one of the parts is destroyed? Can you still consider it a house? 3. What is the purpose of the house? 4. How do you feel as you draw and label the house? Structural-Functionalism What is the Structural-Functionalism approach? Going back to the activity a while back, it pictures the approach itself. According to this concept, a society is compared to a house which is composed of different parts. Each part has functions and is equally important to serve its purpose. Without the help of each part, it will never stand or function. Look at a car, it has different parts to make it run. The wheels, the engine – which is also composed of unique parts inside, the driving mechanism, and the exhaust system all work together so that the car functions and serves its purpose. Structural-Functionalism is one of the dominant approaches used in the Social Sciences developed by Talcott Parsons under the 35 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.1 influence of Max Weber and Emile Durkheim. It sees Society just like the house and the car and its parts. All these parts are working together to make sure society maintains its stability and unity. Key Concepts in Structural – Functionalism Society is composed of integrated social structures such as the church, school (education), government, family, media, and others performing certain functions necessary for the survival of the whole system. Social functions can be classified as manifest or latent. Manifest function happens when a social structure performs or carries out its responsibilities according to its purpose, while a latent function is the unexpected result of the structure, whether negative or positive outcome. Our comprehension of Robert K. Merton's (1910–2003) work has improved the idea of social function by emphasizing that each social structure likely has numerous functions, some of which are more apparent than others. He distinguished between manifest functions, the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, and latent functions, the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern (Macionis, 2012) Social functions are the consequences of a social problem for the operation of society as a whole Manifest functions are recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern Latent functions are the recognized ad unintended consequences of any social pattern Social dysfunction is any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society Family Circle Directions: Think about your family in your home. Your task is to identify at least three manifests (recognized or intended consequences) and three latent (unrecognized and unintended consequences) functions of your family. Once you have identified these functions, you are required to identify social dysfunctions, anything that you think may disrupt your family organization and processes. These social dysfunctions may be independent of the manifest and latent functions identified. Manifest Functions Latent Functions of Social Dysfunctions of the Family the Family to the family 36 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.1 Activity 3. Fill Me Directions: Answer the following questions based on the lesson discussed. 1. What keeps societies together? 2. What causes social dysfunction? 3. How important are the social functions of the social structure in maintaining social stability? Do you think social structure and social function are important in the maintenance of Society? Why or why not? Write a 10 sentence-paragraph to describe your answer. True or False: Directions: Write the letter T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is wrong. 1. A school is an example of a social structure or institution. 2. The goal of Structural-Functionalism theory is to maintain stability and order. 3. Society can function even if the other structure or institution does not. 4. The intended or desired outcome of a social structure is called latent functions. 5. Structural-Functionalism is focused on individual effort to function but not on the individual group. 6. Social function is the result or effect of a social structure. 7. Social structure is composed of an unpredictable pattern of social behavior. 8. Structural-Functionalism encourages the members of society to participate in the welfare of everyone. 9. A manifest function is beneficial to society. 10. Social dysfunction will disturb the society to operate. 37 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.1 38 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.1 Jose, Mary Dorothy dL and Ong, Jerome A. (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Fadrigon, Cecile C., and Mendoza, Diana J., (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000033SO/P000300 /M014863/ET/145864398014ET.pdf https://www.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/149261/NatalieCowley.p df https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boun dless)/01%3A_Sociology/1.03%3A_Theoretical_Perspectives_in_Sociology/1.3B%3A _The_Functionalist_Perspective https://www.nrpa.org/globalassets/journals/schole/2002/schole-volume-17-pp- 180-184.pdf 39 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.1 Lesson Dominant Approaches and Ideas of 3.2 Social Sciences: Marxism Social interaction through social structure is necessary to keep society stable. However, struggles and conflicts arise as individuals compete towards securing primary needs and self-gratification. It is therefore necessary to learn the concept of Marxism as an approach in Social Science to fully understand inequalities in society. Activity 1. Sing It! Directions: Listen to the song "Tatsulok" by Bamboo. Try to analyze the message of the song and answer the questions below. 1. What is the message of the song? 2. Why do you think the song is entitled "Tatsulok"? 3. Do you think the message of the song is still relevant today? Why or why not? What is Marxism? Marxism or conflict theory is another approach used in Social Science in understanding social phenomena at a macro-level or in a broad aspect. It was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the idea of class struggle is necessary to abolish class oppression. Marxism was developed as opposed to capitalism due to the rise of the Industrial Revolution, where mass production is a common practice. This theory states that society is divided into two groups: the bourgeoisie, a controlling group, and the proletariat, an oppressed group. In this way, the industrial owners who are capitalists control the means of production, and the workers have nothing but labor services. The conflict between groups normally happens because of scarcity. The theory further views the bourgeoisie as the cause of inequality because of the full control of factors of production. Most factory owners abused workers by paying cheap wages despite long working hours. This means that the proletariat has wealth and power while the working class, despite hard labor, barely receives wealth or resources. Hence, class 40 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.2 conflict or class struggle happens due to the unequal distribution of power and wealth. What should be done to avoid conflict? There should be a class consciousness in which the working class must unite to call for a change in the system. Thus, creating a classless society in which everyone should have equal access to resources or wealth, and nobody is dominant over the other. Key Concepts of Marxism: Ø Historical materialism is one important concept of Marxism. This concept is based on the notion that throughout history from primitive Society to the present, material scarcity is the cause of conflict. Hunting and gathering society experienced conflict because of scarce resources. The feudal society has undergone disagreements between landowners and serfs due to slavery and unjust compensation. Lastly, the modern capitalist society where the cause of conflict is between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Ø Alienation is brought about by capitalism where workers are seen as an object of the commodity to produce goods for profit Ø Surplus value is generated by workers with low wages for the profit of the bourgeoisie. Maximized profit through cheap labor. Ø False consciousness is formed when the workers under capitalist society are not aware of their present situation being oppressed and exploited by the bourgeoisie. Ø Praxis is also a concept of Marxism. It is a process by which interpretation of the real situation should call for a change. This means from the standpoint of the proletariat after knowing class consciousness, there should be a revolutionary change. Directions: With your knowledge and understanding of the concepts and ideas of Marxism, try to fill out the following table by citing examples you have observed in our society today. Concepts / Ideas of Examples Marxism Social Inequality Class Conflict 41 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.2 False Consciousness Alienation Class consciousness Social Inequality Surplus Value Bourgeoisie Proletariat Activity 3: Like or Dislike Directions: State one reason which you like in Marxism and one reason you dislike. Activity 2: Express It! Directions: Answer the questions below in an honest possible way. Write your answer in assessment notebook 1. In your analysis, do you think Marxism theory is a solution to end class oppression in our society today? Why? 2. Do you agree that material scarcity is the cause of conflict throughout the history of Society? Why or why not? 42 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.2 Multiple Choice: Directions: Read and analyze the statements carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write on the space provided in each item. 1. In Marxist theory, those who own property and the means of production are called. A. Wealthy C. Proletariat B. Bourgeoisie D. Anarchist 2. What concept in Marxism refers to a condition where workers are no longer seen as a human being but as an object to produce products for profit? A. Alienation C. Starvation B. Slavery D. Deprivation 3. The tension between the two social classes is called. A. Class consciousness C. Praxis B. Class Conflict D. False Consciousness 4. It refers to a concept where it looks at the past development of a society that the mode of production is necessary to avoid conflict such as scarcity of resources. A. Class Conflict C. Praxis B. Historical materialism D. Alienation 5. According to Marxism, what process refers to the act of engaging or applying an observed phenomenon in Society to bring about change? A. Class conflict C. Social inequality B. Class consciousness D. Praxis 6. Which of the following refers to the class of collective workers responsible to produce goods? A. Proletariat C. Bourgeoisie B. Analysts D. Capitalist 7. What does it mean when the working class realized their true nature and status that they are oppressed by the bourgeoisie? A. Class conflict C. Social inequality B. Class consciousness D. Praxis 8. What condition would it be if the proletariat accepts the belief that their present status of being abused and exploited by the bourgeoisie is natural or legal? A. Class consciousness C. Praxis B. Class Conflict D. False Consciousness 9. What refers to a condition where the bourgeoisie has full control or access to means of production while the proletariat has nothing but labor services? A. Class conflict C. Social inequality B. Class consciousness D. Praxis 10. This approach views Society, which is composed of two opposing classes or groups over the scarce resources resulting in conflict. A. Structural-Functionalism C. Marxism B. Symbolic Interactionism D. Rational Choice Theory 43 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.2 44 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.2 Jose, Mary Dorothy dL and Ong, Jerome A. (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Fadrigon, Cecile C., and Mendoza, Diana J., (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marxism.asp#:~:text=Marxism%20posits %20that%20the%20struggle,inevitably%20lead%20to%20revolutionary%20commu nism. 45 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.2 Dominant Approaches and Ideas of Lesson Social Sciences: Symbolic 3.3 Interactionism A fundamental foundation of sociological theory called symbolic interactionism relies on the symbolic meaning that individuals create through interaction. This viewpoint focuses on the subjective interpretations that people attach to events, objects, and actions in order to study society. Activity 1. Labeling Directions: Label the following images by giving meaning based on your interpretation. Guide questions: 1. How do you relate to each image? 2. Does it remind you of something in your life? 3. Do you think you have the same interpretation as others? Symbolic Interactionism Ø Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach to understanding the relationship between humans and Society. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and build upon in the process of social interaction. Ø George Herbert Mead was one of the prominent figures in the study of this theory, where gestures, according to him, are important in communication. 46 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.3 Ø The basic notion of symbolic interactionism is that human action and interaction are understandable only through the exchange of meaningful communication or symbols. In this approach, humans are portrayed as acting, as opposed to being acted upon. Ø The human being can think and create responses based on his awareness, while animals can only respond to their environment without using a logical process. Ø Subjective meanings are emphasized because it is believed that people behave based on what they believe and not just on what is objectively true. Principles of Symbolic Interactionism Ø Human beings act toward things based on the meanings that things have for them (Ex. I don't drink cola because I have been told since childhood that it can cause cancer.) Ø Meanings arise from social interaction or exposure to certain experiences Ø Social behavior is a product or result of collective action from individuals Key Concepts Ø Symbols are important means for people to communicate extensively and creatively. These are culturally acquired social objects with shared meanings that are created and allow people to express and understand each other's thoughts, ideas, and feelings. Ø Collaboration is cognitive and conscious through humans, while animals rely on the physiological response (use of instinct rather than intellect). Ø The self refers to the awareness or conscious personality of an individual. Taking the roles of others is important to analyze oneself. Ø The mind is important in communication. The mental awareness of individuals is necessary when symbols are presented and interpreted to facilitate communication. Directions: Central to the concept of symbolic interactionism is meaning. Explain the three statements below by giving examples to supplement your answer. 47 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.3 Family Circle Directions: Your task is to do a simple experiment in your home. You need three members of your family to participate in the task. Try to ask for help to complete your assignments given by your teacher in different approaches indicated below and fill out the observation table given below. Family member#1: You ask in a very warm and polite manner. Family member #2: Act like you are commanding him or her to do the task for you. Family member #3: You ask her in a casual way but try to ignore him/her after you make your request. Respondents How did your Who among them Why did your respondents react? (1 helped you with the respondent help you or adjective word only) request? did not help you out? Simply indicate (√) or (x) mark. Family member #1 Family member #2 Family member #3 Directions: Read and analyze the given statements carefully. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect on the space provided. _______1. Meanings are acquired by individuals since birth. _______2. Symbolic interactionism views society based on the pattern of interaction of people. _______3. Human beings have a predictable response and are not conscious of their actions. _______4. Symbolic Interactionism states that human beings always interpret meanings based on what is true to everyone. _______5. The awareness of the self is an important concept in acquiring social roles. _______6. Human beings interpret and behave based on the meaning they have for certain things. _______7. The concept of the mind is not involved in social interaction. _______8. Human beings collaborate using their mental consciousness while animals do not. _______9. Action and interaction are important in analyzing Society in Symbolic Interactionism. ______10. Symbols are an important component of communication. 48 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.3 49 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.3 Jose, Mary Dorothy dL and Ong, Jerome A. (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Fadrigon, Cecile C., and Mendoza, Diana J., (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. https://www.simplypsychology.org/symbolic-interaction-theory.html https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/social- structures/v/symbolic-interactionism 50 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON3.3 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1 Lesson 4: Structural – Functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism: Its Applications to Socio-Cultural, Economics, and Political Conditions of Society Structural – Functionalism, Marxism, and Lesson Symbolic Interactionism: Its Applications to 4 Socio-Cultural, Economics, and Political Conditions of Society Catch Me If You Can Directions: Ask one member of your family to assist you in doing the task. You need a small ball or any round shaped material in your home. Find a place in your backyard or inside your house with at least 5 meters or more in dimension. Make sure that you stand about 5 meters away from your partner. Hand over the ball to your partner, and if you are ready, let him/her toss the ball over you and be prepared to catch it. Do it alternately if you and try to answer the following questions: 1. Which hand did you use to catch the ball? 2. Why did you use this hand rather than the other one? What does this mean? 3. If one of your hands is dominant or stronger, does this mean that your other hand is useless or worthless? Why or why not? Structural-Functionalism Strengths Weaknesses There is a consensus of shared It fails to explain independence in values and norms among contrast to cooperation the individuals Social order is evident because It ignores inequality in terms of of the belief that each structure gender, class, and race which lead is integrated. to conflict It promotes stability and avoids It cannot adapt to a sudden change conflict because it promotes stability or the status quo Cooperation is present because It looks at a group or macro level of common beliefs and values but failed to explain individuals who are likely to deviate from social roles or Norms 52 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON4 Marxism Strengths Weaknesses It explains the cause and Social stability is hardly dynamics of conflict of social achieved because of constant inequality well change brought by the opposing sides It encourages collaboration It provokes conflict rather than through class consciousness harmony or order It gives importance to economic It focuses on the macro or broad welfare through the material level, ignoring the behavioral differences of individuals It emphasizes social change Control of power comes from through class struggle those who control the resources or means of production Directions: Read and analyze the news article and answer the processing questions indicated below. Looting and violence continue in New York City despite an unprecedented curfew Photograph: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images Guardian staff and agencies Published on Tue 2 Jun 2020 15.14 BST Processing Questions: 1. What is the issue presented in the news? 2. How does it affect society? 3. Why do these issues happen in New York? 53 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON4 4. Analyze the issues presented in the news article and interpret how these issues happen through the views or perspectives of the following: a. Structural-Functionalism b. Marxism c. Symbolic Interactionism Poverty in The Lens of Functionalist, Marxist, and Symbolic Interactionism Directions: With your enough knowledge and ideas on Structural Functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism, interpret poverty in the country. Use the guide below to analyze and interpret. 1. Why does poverty exist? 2. How do you explain poverty using the three perspectives? 3. What are the possible reasons why poverty occurs, according to Structural Functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism? 54 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON4 Jose, Mary Dorothy dL and Ong, Jerome A. (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Fadrigon, Cecile C., and Mendoza, Diana J., (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/02/new-york-city-looting- despite- https://www.theguardian.com/us- news/2020/jun/02/new-york-city- looting-despite- 55 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON4 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Discipline and Ideas in the Social Sciences QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1 Lesson 5: Psychoanalysis, Rational Choice, Institutionalism, Feminist, & Hermeneutical Phenomenology Human-Environment System Psychoanalysis, Rational Choice, Lesson Institutionalism, Feminist, & 5 Hermeneutical Phenomenology Human- Environment System Activity 1. Picture Analysis (for Psychoanalysis) Directions: Explain “THE LOOKING GLASS SELF” by analyzing the picture. Activity 2. Picture Analysis (for Rational Choice) Directions: Look at the picture below and give your insight into it. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/amp/pin/358458451562082711/ 57 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON5 Activity 3. Picture Analysis (for Feminism) Directions: Look at the picture below and give your insight into it. “Although psychology and pedagogy have always maintained the belief that a child is a happy being without any conflicts and have assumed that the sufferings of adults are the results of the burdens and hardships of reality, it must be asserted that just the opposite is true. What we learn about the child and the adult through psychoanalysis shows that all the sufferings of later life are for the most part repetitions of these earlier ones, and that every child in the first years of life goes through and immeasurable degree of suffering”. -MELANIE KLEIN “Contrary to what phenomenology—which is always phenomenology of perception—has tried to make us believe, contrary to what our desire cannot fail to be tempted into believing, the thing itself always escapes.”― Jacques Derrida. Agree or not? WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYSIS? Sir Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) originated psychoanalysis. Sir Sigmund thought that persons might be relieved in creating conscious their unconscious opinions or views and motivations. Psychoanalysis therapy will help the individual to release suppressed emotions and experiences. Depression and anxiety disorders can typically cure through said therapy. 58 DO_Q1_DISS11_MODULE1_LESSON5 Psychoanalysis is a way of managing emotional problems that contain a conversation between a psychoanalyst and an individual to obtain the perception of a person's inner world and how it moves his or her behavior, emotions, and relationships. It is considered as an organization of concepts concerning human thoughts and personality. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Their reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories (unconscious) drives influence the way that people behave. The activities of early childhood jointly have an impact on the development of personality; Freud proposed that character was mainly set-in stone by the age of five. Emotional and psychological difficulties such as nervousness and depression are frequently deep rooted in conflicts between the unconscious and conscious observance. Taking information from the unconscious into consciousness can lead to catharsis and allow a person to deal with the issue A trained analyst can aid bring convinced aspects of the unconscious into awareness by using a variation of psychoanalytic approaches such as dream analysis and free association. People make use of some defense mechanisms to defend themselves from information restricted in the unconscious. PSYCHODYNAMICS OF THE PERSON'S PERSONALITY The id is the personality component that works to p

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