AIA 1005 Introduction to Anthropology & Sociology PDF

AIA 1005 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY INTRODUCTION (SOCIOLOGY) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rosila Bee Mohd Hussain 1 List of References: 1. Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum R.P., & Carr D. (2024). Introduction to S...

AIA 1005 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY INTRODUCTION (SOCIOLOGY) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rosila Bee Mohd Hussain 1 List of References: 1. Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum R.P., & Carr D. (2024). Introduction to Sociology 13th Edition. Seagull. 2. Schaefer, Richard T. (2022).Sociology: A Brief Introduction. 14th edition. McGraw Hill. 3. Macionis, John J. (2021). Sociology, 17th Ed. Pearson Inc. 4. Henslin, James M. (2021). Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, 14th edition. Pearson. 2 Social sciences attempt to objectively study the social world. The human social world has even been termed a 'second nature.' Social sciences are divided into specialized fields based on their subject matter and particular focus. 3 SOCIAL SCIENCES 4  SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Science: body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation Natural science: Social science: Study of physical Study of social features of nature and features of humans the ways they interact and the ways they and change interact and change 5 6 7 8 SOCIOLOGY is defined as “the scientific study of society and human social behaviour”. It is derived from the Greek word logos, meaning "study of," as well as socius, Latin word for "being with others." Sociologists study various aspects of social life, including behavior in large organizations and small groups, deviant behavior, and the characteristics of political and religious institutions and social movements; sociologists study the social-psychological explanations for behavior. Ex: A person that goes to a football game to watch the people rather than the game. 9 10  THE STORY OF AN ELEPHANT Politic (Broad ear– system of decision-making) Psychology (Head-internal process that shapes behavior -cognitive and memory) Economy (Mouth – production and source of Anthropology distribution to the whole body SOCIOLOGY (The whole body– (Tusk and Trunk How one is a whole and - Human culture and how they integrate) - Adaptation - primitive ) 11 Political science focuses on systems of decision-making and governance within a society, and their relation to other societal institutions. It considers the manner in which political structures emerge, and tackles topics such as patterns of voting. Economics analyzes systems of trade, the organization and structure of the marketplace and issues of money and resources within a society. It deals with the production, distribution, and allocation of the material goods and services of a society. Anthropology has attempted to understand human culture (a people's total way of life) and social relationships by focusing primarily on preliterate people, their origins, adaptation to the environment and the development of their civilizations. Psychology concentrates on the internal processes that serve to motivate and shape the behaviour of the individual, such as cognition and memory. SOCIOLOGY shares many similarities with the other social sciences, but remains distinctive because it explores all social institutions in an integrated fashion. The discipline focuses on industrialized societies, and looks at the network of external factors and patterns that influence people's thoughts, motives, and behaviours within their social settings. 12 BASIC INSIGHTS OF SOCIOLOGY ▪ Humans cannot be understood apart from social context (i.e. society). ▪ Society makes us who we are by structuring out interactions and laying out an orderly world before us. ▪ Society is a social construction. ▪ Interaction takes place in patterned ways. 13 SOCIOLOGY AND COMMON SENSE ▪ Sociologists do not accept something as fact because “everyone knows it” ▪ Findings are tested by researchers, analyzed in relation to other data, and evaluated with sociological theory Two questions: 1. Why do people behave the way they do? 2. Why are their social situations the way they are? (Coser et.al. 1994: 4) 14 15  THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The sociological perspective helps us to see general social patterns in the behaviour of particular individuals. Sociology also encourages us to see individuality in social context. A sociological mindset in regards to being able to connect individual experiences and societal relationships. The lens that an individual chooses to view the scope of society form. Go beyond the obvious and question what is accepted as true or common sense. 16  BENEFITS OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ▪ Helps us assess the truth of “common sense”. The sociological perspective helps us assess both opportunities and constraints in our lives. ▪ Empowers us to be active participants in our society. ▪ Helps us to live in a diverse world. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds – to see the strange in the familiar. 17  THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION The sociological imagination provides the ability to see our private experiences and personal difficulties as entwined with the structural arrangements of our society and the time in which we live. Understand social marginality, the state of being excluded from social activity as an ‘outsider’. People at the margins of social life are aware of social patterns that others rarely think about. C.Wright Mills described sociological imagination as “An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, and …the ability to view society as an outsider might, rather than relying only on our individual perspective, which is shaped by our cultural biases”. 18 19 WHAT IS A VALID SOCIOLOGICAL TOPIC? ❑ Sociologists research just about EVERY area of human behaviour. ❑ Sociologists study social interaction; no human behaviour is ineligible for research, whether it is routine or unusual, respectable or reprehensible. 20  Sociology of economy Medical sociology Sociology of politic Applied sociology Sociology of religion Demography Sociology of the family Deviance and Urban sociology criminology Rural sociology Social structures and Sociology of law institutions Sociology of medicines Social statistics Sociology of linguistics Social research Sociology of the industry methods Sociology of development Human ecology Sociology of death, grief Social Inequality and bereavement Ethnic and Race Sociology of gerontology relations etc…. 21 What can I do with my degree? Employers seek to hire candidates with strong analytic and communication skills, who can think creatively about problems, work in collaborative environments, and leverage diversity to maximize success for their organizations and employees. The sociology major teaches students how to think about individuals, groups, institutions, communities and societies in all of their complexity and interconnectedness and how to use the scientific method to ask and answer social research questions about these entities using data. With an overarching focus on oral and written communication, quantitative and qualitative data analysis, as well as attention to various themes. 22 Business and Industry Government banker employee Justice System business analyst specialist correctional consumer foreign service counselor relations officer corrections specialist human rights officer human officer criminal resources legislative aide investigator manager peace corps juvenile court market analyst volunteer specialist merchandiser/p personnel parole officer urchaser coordinator police officer project manager program rehabilitation quality control supervisor counselor manager special agent technical writer urban planner 23  Community and Social Services child development Research specialist Education census researcher environmental admissions consumer organizer counselor researcher family planning affirmative action criminology worker counselor researcher hospital extension service data analyst administrator specialist interviewer housing public health market researcher coordinator educator social researcher career counselor teacher statistician public health higher education survey research supervisor technician rural health outreach worker substance abuse 24 counselor IN CONCLUSION, SOCIOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW: ▪ Why people behave the way they do. ▪ Why they form groups. ▪ Why they go to work, war or create social problems. ▪ Why they worship, marry, vote and all such things that happen when people interact with one another. 25