Movement and Sustainability PDF

MOVEMENT and SUSTAINABILITY KEY TERMS: Demography Migration Sustainable Development Population Climate Change Overpopulation Sustainability  DEMOGRAPHY The statistical study of human populations. Demographers use census data, surveys, and statistical models to analyze the size, move...

MOVEMENT and SUSTAINABILITY KEY TERMS: Demography Migration Sustainable Development Population Climate Change Overpopulation Sustainability  DEMOGRAPHY The statistical study of human populations. Demographers use census data, surveys, and statistical models to analyze the size, movement, and structure of populations.  DEMOGRAPHY The issue of how many people are in the world (population), the growth rate of that population, their age and geographic distribution is a fundamental economic and social question. The study of these questions is referred to as DEMOGRAPHY.  MIGRATION The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, to settle in another.  MIGRATION The movement of people from one place to another with the purpose of changing residence, either temporarily or permanently.  SUSTAINABILITY The ability to maintain or support a process over time. Sustainability is often broken into three core concepts: economic, environmental, and social. SUSTAINABILITY Many businesses and governments have committed to sustainable goals, such as reducing their environmental footprints and conserving resources.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. POPULATION The whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region. The total of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole.  OVERPOPULATION The state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological setting.  CLIMATE CHANGE It is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional, and global climates.  CLIMATE CHANGE The world is warming faster than at any point in recorded history.  Global Demography  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY One of the most important components of globalization is people. Demography is the science of population. It seeks to understand the dynamics of population in terms of birth, migration, aging, as well as death.  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY When there are changes in demography, there are also impacts on the political, environmental, economic, and socio-cultural areas of global relations among countries.  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Most of the time, overpopulation is being considered as the major cause of poverty.  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Population Control Strategies - Family Planning - Anti-birth Policies - Economic Improvement  Population Control Strategies Family Planning - The ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births.  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Anti-birth Policies - One-child Policy. Official program initiated in the late 1970s and early 80’s by the central government of China. - Purpose: To limit the great majority of family units in the country to one child each and to reduce the growth rate of China’s enormous population.  Population Control Strategies Economic Improvement - It is an increase in the production of goods and services in an economy.  Population Control Strategies Economic Improvement Economic Development Examples: New Businesses: Creating program to encourage the opening of new businesses. Infrastructure: Building better infrastructure through highway improvements.  Population Control Strategies Economic Improvement Economic Development Examples: Education: Building a new school or library in a community. Policies: Implementing policies like the giving of incentives for startups. Population Theories  POPULATION THEORIES MALTHUSIAN THEORY - It posits that humans reproduce faster than their ability to produce food. - naturally, the population increases faster than the food supply.  POPULATION THEORIES DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY - It states that changes in the rate of population growth is a result of industrialization of society. - Demographic Transition Model  POPULATION THEORIES DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY - China experienced a demographic transition with high death rate and low fertility rate from 1959 to 1961 due to the great famine. - However, as a result of the economic improvement, the birth rate increase and mortality rate declined in China before the early 1970s.  POPULATION THEORIES DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY - The demographic transition model was initially proposed in 1929 by demographer Warren Thompson.  POPULATION THEORIES FOUR STAGES OF DTM 1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE. Birth rates and death rates remain close to each other keeping the population relatively level.  POPULATION THEORIES FOUR STAGES OF DTM 2. URBANISING/ INDUSTRIALIZING STAGE. Improvements in healthcare delivery and medicines, coupled with investments in sanitation and infrastructure, bring a sharp drop in the death rates.  POPULATION THEORIES FOUR STAGES OF DTM 3. MATURE INDUSTRIAL STAGE. Death rates continue to decline, and it is theorized that economic development within the society bring incentives to bring the birth rates down slightly.  POPULATION THEORIES FOUR STAGES OF DTM 4. POST-INDUSTRIAL STAGE. The population growth begins to level off because the birth rates have reduced to closely follow the death rates. History 0f Population Growth  Population change affects all our lives in a much more immediate way today than it has throughout most of human history. For the first one-half million years of human existence, the population growth rate was about zero.  It was not until the 1700s that the modern era of population growth began. Between 1850 and 1900, the annual growth rate reached 0.5 percent.  The rate surged to 2.0 percent by the mid-1960s, dropped to 1.7 percent by the mid-1980s, and declined to about 1.4 percent by 2000.  Birth and Death Rates  Human population grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, not because the birth rate increased, but because the death rate began to fall. This mortality revolution began in the 1700s in Europe and spread to North America by the mid-1800s.  Death rates fell as new farming and transportation technology expanded the food supply and lessened the danger of famine. New technologies and increasing industrialization improved public health and living standards.  Late in the 19th century, birth rates also began to fall in Europe and North America, slowing the population growth that had resulted from continued moderately higher birth rates than death rates. Life Expectancy  In 1960, average life expectancy in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) area was 66 years. Today it is 76.  But ageing populations are also linked to low fertility rates. On average, each woman in the OECD area has 1.6 children and in countries such as Italy, Spain and the Czech Republic the average is about 1.1-1.2 children these are well below the 2.1 children required to maintain a stable population.  Global Migration  GLOBAL MIGRATION The movement of people from one place to another shows how countries are getting closer and borderless.  GLOBAL MIGRATION Politically, representatives of governments can easily meet overseas. Economically, people are working abroad and doing businesses outside their own countries.  GLOBAL MIGRATION Globalization is both a cause and effect of migration.  Two Types of GLOBAL MIGRATION Internal Migration The movement of people from one place to another within a country. International Migration The movement of people from one country to another. Push and Pull Factors  PUSH AND PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS. It refers to any human or natural factors that force people to leave their settlement or residences. social, political, economic, environmental factors  PUSH AND PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS. It refers to any human or natural factors that attract people to leave their settlement or residences. social, political, economic, environmental factors  ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY and DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY and DEVELOPMENT Globalization brought the world into shared needs and problems. Consequently, development becomes the common goal of all. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY and DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY? It is the ability of something to maintain itself and the capacity to endure. Three PILLARS of SUSTAINABILITY Three PILLARS of SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL Protection of nature, conservation of resources, and preservation of wildlife.  Three PILLARS of SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL Equality and fairness among people and communities. Three PILLARS of SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC Long-term production, proper use and management of resources.  The 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals Goal 1: No Poverty Goal 2: No Hunger Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being Goal 4: Quality Education Goal 5: Gender Equality Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Goal 10: Reduced Inequality The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Goal 13: Climate Action Goal 14: Life Below Water The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals Goal 15: Life on Land Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal