CMPM Reviewer PDF

Module 1 Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr  Executive functions Order orders order CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CO...

Module 1 Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr  Executive functions Order orders order CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION Codes and Regulations State of the Industry  Construction management Quality Management Quality Management Poor Construction Career Planning and Scheduling Planning and Scheduling Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr  Module 2 plans ARCHITECTURAL PLANS Structural plan Electrical plan Plumbing plan Construction activities excavation excavation excavation Reinforced concrete concreting concreting concreting concreting concreting concreting formworks FORMWORKS FORMWORKS Scaffolding/staging Scaffolding/staging Scaffolding/staging Scaffolding/staging reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement Bar bending schuedule reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement Module 2 Part 2 masonry Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr masonry masonry PLASTERING EMBANKMENT  TILEWORKS FLOOR FINISH DOORS WINDOWS CARPENTRY ROOF AND TRUSS ACCESSORIES ROOF TRUSS DETAILS ROOFING MATERIAL DOWNSPOUT PLUMBING FIXTURES ELECTRICAL WORKS ELECTRICAL WORKS PAINTING RAILINGS  Module 2 Concrete estimates (Concrete slab) Additional Module A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimensions of 4 inches thick, 3.0 m wide and 5.0 m long. Considering the slab to be resting on the ground fill, determine the number of cement in bags, sand and gravel required using class C mixture. Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr Solution: Solution: 1. Convert 4 inches = 0.10m Concrete estimates (Concrete slab) 1. Volume = 0.15 x 4.00 x 1,000 = 600 cu.m. Volume = 0.10 x 3.00 x 5.00 = 1.50 cu.m. A barangay road 4.00m wide and one kilometer long after the base preparation required concreting. Find the number of bags of cement, 2. Refer to Table using 40kg cement and Class A mixture 2. Refer to Table using 40kg cement and Class C mixture sand and gravel in cu.m. required using Class A if the slab is 15cm thick. Cement: 600 x 9 = 5,400 bags Cement: 1.5 x 6 = 9 bags Sand: 600 x 0.50 = 300 cu.m. Sand: 1.5 x 0.50 = 0.75 cu.m Gravel: 600 x 1.0 = 600 cu.m. Gravel: 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5 cu.m. Solution: If using 50kg cement Solution: 1. Volume = 0.15 x 4.00 x 1,000 = 600 cu.m. Concrete estimates (Footing and column) 1. Find the total length of the 12 columns A concrete column 4.00m high with cross sectional dimension of 20cm 12 x 4 = 48m 2. Refer to Table using 50kg cement and Class A mixture x 25cm is resting on a concrete footing 20cm thick by 80 cm square. If class B concrete is specified, find the quantity of cement, sand and gravel if there are 12 columns of the same size.. 2. Refer to Table 1-4 along the 20x25 Cement: 600 x 7 = 4,200 bags column size under class B: Sand: 600 x 0.50 = 300 cu.m. Cement: 48m x 0.375 = 18 bags of 40kg Gravel: 600 x 1.0 = 600 cu.m. Sand: 48m x 0.025 = 1.2 cu.m. Gravel: 48m x 0.050 = 2.4 cu.m. Note: By Linear Method Solution: For the Footing 1. Find the Area of the footing: Solution: Summary Masonry estimate A = 12pcs x 0.80 c 0.80 = 7.68 sq.m. Cement 18 + 11.52 = 29.52 Say 30 bags From the figure, determine the number of 10x20x40 cm concrete hollow Sand 1.2 + 0.76 = 1.96 2 cu.m. blocks and the required materials for: 2. Refer to Table 1-3 along the 20cm thick Gravel 2.4 + 1.53 = 3.93 4 cu.m. a) Mortar for block laying slab Class B b) Mortar for plastering Cement: 7.68 x 1.50 = 11.52 bags c) Footing, using Class B mixture Sand: 7.68 x 0.10 = 0.76 cu.m. Gravel: 7.68 x 0.20 = 1.53 cu.m. Note: By Area Method Solution: Solution: Mortar for Block Laying: Average thickness at 0.0125 Solution: Mortar filler for hollow cell 4. Refer to Table 2-1 using 1. Divide the height of the fence by the height 1. Find the volume of the mortar (one layer) 1. Find the volume of one cell Class B, 40kg of one block: V=txwxL V = 0.05 x 0.075 x 0.20 3.00 / 0.20m = 15 pcs Cement: 2.25 x 12 = 27 bags V = 0.0125 x 0.10 x 20 V = 0.00075 cu.m V = 0.025 cu.m 2. Volume of 4 cells per block Sand: 2.25 x 1.0 = 2.25 cu.m. 2. Divide the total length of the fence by the length of one block 2. Multiply by the number of layers to get the total volume. V = 0.00075 x 4 L = 8 + 4 + 8 = 20m V = 0.025 x 15 V = 0.003 cu.m. 20m/0.40 = 50 pcs V = 0.375 cu.m. 3. Total volume of cells for 750 CHB 3. Refer to Table 2-1 using Class B V = 0.003 x 750 3. Multiply the result of 1 and 2. Multiply: Cement: 0.375 x 12 = 4.5 bags V = 2.25 cu.m. 15 x 50 = 750 pcs Sand: 0.375 x 1.0 = 0.375 cu.m. Solution: Plastering at an average of 4. Refer to Table 2-1 using Class Solution: Footing Summary of the Materials 16mm (0.016m) thick B, 40kg 1. Find the volume of the footing 1. Find the area of the fence (one V=txwxL 1. Concrete Hollow Blocks - 750 pcs side) Cement: 1.92 x 12 = 23.04 bags V = 0.15 x 0.40 x 20.00 2. 40kg Cement - 63.54 say 64 bags A = 3.0 x 20 = 60 sq.m. Sand: 1.92 x 1.0 = 1.92 cu.m. V = 1.20 cu.m. 3. Sand - 5.145 cu.m. 2. Find the area of the two sides 2. Refer to Table 1-2, Class B, 4. Gravel - 1.20 cu.m. A = 60 x 2 = 120 sq.m. concrete 40kg 3. Solve for the volume Cement: 1.20 x 7.5 = 9 bags V = 120 x 0.016 Sand: 1.20 x 0.50 = 0.60 cu.m. V = 1.92 cu.m. Gravel: 1.20 x 1.0 = 1.20 cu.m LUMBER LUMBER LUMBER Board foot is the unit of measure used in computing volume of Find the board foot of 5 pieces 2” x 6” x 14’ lumber lumber despite the introduction of the metric measure. One board foot simple mean one square foot by one inch thick, or equivalent to 144 cu. Inches. Where: The width and thickness of the commercial lumber are expressed in D is the smaller diameter of log in inches inches while the length are in feet of even number. Board foot is found by diving the product of the thickness times the width and the L = the length of the log in feet length by 12. 4 = reduction allowance LUMBER LUMBER LUMBER Determine the length of the wooden post required. 3. Add the result of 1 and 2 1. Find the total height from floor to ceiling: 5.40 + 0.575 = 5.975m 2.70 + 2.70 = 5.40 meters Find the total board foot of lumber that could be derived from a 28 inches diameter log by 20 feet long. 2. Determine the depth of girder, 4. Convert to feet Floor joists, flooring and girts: 5.975m/0.30 = 19.9 ft Girder - 0.20 Floor joist - 0.15 Flooring - 0.025 5. Order length = 20 feet Girts - 0.20 TOTAL - 0.575 m ROOFING ROOFING ROOFING Find the number of corrugated GI sheets and its Corrugated G.I. sheets Corrugated G.I. sheets accessories required if the side lapping specify 1 ½ 1) Divide the length of the gutter by the effective 2) The length of the rafter is 6.00m. A combination corrugations with 30cm end lapping on a 50x75 covering of one sheet, refer to Table 6-2, using a of 3.60m and 2.70m long G.I sheets mm purlins. 1 ½ corr. 3) Order 14.00m / 0.70m = 20 pcs 20 pcs 0.80 x 3.60m GI sheets 20 pcs 0.80 x 2.70m GI sheets Note: 0.80 standard width of GI ROOFING ROOFING ROOFING Rivets Rivets G.I. Washers 1) Table 6-2, for a 3.60m and 2.70m sheet 2) Convert to kilograms, from Table 6-3 1) Double the number of rivets Multiply: Divide: 960 pcs x 2 = 1,920 pcs For 3.60m long: 960 pcs/ 180 = 5.33 say 5.5 kg 20 pcs x 26 = 520 pcs 2) Convert to kilogram, from Table 6-3 1920 / 126 = 15.24 say 15.5 kg For 2.70m long: 20 pcs x 22 = 440 pcs Total: 520 + 440 = 960 pcs ROOFING ROOFING ROOFING Plain G.I. Strap om 50 x 75 mm purlins Lead Washers SUMMARY 1) Total number of rivets = 960 pcs 1) The number of rivets is equal the number of Quantity Remarks lead washers 20 pcs 80cm x 360cm corr G.I. Sheets 2) Table 6-4, 960 pcs 20 pcs 80cm x 270cm corr G.I. Sheets using 50x75mm purlins 2) Table 6-3 5.5 kg G.I. Rivets Divide: Divide: 15.5 kg G.I. Washers 960 / 384 = 2.5 pcs Plain GI Sheet 960 / 75 = 12.8 say 13 kg 13 kg Lead Washers 2.5 pcs Plain G.I. Sheets Activity Find the number of corrugated G.I. sheets and its accessories if Module 3 the G.I. sheets are laid at 2 ½ corrugations with 0.30m end lapping joint on a 50x75 mm purlins. CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATION Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr  BASIC CONSTRUCTION SITE LAYOUT excavation Excavation procedure for foundation construction requires site clearance, setting out, excavation and safety measures based on depth of excavation. Soil poisoning Foundation works shoring Soil poisoning is a process The work of the foundation is that involves the treatment to prevent uneven settlement. Shoring is the process of of soil with chemicals to The foundation provides a level eradicate termites, ants, and surface for building operations. temporarily supporting a building, other harmful insects. The foundation is carried deep vessel, structure, or trench with into the ground, thus increasing shores when in danger of collapse or the stability of the building and during repairs or alterations. preventing it from overturning. Foundation of sloping terrain Rebar works Rebar works - When constructing Rebar is also known splicing foundations on sloping as reinforcing bar, terrain, a common reinforcing steel, and approach is to create The method used to reinforcement steel a stepped foundation. join the reinforcement This involves cutting the is the material that is bars, so that the force is foundation trench into used in concrete to steps to avoid an enhance the flexural transferred effectively excessively deep strength of the from one bar to the excavation at the higher concrete element. other is called as end of the slope. splicing.  Rebar works – Spacing and arrangement Concrete works Lintel Beam Concrete is a composite material A lintel beam is a structural composed of component that sits above apertures aggregate bonded such as windows, doors, and other together with a fluid openings. cement that cures over time. Concrete works – removal of forms Concrete works – Concrete forms provide shape to the slump test Masonry works structure. Many concrete professionals remove Masonry is the craft of the forms the day after the pour is The concrete slump completed. building a structure with test measures the consistency brick, stone, or similar The removal of concrete of fresh concrete before it material, including formwork also called as strike-off or sets. It is performed to check mortar plastering which stripping of formwork should be the workability of freshly made carried out only after the time when concrete, and therefore the are often laid in, bound concrete has gained sufficient ease with which concrete and pasted together strength flows. by mortar. Backfill / Electrical works compaction Slab on fill Backfilling refers to the process of High power is necessary The Slab On Grade is filling an excavation or trench with for all the electrical defined as a directly laid suitable material after the primary construction work (such as laying equipment used on a on the earth’s surface for pipes, cables, or foundations) is construction site, like supporting the structural complete. heavy-duty machinery elements and walls. Compaction involves compressing the soil or backfill material to increase its and the complex network density and reduce voids. of electrical installations.  Roof framing works Roof framing Roofing sheet Ceiling works involves A roof is the top covering of a A ceiling is an overhead constructing the building, including all materials and constructions necessary interior surface that roof’s skeleton or to support it on the walls of covers the upper limits the building or on uprights, framework of a room. providing protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. Value engineering safety career labor Construction site safety is an aspect of construction-related activities Labor in construction refers to the physical concerned with protecting construction work done on site workers and others from death, construction sites. injury, disease or other health-related risks. career Project manager Project manager Project manager Project engineer Project engineer Project engineer equipment equipment equipment equipment Earthmoving equipment Bulldozers Front-end Loaders Motor Graders Scrapers Scrapers Scrapers  Trucks Excavation equipment Excavators Backhoe Backhoe Excavators Backhoe Excavators Front Shovels Activity 1 A compilation of 10 heavy equipment used in construction With picture (1 picture per equipment) With description and uses  Module 4 Program of works (POW) A programme of work is a document that shows the sequence of activities that will be carried out in order to complete a project1. COMPUTER APPLICATION It can be a non-contractual reference point or it can AND CONSTRUCTION impose obligations on the contractor to deliver the works in a certain way and by certain dates. REPORTS A programme of work can help to ensure adequate Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr planning and delivery of a project1. Creating a simple work program and display it as a Bar chat is relative cheap. This can be done by doing it with Microsoft Excel. However, Tt is very tough to display the critical path and it seems to be impossible to show the logic link between bars. Another disadvantage of this is that it might only practical and applicable to a small scale project that having not more than ten (10) activities. It is due to the complexity of the process in creating the bar chart and it is very time consuming. Canvassing of materials Labor rate Labor cost The table below shows the latest retail April 2023 Labor Rates in According to studies, labor costs should ideally range between Philippines Peso price per sqm including if you are in National Capital 20% to 40% of the total budget for a construction project. Region Metro Manila or Provincial. However, this figure is based only on the standard industry Minimum Wage set by DOLE for Philippine Construction methodologies which means that the labor cost could vary for Workers (Skilled or Non-Skilled) each project. In addition, factors such as the cost of materials, the scope of your project, and the different types of labor that are needed to complete the project can significantly influence the project’s total cost. Construction Labor Rates in the Philippines (April 2023) Labor cost EQUIPMENT RENTAL RATE The labor costs of a construction project can vary depending on Rental means the rate you will the worker’s skill level, demand, and the location of the project. pay for the hire of equipment or the cost you will charge to your Skilled workers who can efficiently and quickly do their tasks project for borrowing an have higher wages, especially in places that have high equipment. demands for construction workers. The availability of workers greatly influences their wages, with Rates will vary based on the remote areas potentially facing shortages of workers and higher condition, functionality, and maintenance. wages due to a limited workforce. EQUIPMENT RENTAL RATE PROJECT COST ESTIMATE PROJECT COST ESTIMATE Project cost estimation is the A cost estimate is an approximation of process that takes direct costs, the cost associated with a program, indirect costs and other types of project, or operation. It provides a project costs into account and quantified expectation of the resources calculates a budget that meets the required to complete a project or financial commitment necessary for a specific parts of it. successful project. COST ESTIMATE Bill of quantities (boq) A bill of quantities is essentially a list of all the materials and labor that will be required for your desired build. It is often put together before a construction contractor has been hired and is a guiding document for those companies that are bidding for the work. duration duration Project duration refers to the length of time a specific project will take to complete based on the work effort and work quantity. Project duration estimation is highly important for project managers who need to calculate when their teams can finish the tasks, what resources they need, and how much time they have left before reaching the scheduled completion date. concepts concepts concepts Progress reports and payment Progress billing Retention payment Retention payment (or retainage) in construction is the amount of money held back until the project is complete. It is usually a percentage of the total project cost, typically sitting at 5% or 10%. Retention is a percentage of each payment made under a construction contract that is withheld in order to ensure that the work under the construction contract is completed to the required standard. Retention payments are a percentage of milestone payments owed to a subcontractor or vendor and are withheld pending full practical completion and resolution of any defects. Cash flow Payment schedule Cash flow and payment schedule Cash flow for most companies refers to the movement of money into The contractor payment schedule is how contractors in the business (income), and the movement of money out of the business (expenditure) over time. construction projects are paid. Cash flow in construction is slightly different to cash flow in many It’s unusual for contractors to get a payment for their work in industries, in that construction cash flow typically refers to the analysis of when costs will be incurred and how much those costs will be over one lump sum. the course of a project. Therefore, a construction payment schedule shows how they For companies running construction projects, understanding cash flow is is critical to ensuring the right level of funding is in place to deliver the receive compensation for their work over the project’s life whole project or phase of work. cycle. Computer application to construction estimates Computer application to construction estimates Construction Estimating software and tools are 1. Archdesk essential for estimators as 2. Active Takeoff they streamline the 3. PlanSwift process, automate 4. Buildpartner calculations and organize 5. Contractor Foreman data management to 6. STACK estimate as fast and 7. Procore efficiently as possible. 8. Expert Estimation 9. WenDuct and WenPipe Excel spreadsheet is one 10. Buildertrend of the most common tool. 11. ProEst Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr 12. Clear Estimates Module 5 PERT CPM PERT – PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE Critical Path Method (CPM) Designed to provide the management a periodic reporting of current - Designed as a toll for planning, scheduling and control of construction status and an outlook for the future on meeting approved plans and work PERT/CPM schedules. - Its emphasis was on the work or activities to be managed  PD 1594 Pert and cpm Three phases of pert/cpm PD 1594 – Prescribing Policies, Guidelines, Rules and Regulations for The project manager can easily obtain Planning Government Infrastructure Contract Graphical display or project activities Scheduling Estimate of how long will the project last Determine which activities are the most critical to timely project Controlling and Monitoring completion Determine how long any activity can be delayed without lengthening the project Planning phase planning Five inputs that can be obtained SCHEDULING A network diagram defining the activities in the project Defined as determining Duration of activities Defined as the the relationship Cost estimates of the activities for monitoring cost, cash flow process of between the work requirements translating the operation and the Resource estimates arrow diagram sequence in which they Trade indicators (responsibility) for activity grouping into timetable of are to be performed. calendar of days. Scheduling phase Controlling and Controlling and monitoring phase Four output that can be obtained monitoring Uses actual data which includes: Schedule of activities in the network diagram (critical activities, - Additions to the project earliest start, earliest finish, latest start, late finish, float) Flexibility and updated re- - Deletion from the project Bar Chart or a Time-Scaled Network computations brought - Changes as to duration description, trade indicators, cost estimates about by changing Resource Analysis otr resource estimates conditions is the key to a Cash Requirement - Actual starting dates successful network programming. - Actual finishing dates  Network ELEMENTS convention Activity on Arrow Activity on Node PRINCIPLES ACTIVITY events The work operations required to complete a task in some cases, a Point in time signifying the beginning or end of one or more activities segment of that task Denotes the completion of all preceding or predecessor activities and Actual work between events the beginning of one or more succeeding activities. Dummy activity Duration of an activity path An arrow on a network showing the dependent relationship between The time it takes an activity to be finished Sequence of activities that leads from the starting node to the finishing two activities Normal duration of a task node. Does not represent actual work efforts and do not consume time. Early start to early finish or late start to late finish fundamentals fundamentals fundamentals The length or time of any path can be determined by adding the The expected duration of a project is equal to the expected time of the Any attempt to shorten the project completion time must concentrate expected time of the activities along that path. longest part. on the longest sequence of activities because of its relation to the The path with the longest path time, catches management interest If there are delays along the longest path, naturally there is also a completion time. because it governs the project completion time. corresponding delay in the project completion time. The longest path is the critical path and its activities are called critical activities. fundamentals fundamentals Paths that are shorter than the critical path may experience some delay The allowable slippage for any path is called the path slack or float but may not affect the overall project completion time as long as the time. ultimate path time does not exceed the length of the critical path. It indicates the difference between the length of a given path and the length of the critical path. The critical path has a zero slack or float. Network diagram Network diagram Network diagram Main goal is to finish the project under the following objectives: CRITICAL PATH EARLIEST START To complete the project at the earliest minimum time - The longest route in the network of activities representing a - Cannot be earlier than the earliest event time of the event To use the available manpower, equipment and other resources project To complete the project with a minimum capital investment without causing undue delay. EARLY START EARLIEST EVENT - The first day after the physical assumption of the activity - The earliest time occurrence of an event Network diagram Network diagram Network diagram EARLIEST FINISH LATEST FINISH FREE FLOAT - Earliest start plus its duration - Latest start plus duration - The span of time an activity can be delayed after its early start without delaying the earliest start of any succeeding actual activity that may availed of and still allow its succeeding activities to begin their LATEST EVENT TOTAL FLOAT OR TOTAL SLACK earliest start time. - The latest time the event may occur without delaying project - The span of time an activity can be delayed after its earliest start completion without delaying the project completion. Network diagram orientation INDEPENDENT FLOAT - Portion of the activities free float that would remain if all its preceding activities used up all their float. concept concept All events (nodes) should be numbered left to right / top to bottom. There should only be one starting node and one ending node for each Make sure to have arrowheads to each activity going to its ending activity. node No two or more activities should have exactly the same starting and Critical Activities/Path should be drawn first (highlight as much as ending node (parallel). If this is the case, break one activity by putting 8 possible) and should be drawn in a straight line and at the a node then make the other line with an arrowhead as dummy. C E 3 center/middle of the entire diagram. 13 15 START A B END 13 D 5  ASSIGNMENT REDUCING TIME AND COST To avoid penalties for not completing the project on time To take advantage of monetary incentives for completing the project on or before the target date To free the resources such as money, equipment and men for use on other projects REDUCING TIME AND COST procedure To reduce indirect costs associated with the project such as: Obtain an estimate of regular and crash time plus the costs of each activity Facilities and equipment cost Determine the length of all paths and their float time Supervision cost Determine which activities are in the critical path Labor cost Crash the critical activities in the order of increasing costs as long as Personnel cost crashing costs do not exceed benefits.  Concepts Module 6 Owners, both private and public, plan buildings and other Pre- construction projects to accommodate desired functional and spatial requirements. Construction Planning, designing and completing construction is a complicated undertaking Activities Owners most often procure the services of an architect oR an architect/engineering/contracting firm, to help in the development of project definition and feasibility, referred to as the PRE-DESIGN PHASE. Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr PRE-DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PRE-DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PRE-DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT In this phase, the architect, the other design consultants and the Floor Plan Building Section owner mutually determine the goals and objectives of the project. Is a representation of a Gives a view of a building after a Early design efforts focus on establishing what is known as the building viewed from above vertical plane has been cut through DESIGN INTENT (statement that defined the anticipated after a horizontal plane gas it and the front portion removed. aesthetic, functional and performance characteristics of the been cut through it and the finished project). top portion removed. PRE-DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Documents SELECTING CONTRACTORS CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS SPECIFICATIONS Elevation - Referred to as the working - Describe in writing more For publicly financed projects construction, contractors are drawings, show the dimensional generally sought through a process of competitive bidding. Shows the exterior façade of a relationships between all aspects detailed information on the building, delineating of the building, their form, sizes exact types of materials to be In this method, qualified contractors are invited to the bid and quantities. used and the ways in which geometries and the materials construction processes are (invitation to bid) on the project on a competitive basis with the - Usually, computer generated of construction. conducted. contract often being awarded to the contractor that submits the - Basis on which the contractor generates cost estimates and are lowest bid. - Spell out the specific types, used to guide the actual qualities and properties of construction of the building on site those materials and their - Graphically indicate the installation. relationship between elements. SELECTING CONTRACTORS SELECTING METHODS A variation of this process used more on privately funded projects CONTRACTORS Design-Bid-Build is called INVITATION BIDDING wherein only preselected Design-Build contractors are asked to provide bids on a project. Negotiated contract can have Construction Management An owner may decide on a contractor with whom they have the advantage of bringing a worked on previous projects without seeking other bids and agree contractor into the project in the pre-construction phase of upon a NEGOTIABLE CONTRACT. the work, encouraging a team approach that incorporates design, construction and budget planning with owner involvement in a cooperative and coordinated effort. METHODS METHODS METHODS DESIGN-BID-BUILD DESIGN – BUILD CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT  Traditional method of project delivery that moves sequentially - The owner contracts with a single party that completes all - The owner may hire construction manager to provide input during from conception of a project through its construction. portions of the work from design through construction. the design phase and oversight and administration of the bidding  The contract is usually awarded to the most qualified bidder who - Assigns a single entity with full responsibility and construction phases. submits the lowest cost estimate - The entity may be a construction company that has a contracted - A successful construction manager needs to have an education in  Tends to produce longer overall project schedule with an architect or engineering firm for design services or one both the technical and management portions of construction, that maintains design professional as permanent members of the along with great deal of field experience.  Generally, result in the lowest construction cost staff. SUBMITTALS SUBMITTALS SUBMITTALS Prior to any work commencing on site, BUILDING PERMIT must Submittal process is an important and time-consuming step at SHOP DRAWINGS gives be secured. the beginning of managing any construction project. precise directives for the This permit is a certificate issued by the local governing authority Product data submittals are drawings, schedules, performance fabrication of certain having jurisdiction authorizing the construction documents to data and brochures that gives manufacturer’s information on the components such as ensure compliance with local building, safety and fire codes. characteristics of a material and allow the architect to verify that structural steel work, the product under consideration will satisfy the requirements concrete reinforcing or listed in the specifications. pre-cast concrete components. SUBMITTALS SUBMITTALS REQUIREMENTS SHOP DRAWINGS are MOCK-UP is a full-size model of a proposed construction system In addition to ongoing inspections by local building department substantially different from that is built in order to judge the appearance of an assembly, officials, continuing inspections are conducted by representatives architectural drawings in style examine its construction details and test for performance under of the owner to ensure that the completed work complies with the and content, including actual site conditions. guidelines set forth in the construction documents. manufacturing conventions If inspections find either materials or workmanship to be in non- and special fabrication compliance, the contractor is required to repair or replace the instruction. work at their own expense. REQUIREMENTS CONCEPTS CONCEPTS The request for inspection is used to obtain clarification that the CONSTRUCTION CHANGE DIRECTIVES CHANGE ORDER contractor cannot access through document review or other Also known as CHANGE ORDER Design modification initiated by an owner/designer research. Changes may be required for a number of reasons, such as Changed conditions These requests often occur during the bidding phase, as the previously unknown conditions, design omissions or errors, or contractor examines the documents in detail for the first time. changes in the scope of work. Request for information must be processed quickly by the CONSEQUENTIAL COST architect since the project schedule may be affected by Changes or delay on one activity will necessitate changes in unforeseen delays resource allocation or progress on other activities that result oin additional project cost. CONCEPTS CONCEPTS CONCEPTS PROJECT CLOSE-OUT CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY Construction contracting is a highly competitive business When the contractor determines that the work is nearing The general contractor is responsible for A construction company must achieve a reputation for quality completion, the architect or construction manager is asked to administering safety procedures on the workmanship and timely completion while achieving a reasonable return to the site and conduct an inspection of substantial construction site. return on its capital investment completion. Detailed safety procedures are often specified PROFIT is the principal motive for bidding on a construction The inspection occurs at a point when all major portions of the in the general requirements division of the contract work have been completed but a number of final details have yet construction documents. to be finished. PUNCH LIST is a listing of the remaining items to be installed or repaired. CONCEPTS BID PREPARATION BID PREPARATION REASONS WHY A CONTRACTOR MAY CHOOSE TO BID ON A DETAILED COST ESTIMATE DETAILED COST ESTIMATE PROJECT - Direct Cost - Mark Up - Keep their equipment in operation - Material cost - General Overhead - Labor cost - Covers the cost of all company activities not directly associated with individual - Prevent the loss of skilled workers and managers construction projects - Equipment cost - Salaries of headquarters personnel (company officials, estimators, clerks, - Desire for prestige accountants, etc.) - Maintenance of goodwill with regular clients - Indirect Cost (Job Overhead) - Rent and utilities - Made of the administrative and management expenses that will be incurred at the - Advertising - Maintain relationship with an owner project site - Insurance - Office Supplies - Interest on borrowed capital BIDDING PROCEDURES CONTRACT AWARD BONDS To ensure adequate Qualification of a contractor is the determination that the BID BOND competition, at least three contractor possesses both the technical and financial ability to Guarantees that a contractor will provide the required performance and bids should be obtained perform the work required by the contract. payment bonds if awarded the contract Time allowed for bid PERFORMANCE BOND preparation should be PREQUALIFICATION Guarantees completion of the project as described in the contract based on the size and documents Only contractors determined to be capable of performing are invited to complexity of the project submit bids for the contract. PAYMENT BOND and has suggested three Require bonding Guarantees the payment of subcontractors, laborers and suppliers by the weeks as a reasonable contractor minimum time SUBCONTRACTS CONTRACT ELEMENTS CONTRACT TYPES These are contracts between the prime contractor and secondary OFFER METHODS OF PRICING contractors or suppliers Is normally a bid or proposal submitted by a contractor to build a certain - Fixed – Price Contract facility according to the plans, specifications and conditions set forth by Used in building construction such as electrical, plumbing and the owner - Firm Fixed – Price Contract HVAC - Fixed Price with Escalations - ACCEPTANCE Subcontractors are responsible only to the prime contractor and - Takes the form of a Notice of Award - Cost – Type Contract not to the owner in the performance in their subcontracts - CONSIDERATION - Cost plus percentage of cost - Takes the form of cash payment - Cost plus fixed fee BID SHOPPING is an unethical practice where the contractor attempts to obtain lower subcontract process by negotiating with - Cost plus fixed fee with guaranteed maximum cost other subcontractors - Cost plus incentive fee FIXED-PRICE FIXED-PRICE COST-TYPE FIRM FIXED – PRICE CONTRACTS FIXED PRICE WITH ESCALATIONS COST PLUS PERCENTAGE OF COST - Lump sum contracts - Contains a provision whereby the contract value is adjusted - Pays the contractor a fee that is a percentage of the project’s - Provides specified payment for completion of the work described in the according to a specified price index actual cost contract documents - Reduce risk to the contractor during period of rapid inflation - The higher the project cost, the greater the contractor’s fee - Unit price contracts - Specify the amount to be paid for each unit of work but not the total amount COST-TYPE COST-TYPE COST-TYPE COST PLUS FIXED FEE COST PLUS FIXED FEE WITH GUARANTEED MAXIMUM COST COST PLUS INCENTIVE FEE - The most widely used form of cost reimbursement contract - Adds some of the risk of a fixed-price contract to the cost - Designed to provide an incentive for reducing project cost - Does not reward the contractor for an increased project cost but reimbursement contract because the contractor guarantees that - Contractor’s nominal or target fee is adjusted upward or still fails to provide any incentive to minimize cost the total contract price will not exceed the specified amount downward in a specified manner according to the final project - Contractor’s fee for this type of contract will be increased to cost. compensate for the added risk involved - The contractor is rewarded by an increased fee if able to complete the project at a cost lower than the original estimate. CONTRACTS CONTRACTS CONTRACTS CONTRACT TIME LIQUIDATED DAMAGES clause in the contract may be used to simplify the process of establishing the amount of damages - The time allowed for completion of a construction project is resulting from late completion. normally specified in the contract along with the phrase “Time is of the essence” Construction contract normally contain provisions for time - If no completion time is specified, a “reasonable time” is allowed extensions to the contract due to circumstances beyond the control - If the project is not completed within the specified time, the of the contractor contractor is liable for any damages (monetary loss) incurred by - Owner – directed changes the owner as the result of late completion. - Acts of God - Strikes CONTRACTS CONTRACTS CONTRACTS LIQUIDATED DAMAGES LIQUIDATED DAMAGES PUNCH LIST is a list of deficiencies to be corrected which is - Paid by the contractor to the owner if such amounts are required - Payable by the contractor in case of breach thereof, the amount of prepared at the final inspection by the contract, and if the contractor exceeds the allowed liquidated damages shall be at least equal to one – tenth of one - Issuance of Certificate of Substantial Completion of Work contract time period. percent (0.10%) of the cost of the unperformed portion for every - Request for final payment - The amount is determined before the contract is advertised and it day of delay. - Issuance of Final Certificate of Payment is based on an estimate of actual costs the owner or the public - Once the cumulative amount of liquidated damages reaches 10% would incur by late completion of work. of the contract amount, the Procuring Entity shall rescind the - The contractor customarily provides a warranty against defective contract, without prejudice to other courses of action and work for some period, usually 1 year remedies open to it. CLAIMS AND DISPUTES CLAIMS AND DISPUTES DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS CLAIM is a request by a contractor for a time extension or for DISPUTES are disagreement between the contractor and the owner PARTNERING additional payment based on the occurrence of an event beyond over some aspect of contract performance. - Philosophy of construction management based on trust the contractor’s control that has not been covered by the change DISPUTES may involve such matters as substitution for specified MEDIATION order. materials, the responsibility for the delays in project completion - System of selecting neutral third party to assist the parties CLAIMS are the unfortunate result of change orders that cannot be and the effect of changes ordered by the owner. to reach mutually acceptable agreement resolved or changed job conditions. ARBITRATION CLAIMS can lead to judicial action, resulting from the inability of - Slightly closer to litigation in philosophy than mediation the contractor and owner to reach an agreement. because the arbitrator imposes a solution on the parties to the dispute and the parties agree to accept the arbitrator’s solution - Arbitrator I selected by mutual agreement DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS CONTRACT TERMINATION CONTRACT TERMINATION MINI TRIALS Most contracts ate terminated by satisfactory performance The basis for termination by the contractor based on breach of - Allow each side to present its position in the dispute and Non-adversary methods of contract termination include mutual contract usually the failure of the owner to make specified then a judge renders a decision agreement and impossibility performance progress payments or owner-cased delay of the project for an unreasonable period of time. The principal adversary basis for contract termination is for BREACH OF CONTRACT. Either the owner or the contractor may When termination is due to breach of contract by the owner, the PROJECT NEUTRAL contractor is generally held to be entitled to payment for all work terminate a contract. -Used in a very large, highly technical project performed and the expenses of demobilization and cancellation - A person (or team) that is hired before the construction of orders plus profit. contract is awarded and that participates in the project throughout the construction period CONTRACT TERMINATION Termination by the owner for breach of contract is most Module 7 commonly due to failure of the contractor to make reasonable progress on the project or to default by the contractor. Government When termination is due to breach of contract by the contractor, Procurement the contract commonly permits the owner to take possession of the work site and all on-site equipment and tools owned by the Act contractor and to complete the project at the contractor’s expense. Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr RA 9184 ACRONYMS TERMS Government Procurement Reform Act GOP – Government of the Philippines Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC) – refers to the budget SUCs – State Universities and Colleges for the contract duly approved by the Head of the Procuring Entity, An act providing for the modernization, as provided for in the General Appropriations Act and/or standardization and regulation of the procurement GFIs – Government Financial Institutions continuing appropriations activities of the government and for other purposes GOCCs – Government Owned and/or Controlled Corporations BAC – Bids and Awards Committee LGUs – Local Government Units Bid – refers to a signed offer or proposal submitted by a supplier, manufacturer, distributor, contractor or consultant in response to the Bidding Documents. TERMS TERMS TERMS Bidder – refers to an eligible contractor, manufacturer, supplier, Blacklisting – an administrative penalty disqualifying a person or Competitive Bidding – refers to a method of procurement which distributor and/or consultant competing for the award of a an entity from participating in any government procurement for a is open to participation by any interested party, and which contract in any procurement by the GOP. given period. consists of the following: Bidding Documents – refers to the documents issued by the Common-Use Supplies – refers to those goods, materials and Advertisement Procuring Entity as the basis for Bids, furnishing all information equipment that are used in the day-to-day operations of the Pre-Bid conference necessary for a prospective bidder to prepare a bid for the Goods, Procuring entities in the performance of their functions. Eligibility screening or prospective Bidders Infrastructure projects and Consulting Services to be provided. Receipts and opening of bids Evaluation of bids Post-qualification Award of contract TERMS TERMS TERMS Consulting Services – refers to the services for infrastructure Domestic Bidders – refers to any person or entity offering Domestic Entity – refers to an individual or sole proprietor who is projects and other types of projects or activities of the unmanufactured articles, materials, or supplies of the growth or a citizen of the Philippines or a partnership, corporation, Government requiring adequate external technical and production of the Philippines, or manufactured articles, materials cooperative or association duly organized under the laws of the professional expertise that are beyond the capability and/or or supplies manufactured or to be manufactured in the Philippines of which at least 75% of the interest or outstanding capacity of the government such as, but not limited to: Advisory and review services Philippines substantially from articles, materials or supplies of the capital stocks belong to citizens of the Philippines, habitually Pre-investment or feasibility studies growth, production or manufacture, as the case may be, of the established in business and habitually engaged in the Design Philippines. manufacture or sale of merchandise covered by his bid, and the Construction supervision business has been in existence for at least 5 consecutive years Management and related services prior to the advertisement and/or posting of the Invitation to Bid. Other technical services or special studies TERMS Executive Agreements – International agreement except that they do not require legislative ratification Expendable supplies – refers to articles which are normally consumed in use within 1 year or converted in the process of manufacture or construction or those having a life expectancy of more than 1 year but which shall have decreased substantially in value after being put to use for only 1 year (medicines, stationery, fuel, spare parts).  Sample Activity 4 Group of 5 members Create a Name of your Construction Company Create a Logo Make 1 paragraph description of what is your company all about. Craft the Vision and Mission of your company Create an organizational structure Create a 1 page CV (Resume) of the 5 Owners of the company