Introduction to Structural Engineering PDF

**Introduction to Structural Engineering** - - **History of Structural Engineering** - - - - - **Structural Analysis** - - - - - - **Structural Failure and Loads** - - - - - **Structural Materials and Forces** - #### Forces include tensi...

**Introduction to Structural Engineering** - - **History of Structural Engineering** - - - - - **Structural Analysis** - - - - - - **Structural Failure and Loads** - - - - - **Structural Materials and Forces** - #### Forces include tension, compression, shear, and torsion, which affect the strength and behavior of structures. **Types of Mechanical Forces:** 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. #### **Failure Modes:** 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 9. 10. 1. 2. 11. 12. 1. 2. 3. 13. 14. 1. 2. 3. **Specializations in Structural Engineering** - - - - **Benefits of Being a Structural Engineer** - - **Salary** - ### **Construction Management Report (Group 2)** #### **Introduction to Managing Construction Projects** - - ### **Goals of Construction Management** 1. 2. 3. ### **Participants in Construction Projects** - - - - - ### **Stages of a Construction Project** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ### **Site Organization** - - - ### **Construction Contracts** 1. 2. - - 3. 4. - - - ### **Key Contract Documents** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ### **Chapter 4: Estimating -- The Foundation of Project Costing** **Estimating** involves calculating the projected cost of a construction project by breaking it down into smaller components: - - - - - ### **Tendering -- The Process of Bidding for Contracts** **Tendering** is the submission of a bid for a project, requiring: 1. 2. 3. ### **Parties Involved in Estimating and Tendering** 1. 2. - - - 3. ### **Types of Bidding** 1. 2. 3. 4. ### **Chapter 5: Earthmoving** **Earthmoving** involves moving soil or rock to meet construction needs, including excavation, hauling, and compacting. #### **Key Activities in Earthmoving:** - - - **Soil Characteristics:** - - **Key Earthmoving Equipment:** - - - - ### **Chapter 6: Concrete Construction Practices** #### **Hot-Weather vs. Cold-Weather Concreting:** - - #### **Concrete Construction Methods:** - - - - - #### **Construction Practices:** Good practices ensure efficiency, safety, and compliance with standards, covering: - - ### **Transportation Engineering** #### **Objectives of Transportation Engineering** - - - #### **Overview of Transportation** - - #### **Role of Transportation in Development** - - - - - - - - - ### **Key Processes in Transportation Engineering** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ### **Transportation Modes and Their Features** 1. 2. - - - - 3. 4. - - - - 5. 6. - - - 7. 8. - - - - 9. 10. - - - - ### **Specialized Fields** - - **Definition and Purpose:** Environmental engineering is a vital field focused on safeguarding public health and ecosystems by addressing environmental issues such as pollution control, waste disposal, and water management. **Interdisciplinary Nature:** This diverse discipline integrates knowledge from various fields, including chemistry, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, economics, and mathematics. **Historical Background:** Originally known as sanitary engineering, it evolved in the mid-1960s to encompass a broader scope. Significant historical milestones include: - - - **Importance and Future:** Environmental engineering plays a crucial role in enhancing quality of life through sustainable practices. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects moderate growth in this profession, highlighting its significance in tackling environmental challenges and optimizing resource usage. **Roles and Responsibilities:** Environmental engineers investigate environmental issues and design solutions, focusing on: - - - - - - They also advise on environmental regulations and participate in legal cases related to environmental law. **Career Path and Education:** A career in environmental engineering typically requires a university degree in civil, chemical, or mechanical engineering, supplemented by hands-on experience through apprenticeships and possibly certification to validate expertise. **Employment Sectors:** Environmental engineers work in both public and private sectors. Public sector roles include positions in environmental agencies and local health departments, while private sector opportunities exist in consulting firms, construction companies, and utilities. **Areas of Specialization:** - - - **Definition and Scope:** Geotechnical engineering is a vital branch of civil engineering that focuses on understanding and applying the principles of soil and rock mechanics to the design and construction of infrastructure. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including the analysis of ground conditions, the assessment of soil and rock properties, and the design of foundations and other earth structures. The field plays a crucial role in ensuring that infrastructure projects are safe, durable, and able to withstand various environmental challenges. **Historical Development:** The evolution of geotechnical engineering can be traced back to the 18th century, marking a significant transformation from empirical practices to more scientific approaches: - - - - - - **Subfields of Geotechnical Engineering:** Geotechnical engineering encompasses several specialized areas, each focusing on different aspects of soil and rock mechanics: - - - - - - **Geotechnical Surveys and Testing:** Geotechnical surveys, also known as ground investigations, are crucial in civil engineering as they provide essential data about soil and rock properties at a site. This process involves: - Key tests include: - - - - - - - - - - **Importance of Geotechnical Engineering:** Geotechnical engineering is foundational to civil engineering, ensuring the safety, stability, and longevity of structures. Its significance is underscored in several key areas: - - - - - - ### Water Resources Engineering **Definition:** Water Resources Engineering is a broad field focused on managing water resources concerning both quantity and quality. Its goal is to meet the water needs of humans and ecosystems at various scales, from local to international. **Categories of Water Resources Engineering:** 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3. 4. 5. 6. ### Importance of Water Resources Engineering - - - - ### Opportunities in Water Resources Engineering - - - - - - ### Advantages of Water Resources Engineering 1. 2. 3. ### Contributions to the World Water Resources Engineers develop systems and technologies that ensure a continuous supply of clean water for drinking, living, and recreation, contributing to public health and environmental sustainability. ### Advantages of Being a Hydrological Engineer 1. 2. 3. 4. **HISTORY**\ \ Civil engineering, recognized as the oldest engineering discipline, focuses on transforming natural materials and energy into structures and systems beneficial to society. Its roots go back to ancient times, with notable early engineering feats like the Great Pyramid of Giza (constructed with 2.3 million stone blocks, 146.6 meters tall) and the Great Wall of China (initiated in 214 B.C., spanning 2,250 kilometers). These works, alongside others like the Roman roads and aqueducts, exemplify early civil engineering efforts aimed at improving human living conditions.\ \ Originally, civil and military engineering were indistinguishable, as military engineers had advanced technical knowledge and applied it to both defense structures (fortresses, roads, tunnels) and public works in peaceful times. It wasn\'t until the 18th century that civil engineering became a distinct field, with John Smeaton, the builder of the Eddystone lighthouse, calling himself a civil engineer around 1750 to differentiate his work from military engineering. This led to the official recognition of civil engineering as a profession, with the establishment of institutions like France's Bridge and Highway Corps in 1716 and the École National des Ponts et Chaussées in 1747.\ \ Civil engineering\'s main tasks can be divided into three stages: before, during, and after construction. Pre-construction tasks include feasibility studies, site investigations, and design work to ensure the project\'s viability. During construction, civil engineers collaborate with contractors to successfully execute the project. After construction, maintenance is crucial to ensure long-term functionality and structural quality. Beyond these stages, research and investigation are key to addressing practical construction challenges and advancing the field\'s knowledge.\ \ The profession has broadened over time, and civil engineering now includes several specializations: structural engineering, construction, foundation, transportation, sanitation, and hydraulics. More recently, the discipline has expanded to include areas such as urban planning, environmental management, energy facilities, water management, telecommunications systems, and disaster prevention.\ \ The article highlights how civil engineering has played a vital role in the development of civilizations and continues to be essential in building infrastructure that supports modern society. It also emphasizes the importance of addressing global environmental challenges to ensure sustainable development in the 21st century. Republic Act No. 544\ As Amended by RA 1582\ \"Civil Engineering Law\"\ An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil Engineering in the Philippines\ \ **Article I** - Title of the Act and Definition of Terms\ **Section 1.** The law is titled the \"Civil Engineering Law.\"\ **Section 2.** The practice of civil engineering includes consultation, design, construction supervision, and works related to streets, bridges, railroads, water systems, etc. A civil engineer is anyone registered under the Board for Civil Engineers.\ **Article II - Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers**\ **Section 3.** Composition of the Board - The board consists of a chairperson and two members appointed by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation of the PRC.\ **Section 4.** Powers and Duties of the Board - The Board can issue and revoke certificates, administer exams, investigate violations, and set standards for the profession.\ **Section 5**. Qualifications for Board Members - Board members must be Philippine citizens, at least 30 years old, registered civil engineers, and have at least ten years of experience.\ **Section 6.** Fees and Compensation - The Board collects fees for exams and registration.\ **Section 7**. Annual Report - The Board must submit an annual report to the PRC on its activities.\ **Article III** - Examination and Registration\ **Section 8. E**xamination Requirement - Civil engineering applicants must pass a technical exam.\ **Section 9**. Examination Date - Exams are held annually in Manila.\ **Section 10**. Subjects of Examination - Includes mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, surveying, and structural design.\ **Section 11**. Executive Officer of the Board - The PRC Commissioner acts as the executive officer for the Board.\ **Section 12**. Qualifications for Examination - Applicants must be 21 years old, a citizen of the Philippines, of good moral character, and a graduate of a civil engineering program.\ **Section 13**. Oath of Civil Engineers - All successful candidates must take an oath before practicing.\ **Section 14.** Seal and Use of Seal - Registered civil engineers must use an official seal on plans they prepare.\ **Section 15**. Exemptions from Registration - Certain individuals like government employees and foreign experts called for consultation are exempted from registration requirements.\ **Section 16-17**. Issuance, Suspension, and Revocation of Certificates - The Board can refuse, suspend, or revoke certificates for those with criminal offenses or for immoral behavior.\ **Section 18**. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates - A certificate may be reissued after a year from its revocation, if the applicant shows sufficient cause.\ **Section 19.** Transitory Provisions - Civil engineers licensed under the previous law are automatically registered under RA 544.\ **Article IV** - Enforcement of Act and Penal Provisions\ **Section 20.** Enforcement of the Act - Law enforcement officers at all levels must ensure compliance with this Act.\ **Section 21**. Registration Required - No one can practice civil engineering without a valid registration.\ **Section 22**. Penal Provisions - Penalties for violations include fines between P500 and P2,000 or imprisonment between six months and one year.\ **Article V** - Miscellaneous Provisions\ **Section 23**. Supervision of Construction - All public structures must have plans supervised and stamped by a registered civil engineer.\ **Section 24**. Civil Engineering as a Professional Service - Firms or partnerships must have licensed engineers to perform civil engineering services.\ **Section 25.** Reciprocity Requirements - Foreign nationals can only take the civil engineering exam if their home country offers reciprocity to Filipino engineers.\ **Section 26**. Roster of Civil Engineers - The PRC must keep a roster of all registered civil engineers.\ **Section 27.** Repeal of Conflicting Laws - Previous laws that conflict with RA 544 are repealed.\ **Section 28**. Construction of Act - If any part of the law is declared unconstitutional, the rest remains valid.\ **Section 29**. Effectivity - The law takes effect upon approval.\ Date Approved: June 17, 1950 (Amended by RA 1582 on June 16, 1956).