CIEN REVIEWER PDF - History of Civil Engineering

LESSON 1: HISTORY OF CIVIL - One of the most prestigious and oldest ENGINEERING French Grandes Escoles 1771 Ancient and Medieval History...

LESSON 1: HISTORY OF CIVIL - One of the most prestigious and oldest ENGINEERING French Grandes Escoles 1771 Ancient and Medieval History - John Smeaton pioneered hydraulic lime. - Most architectural design and construction - Concrete that cure under water and was carried out by artisans, stonemasons, developed a technique of securing blocks and carpenters using dovetail joints and marble dowel - Structures, roads, and buildings were repetitive, and increases in scale were 1835 incremental - The first degree in Civil Engineering in the US was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic 4000 BC - 2000 BC Institute - Earliest practice of civil engineerings were in Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia 1905 - First CE degree awarded to a woman, Nora 2700 BC - 2500 BC Stanton Blatch from Cornell University - The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSION construction IN THE PHILIPPINES - Colosseum in Rome - Great Wall of China During the Spanish Period - Taj Mahal of India - Social prejudice led to indio builders calling themselves Maestro de Obras (equivalent to 312 BC modern day foreman) even if they could - The first major Roman road, “Queen of design and build any type of structure Roads” or Appian way - There were no CE degrees awarded to - Constructed to serve as a supple route Filipinos during the time. Only Spanish between Rome and its allies during the architects/engineers have academic degrees Second Samnite War 1868 - The Bureau of Public Works and Highways 27 BC (Obras Publicas) and Bureau of - Opus caementicium, or Roman concrete Communications and Transportation paved the way for architectural frenzies of the (Communicationes y Meteologia) were first Roman emperor Augustus organized under a civil engineer known as - Limestone with volcanic ash to form a “Director General” mortar which was packed with chunks of bricks or volcanic tuff 1892 - Though weaker than modern concrete, - November 24,1892, the completion and operations of the first train from Manila to Roman concrete was surprisingly Dagupan long-lasting - Establishment of the right of way in the law - The Spanish regime focused on roadwork for 18th Century communication - The term “Civil Engineering” came to use - Two types of construction under the Spanish to describe engineering work that was Regime: performed by civilians for non-military a. Pavement of Cut Spanish Road purposes - Used because it was easily quarried, - Main reason why civil engineering has a cut, and handled broad range, definition, disciples, and - Size used is called “ordinario”, a specializations 20 x 20 cm and 50 cm long - Smooth and pretty pavement but 1747 wears very rapidly - Establishment of Ecole Nationale des b. Rubble-Stone Pavement Ponts et Chaussees, the first institution for - Varies in size from 10 to 30 cm in teaching Civil Engineering. diameter - Founded by Daniel-Charles Trudaine - Very durable and long lasting  - Pavement is very rough and had a Works, and Bureau of Architecture and second course of small gravel used to Construction of Public Buildings bound together with a binding - The Philippine Bill of 1902 or Philippine material Organic Act authorized the Government of the Philippine to provide needs for commerce. 1898 - December 8, 1902, the first Railroad - Issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the Legislation Act was passed granting Manila Department of War and Public Works was Railroad Company the right to construct created branch lines. - When Spain ceded the Philippines to the US in 1898, the public works and activities were 1903 placed under the US Army engineers - The AAAF became the AIAAF (Academia de Arquitectura, Ingeniera y Agrimensura de 1899 Filipinas) - From January 21, 1899 - May 8, 1899, Gracio Gonzaga served as the Secretary of Public 1904 Welfare, which included the transportation - The Academia merged with Liceo to and communications portfolio become Escuela de Ingeniera y - When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno, Arquitectura, which offered a 5-year course among the seven departments set up was the Communicaciones y Obras Publicas, and 1905 Paterno was appointed as Secretary of Public - The Escuela stopped its operation Works and Communications - Roadworks have improved - Public Works, Transportation, and - Act No. 1401, passed on Oct. 4, 1905, Communication have been grouped into abolished engineering districts and positions one department of district engineers - Through Major-General Elwell S. Otis, US President William McKinley’s instruction 1907 stated that management of public property - The Faculty of Engineerings in UST was and revenue were to be conducted by the founded and is the oldest engineering American Authority. Thus, the Bureau of school in the Philippines Engineering was placed under American supervision. 1908 - The Escuela reopened and offered a 3-year 1900 course for CE, Architecture, and Electrical - Founding of Liceo de Manila headed by Engineering Leon Ma. Guerrero - First private school to offer an academic title 1910 for Maestro de Obras - A resolution passed on June 3, 1910 - Introduction of reinforced concrete in the appointed W.J. Colbert as the acting Dean of Philippines and it use for the construction of the College of Engineering in UP the Masonic Temple in Escolta, Manila - The first instructor was Jose P. Katigbak of City Engineer’s Office of Manila as an 1901 instructor in graphics - On Feb. 6, 1901, Act No. 83 was passed - The first appearance of motor vehicles in wherein public works and projects were Philippine Highways placed under Provincial Supervisions 1911 1902 - The AIAAF was dissolve when civil engineers - The first professional association of and other engineering profession withdrew to architecture and surveyors was born on Sept. form their own organization, the Philippine 14, 1902. Society of Engineers - Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura - Has struggled to pass an Engineers and de Filipinas (AAAF) Architects Law - Philippine Commision Act. No. 222 and 268 were passed to gave birth to the Bureau of Engineerings and Construction of Public 1912 Dec. 24, 1941 to Aug. 01, 1944 - The Escuela closed - Issuance of Executive Order 396 which - Irrigation Act of 1912 was passed, and the reorganized the cabinet Irrigation Division was put under the Bureau - The Department of Public Works and of Public Works which was established in Communication became the Department of 1908. National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor, with Basilio 1919 Valdez as secretary - Metropolitan Water District was founded. 1942 1921 - Under President Laurel, Quintin Paredes - The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. served as the Minister of Public Works and 2985) was passed on Feb. 23, 1921. Communications - The law created separate board exams for - After the war, reparations of roads, bridges, civil engineering and architecture. buildings and other infrastructures were funded through the war damages of the 1928 Japanese Government. - The first civil engineering organization was formed, the Philippine Society of Civil 1945 Engineers (PSCE) with Engr. Marcial - Reorganization of the government allowed for Kasilag as the first president. the renaming of Department of National - He held the PRC Registration Number 1 for Defense and Communication back to the Civil Engineers Department of Public Works and Communication 1931 - Department of Commerce and 1947 Communications was renamed to - Expansion of authority of the Department of Department of Public Works and Public Works and Communication, placing the Communications Motor Vehicles Office under its supervision 1935 1950 - On Aug. 2, 1935, Act No. 4211 was enacted - - On June 17, 1980, the Architects (PIA) allowing under-aged people to take the passed the first Architect’s Law (RA 545) board exam on the condition that they will not while the Civil Engineers (PACE) the Civil practice their profession below 21 yrs. Old. Engineering Law (RA 544) 1937 1951 - The Philippine Association of Civil - Under Executive Order No. 1951, the DPWC Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group was again renamed to Department of from the private sector with Engr. Enrique Public Works, Transportation, and Tomas Cortes as its first president. Communication - PACE being more active led to the transfer - The Philippine National Highway Act of of members from PSCE to PACE 1953 or RA 917 provided for an effective highway administration for highway and road 1938 funding for provinces and cities - Engineering and architecture were separated - Abolishment of National Airport by law via National Assembly Bill No. 1850 Corporation, the Civil Aeronautics Administrations became fell under the 1941 Department of Commerce & Industry, In 1956, - The war disrupted normal operations of the CAA was transferred to DPWTC school and colleges due to Japanese occupation 1954 - Abolishment of the Department of Public - Enacted on June 15, 1954, RA 1080 states Works and Communication due to lack of that passing professional board exams funds declare an individual to be equivalent to a first-grade Civil Service eligibility 1955 1973 - National Waterworks and Sewage System - The merging formed the Philippine Institute Authority (NAWASA) was established of Civil Engineers with Engr. Caliwara as through RA 1383 the first president - June of 1973 through Presidential Decree 1956 223, the Professional Regulation Commision - The Civil Engineering Law and Architecture was created and only accredited one Law was further amended by RA 1582 and organization per profession RA 1581 respectively - PD 198 or The Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973 was signed into law on May 25, 1960’s 1973. This created the Local Water Utilities - Shortage of projects for Engineers and Administration for provincial cities and Architects led to an influx of migration to municipalities US and Europe - Many architects and engineers made their 1974 own firms, and due to the number, these firms - First election of PICE was held and Engr. allied with other Filipino firms around the Caliwara became its first president world. - Expansion and reconstruction of the Bureau of Public Highways to Department of Public 1960-1980’s Highways through Administrative Order No. - Automobile age 2 on July 1, 1974 - Road construction becomes a priority - “This nation is on wheels” 1975 - The first international convention was held in 1960 the Philippines with the theme “Civil - Designation of the SI Unit for worldwide Engineering in DIsaster Prevention Control” adoption - PICE was recognized as the only official organization of civil engineers in the 1961 Philippines with Accreditation No. 007 - On Sept. 30, 1961, the Association of - Through a PD, the SI System of Units was Structural Engineers (ASEP) was founded, mandated in the Philippines with its first president, Engr. Ambrosio Flores 1976 - Departments became Ministries 1963 - DPWTC to MPWTC - Founding of National Irrigation Administration - DPH to MPH (Highways) tasked with the development and operation of - Creation of National Water Resources Irrigation Systems all over the country Board through the National Water Code of - Created under RA 3601 and signed on the Philippines June 22, 1963 by President Diosdado Macapagal 1977 - PD 1096 or National Building Code of the 1964 Philippines was signed on Feb. 19, 1977 - On June 20, 1964 through RA 4156, the Manila Railroad Company was renamed to 1978 Philippine National Railways - Under the 1973 Constitution, a parliamentary form of governance was established, and 1971 departments became ministries - On June 19, 1971 through RA 6234, - PD 1594 or The Prescribing Policies, NAWASA was renamed to Metropolitan Guidelines, Rules and Regulation for Waterworks and Sewage System (MWSS) Government Infrastructure Contracts was signed 1972 - PD 1350 allowed applicants for citizenship - Merging of PACE and PSCE under Engr. to take board exams pending the approval Caliwara’s effort for their petition 1978-1982 2004-2005 - Authorized by PD 693, the construction of - The Architecture Act was passed and signed Magat Dam began in 1978 and started its into law by a petition for declaratory relief was operations in 1983 filed by PICE and Engr. Leo Cleto Gamolo 1979 2006 - Through Executive Order 546, MPWTC was - The CE Board Exams now only releases Top divided into two: Ministry of Public Works 10 instead of the previous Top 20 (MPW) and Ministry of Transportation and Communication (MOTC) 2012 - From 100 problems in the board exams, it 1980’s became 300 with 100 per subject - Major highways and expressways were constructed through financial loans from 2013 foreign banks - RA 10609 or Protection of Students’ Right - Founding of Rural Waterworks to Enroll in Review Centers Act of 2013 Development Corporations (RWDC) was signed into law - The Light Rail Transit Authority was created LESSON 2: FUNDAMENTAL - Allowed the use of handheld calculators ENGINEERING CANNONS 1981 Fundamental Canons - MPW and MPH merged to become the 1. Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the Ministry of Public Works and Highways safety, health, and welfare of the public (MPWH) and shall strive to comply with the - The Philippine board exams began to use the principles of sustainable development in SI System of Units the performance of their duties. a. Civil Engineers shall recognize the 1987 lives, safety, health, and welfare of - MPWH became the Department of Public the general public are dependent Works and Highways (DPWH) with its upon engineering judgements, a. 5 Bureaus decisions, and practices incorporated b. 6 services into structures, machines, products, c. 16 regional offices processes, and devices d. 24 project management offices b. Civil Engineers shall approve or seal e. 16 regional equipment services only those design documents f. 118 district engineering offices reviewed or prepared by them, which - DPWH is the primary engineering and are determined to be safe for public construction arm of the government health and welfare in conformity with - Responsible for planning, designing, accepted engineering standards. construction, and maintenance of c. Civil Engineers whose professional infrastructures judgment is overruled under circumstances where the safety, 1991 health, and welfare of the public are - Through Proclamation 799, Nov. 3-9 was endangered, or the principles of made the Civil Engineering Week sustainable development ignored, shall inform their clients or employers 1993 of the possible consequences. - The Board of Civil Engineer held its first d. Civil Engineers who have knowledge computerized examinations on May 29, 1993 or reason to believe that another person or firm may be in violation of 1995 any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall - The Syllabi for Subjects in Civil Engineering present such information to the licensure exam was promulgated proper authority in writing and shall cooperate with the proper authority in  furnishing such further information or in the dissemination of untrue, unfair, assistance as may be required. or exaggerated statements regarding e. Civil Engineers should seek civil engineering. opportunities to be of constructive b. Civil Engineers shall be objective and service in civic affairs and work for the truthful in professional reports, advancement of the safety, health, statements, or testimony. They shall and well-being of their communities, include all relevant and pertinent and the protection of the environment information in such reports, through the practice of sustainable statements, or testimony development c. Civil Engineers, when serving as f. Civil Engineers should be committed expert witnesses, shall express civil to improving the environment by engineering opinion only when it is adhering to the principles of founded upon adequate knowledge of sustainable development so as to the facts, upon a background of enhance the quality of life. technical competence, and upon honest conviction. 2. Civil Engineers shall perform services only d. Civil Engineers shall issue no in areas of their competence. statements, criticisms, or arguments a. Civil Engineers shall undertake to on civil engineering matters which are perform engineering assignments inspired or paid for by interested only when qualified by education or parties unless they indicate on whose experience in the technical field of the behalf the statements are made. engineering involved. e. Civil Engineers shall be dignified and b. Civil Engineers may accept an modest in explaining their work and assignment requiring education or merit and will avoid any act tending to experience outside of their own fields promote their own interests at the of competence, provided their expense of the integrity, honor, and services are restricted to those dignity of the civil engineering phases of the project in which they profession and/or related professions are qualified. All other phases of such a project shall be performed by 4. Civil Engineers shall act in professional qualified associates, consultants, or matters for each employer or client as employees. faithful agents or trustees and shall avoid c. Civil Engineers shall not affix their conflict of interest. signature or seals to any civil a. Civil Engineers shall avoid all known engineering plan or documents or potential conflicts of interest with dealing with the subject matter in their employers or clients and shall which they lack competence by virtue promptly inform their employers or of education or experience or to any clients of any business, association, such plan or document not reviewed interests, or circumstances that could or prepared under their supervision influence their judgment or the quality and control. of their services. d. Civil Engineers shall not use The b. Civil Engineers shall not accept Specialty Engineering Title such as compensation from more than one Structural Engineer, Transportation party for services on the same engineer, Water Engineer, project, or for services pertaining to Geotechnical Engineer, Construction the same project, unless the Engineer, etc. without the PICE circumstances are fully disclosed to Specialist Accreditation. and agreed to, by all interested projects. 3. Civil Engineers shall issue public c. Civil Engineers shall not solicit or statements only in an objective and accept gratuities, directly or indirectly, truthful manner. from contractors, their agents, or a. Civil Engineers should endeavor to other parties dealing with their clients extend the public knowledge of civil or employers in connection with work engineering and sustainable for which they are responsible. development, and shall not participate  d. Civil Engineers in public services as responsible for designs, inventions, members, advisors, or employees of writings, or other accomplishments. a governmental body or department f. Civil Engineers may advertise shall not participate in consideration professional services in a way that or actions with respect to the services does not contain misleading language solicited or provided by them or their or is in any other manner derogatory organization in private or public to the dignity of the profession. engineering practice. g. Civil Engineers shall not maliciously e. Civil Engineers shall advise their or falsely, directly or indirectly, injure employers or clients when, as a result the professional reputation, of their studies, they believe a project prospects, practice, or employment of will not be successful. another engineer or indiscriminately f. Civil Engineers shall not use criticize another’s work. confidential information coming to h. Civil Engineers shall not use them in the course of their equipment, supplies, laboratory, or assignments as a means of making a office facilities of their employers to personal profit if such action is carry on outside private practice adverse to the interests of their without the consent of their clients, employers, or the public. employers. g. Civil Engineers shall not accept professional employment outside of 6. Civil Engineers shall act in such a manner their regular work or interest without to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, the knowledge of their employers. and dignity of the civil engineering profession. 5. CIvil Engineers shall build their a. Civil Engineers shall not knowingly professional reputation on the merit of act in a manner that will be their services and shall not compete derogatory to the honor, integrity, or unfairly with others. dignity of the civil engineering a. Civil Engineers shall not give, solicit profession or knowingly engage in or receive either directly or indirectly, business or professional practices of any political contribution, gratuity, or a fraudulent, dishonest or unethical unlawful consideration in order to nature. secure work, exclusive of securing salaried positions through 7. Civil Engineers shall continue their employment agencies. professional development throughout their b. Civil Engineers should negotiate careers and shall provide opportunities for contracts for professional services the professional development of those fairly and on the basis of civil engineers under their supervision demonstrated competence and a. Civil Engineers should keep current in qualifications for the type of their specialty fields by engaging in professional service required. professional practice, participating in c. Civil Engineers may request; propose continuing education courses, reading or accept professional commissions technical literature, and attending on a contingent basis only under professional meetings and seminars. circumstances in which their b. Civil Engineers should encourage professional judgments would not be their engineering employees to compromised. become registered at the earliest d. Civil Engineers shall not falsify or possible date. permit misinterpretation of their c. Civil Engineers should encourage academic or professional engineering employees to attend and qualifications or experience. present papers at professional and e. Civil engineers shall give proper technical society meetings. credit for engineering work to those to d. Civil Engineers shall uphold the whom credit is due and shall principle of mutually satisfying recognize the proprietary interests of relationships between employers and others. Whenever possible, they shall employees with respect to terms of name the person/s who may be employment including professional  grade descriptions, salary ranges, Ethics and the Law and fringe benefits. - Ethics is the study of the characteristics of moral, and involves moral choices LESSON 3: CIVIL ENGINEERING ETHICS - Engineers make choices during their professional practice Obligations of the Civil Engineer 1. The Civil Engineer shall perform Scope of Engineering Ethics Services as stated in Section 2 of the - Defined to be the rules and standards of Professional Manual of Practice. conduct that engineers follow in fulfilling their 2. The Civil Engineer shall exercise reasonable role as professionals. skill, care, and diligence in the performance of - Important for engineering students to study as his obligations. to prepare them for making sometimes 3. The Civil Engineer shall act independently difficult ethical decisions in the future and as required by the contract, perform with the necessary skills and professional Ethical Theories Based on Philosophical Scholars judgment, when required to certify, decide or exercise discretion between the client and a a. Utilitarianism - John Stuart Mill third party with whom the client has a - Considers a balance of good and bad contract. consequences for everyone 4. The Civil Engineer is authorized to act as the - Cost-benefit analysis client’s faithful agent when required but only - Consideration of most benefits to the most as implied in Section 2 or implied in the people outweigh needs of the a few contract adopted for the project. - The idea of morally right or wrong depends on 5. When aware of any matters which will change the effects or have changed the scope of the services, - Maximize utility the Civil Engineer shall give written notice to the client containing particulars of the change. b. Duty Ethics - Immanuel Kant 6. For Specified Staged Services, the Civil - Concerned with what people do, not the Engineer shall not initiate or proceed with any consequence of action subsequent stage of the services without the - Duties should be performed regardless of approval of the client. whether theses acts do the most good or not 7. When required, the Civil Engineer shall direct - “Inside the box” thinker and co-operate with all other professionals and integrate their work where applicable into c. Right Ethics - John Locke that being undertaken by the Civil Engineer - Rights are protected and given the most and other professional but shall not be priority professionally liable for their work. - Rights are ethically correct and valid 8. The Civil Engineer may recommend specialist - Rights may be bestowed to other if they have suppliers and/or contractors to design and the ability and resources to do so execute certain parts of the works, in which case the Civil Engineer shall coordinate the d. Virtue Ethics design of a such part or parts with the overall - Actions are right if they support good design of the works but he/she shall be character (virtue) and wrong if the support relieved of all responsibility for the design, bad character (vices) Manufacture, installation, and performance of - Tied to personal honor any such part or parts of the works. The CIvil - Judges a person by character Engineer shall not be liable for acts of negligence, default, or omission by such Code of Ethics person or persons. - Provides a framework for ethical judgment for 9. The Civil Engineer shall notify the Client of a professional any interest the CIvil Engineer has which may - Serves as the start of ethical decision making significantly conflict with the interests of the - Defines the roles and responsibilities of client under their contract. professionals Code of Ethics Commonly Hold - Engineers and technologists have to prioritize the health and safety of the public  LESSON 4: CIVIL ENGINEERING, - Field and laboratory work along with design SOCIETY, AND OTHER PROFESSIONS c. Structural Engineering - Design and analyze all man-made objects Civil Engineering Process whose primary function is load resistance - Planning - Must also consider the economics, aesthetics, - Design and social implications of their creations. - Construction - Operation/Maintenance d. Transportation Engineer - Rehabilitation - Analyze movement of persons and goods - Plan, design, construct, maintain and operate a. Planning various transportation modes - Find problem areas that need improvement - Design traffic management systems and set the criteria for the design. - Gather input from the public e. Water Resources Engineer - Develop, use and manage the world’s water b. Design resources - Draw plans to show how the problem is going - Design water distribution systems, wells, to be fixed reservoirs, canals, locks and dams, port facilities, and flood control systems c. Construction - Analyze the impacts of other engineering - Follow the plans from the design to build the projects on the natural hydrologic system solution to the problem f. Energy and Environmental Engineering d. Operation/Maintenance - Apply fluid mechanics, biology, and chemistry - Fix small problems before they become big to design ones - Combine knowledge from fields of physics, math, and chemistry with economic and e. Rehabilitation environmental engineering practices - Fix something back to original condition - Increase efficiency and further develop renewable sources of energy Civil Engineering Specializations - Construction Engineering and Management g. Surveying/Geodetic Engineering - Geotechnical Engineering - Precisely locate and layout engineering - Structural Engineering projects - Transportation Engineering - GIS, GPS, and laser distance measurement - Water Resources Engineering devices - Energy and Environmental Engineering - Maps and aerial photos Related Fields of Engineering h. Materials Engineering - Surveying/Geodetic Engineering - Design, analyze, and construct materials - Materials Engineering Similarities of Engineering and Architecture a. Construction Engineering and - Both must have strong math and tech skills Management - Both need analytical thinking capabilities - Management of construction resources: labor, - Have leadership and management skills materials, equipment, money, and time - Design formwork, scaffolding, lifting Differences apparatus, etc. - CEs have broader range of projects - Archis are more in the pre-construction b. Geotechnical Engineering phases, CEs oversee all phases - Analyze soil and rock that affect the behavior - CEs oversee a variety of workers of structures, pavements, underground - Archis mostly spend time in offices, CEs facilities, and containment structures for solid should balance site supervision and office and liquid wastes work - Design foundations, retaining walls, roadway - CEs earn a senior position with an advanced cuts, etc. degree