Child Psychopathology - Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1: The Science and Practice of Abnormal Child Psychology  2 What Do We Mean by Identifying “Abnormal”?: Deviation, Disability, Behavior and Distress  Statistical deviation approach. Problems in...

Chapter 1: The Science and Practice of Abnormal Child Psychology  2 What Do We Mean by Identifying “Abnormal”?: Deviation, Disability, Behavior and Distress  Statistical deviation approach. Problems in  Degree of impairment. Children  Degree of emotional distress.  3 What Do We Mean by Identifying “Abnormal”?: A Harmful Dysfunction Behavior  Wakefield’s alternative, two- criteria approach. Problems in  Parallel between example of Children heart disease and harmful dysfunction.  4 How Does DSM-5 Define Abnormality?: Definition Identifying  Manual used by most mental health professionals in the Behavior United States. Problems in  Notion of harmful dysfunction. Children  Individuals may not always show both disability and distress.  5 How Does DSM-5 Define Abnormality?: Limitations Identifying  Medical approach to mental health problems. Behavior  Underlying cause often unknown. Problems in  Relational nature of many Children childhood disorders.  Role of social–cultural surroundings.  6 How Do Psychologists Diagnose Identifying Mental Health Problems in Children? Behavior  Presence of specific signs and Problems in symptoms. Children  Diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode.  7 How Do Psychologists Diagnose Identifying Mental Health Problems in Children?: Categorical Behavior Classification  Mental disorders divided into Problems in categories. Children  Oldest approach to classification.  8 How Do Psychologists Diagnose Identifying Mental Health Problems in Children?: Prototypical Behavior Classification Problems in  Based on ideal picture of disorder. Children)  Flexibility of the approach.  9 How Do Psychologists Diagnose Mental Health Problems in Children?: Dimensional Identifying Classification Behavior  Place disorders on a continuum of severity. Problems in  DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom Children measure.  Diagnostic specifier of signs, symptoms.  1 0 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Identifying Children?: Possible Benefits  Parsimony as most obvious Behavior benefit. Problems in  Aids in professional communication. Children  Can aid in prediction.  Can help to plan treatment.  1 What Are the Advantages 1 and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Children?: Possible Benefits Identifying Can help individuals obtain Behavior social or educational services. Problems Can be helpful to caregivers. Can facilitate scientific in discovery. Children  1 What Are the Advantages 2 and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Children?: Potential Drawbacks Identifying Parsimony at expense of detailed Behavior information. Problems Inadequate reflection of environmental context. in Focus of approach on individuals. Children  1 3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Children?: Identifying Potential Drawbacks Behavior Arbitrary distinction of normality/abnormality. Problems Unclear boundaries of in diagnostic categories. Children  1 What Are the Advantages4 and Disadvantages of Diagnosing Children?: Research Domain Criteria Identifying Genetic and biological causes of Behavior each disorder. Criticized for providing mere Problems definitions. DSM-5 and RDoC reflect different in approaches. Children  1 5 How Do Social–Cultural Factors Affect Our Understanding of Mental Health?: Culture, Race, and Identifying Ethnicity Behavior  Values, knowledge, practices.  Race as culturally constructed Problems in category. Children  Ethnicity used to define groups.  Abnormal symptoms v/s culturally sanctioned behavior.  16 The Prevalence of Childhood Disorders How Common Are Mental Disorders in Children?: Prevalence and Incidence  Cases in a given population.  New cases in a given period of time.  Challenges to determine prevalence.  Overall prevalence is on the rise.  1 7 How Common Are Mental Disorders in Children?: The Comorbidity and Costs Prevalence  Tendency of disorders to occur together. of  Negative effect on lives of Childhood children and families.  Prevention remains an Disorders underutilized approach in the United States.  18 The Prevalence of Childhood Disorders (3 of 10) What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood Disorders?: Age  Prevalence varies with age.  National comorbidity survey replication- adolescent supplement.  Prevalence of specific disorders. The Prevalence What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood of Childhood Disorders?: Age Disorders 19  2 0 The What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood Disorders?: Gender Prevalence  Early childhood: disorders seen of more in boys. Childhood  Adolescence: girls to have more Disorders problems.  Perception of interpersonal stressors can influence mood.  2 1 The What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood Disorders?: Prevalence Socioeconomic Status of  Reflects aspects of child’s Childhood environment. Disorders  Association with risk for (6 of 10) psychological disorders.  Family composition as a related predictor.  2 2 What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood Disorders?: Race and Ethnicity The  Complex relationship with Prevalence childhood disorders. of  Differences in SES across ethnicities. Childhood  Likelihood of identification and Disorders treatment.  Cultural values of racial and ethnic groups.  2 3 Do Most Children With Mental Health Problems Receive The Treatment?: Access to Treatment Prevalence  Treatment only received by half. of  Sources of treatment. Childhood  Unequal access to high-quality care. Disorders  Treatment often not by specialists.  2 4 Do Most Children With Mental Health Problems Receive Treatment?: The Use of Medication The  Increased use of psychotropic Prevalence medication. of  Variation of use across age and gender. Childhood  Comparison to use of Disorders psychotherapy.  Factors driving overall rise in use.  2 5 Do Most Children With Mental Health Problems Receive The Treatment?: Barriers to Treatment Prevalence  Economic barriers can limit access. of  Social-cultural factors decrease Childhood willingness.  Lack of experts in child mental Disorders health.  Interference of stigma.  2 6 What Is Evidence-Based Practice?: The Importance of Science Integrating  Definition. Science  Three factors for evidence- and based approach.  Practice  Scientific research. Clinical expertise and patient characteristics.  2 8 What Professionals Help Children Integrating and Families?: The Helping Science Professions  Psychologists. and  Psychiatrists. Practice  Pediatricians, nurses, and LPCs.  Marriage and family therapists.  2 9 What Professionals Help Children and Families?: The Helping Integrating Professions Science  Social workers. and  Speech-language pathologists. Practice  Occupational therapists and special education teachers.  School counselors and child life experts.  3 0 What Professionals Help Children and Integratin Families: Students g Science as Evidence-Based and Helpers Practice Provide services to children and families in need. Need for students to use sensitive and scientific approach.  3 Why Is Ethical 1 Treatment Important: The APA Integratin Ethics Code g Science Acceptable standard of and behavior. APA ethics code Practice frequently used. First part of ethics code: ethical principles. Second part of ethics code: ethical standards.  3 2 Why Is Ethical Treatment Important: Competence Integrating  Use of experience to deliver Science service. and  Protect the welfare of clients. Practice  Relevance to children and adolescents.  Relevance to psychology students.  3 3 Why Is Ethical Treatment Important: Consent Integrating  Best way to avoid ethical Science problems.  Components of informed and consent. Practice  Children’s inability to provide consent.  Rare cases: without parental consent.  3 4 Integrating Why Is Ethical Treatment Important: Confidentiality Science  Protect information provided and during therapy. Practice  Five limits of confidentiality.  Rights held by parents.  3 Integrating Science and Practice 5 Why Is Ethical Treatment Important: Conflicts of Interest