PSY4105 - Midterm 1 PDF

PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf 1. True or False - Problems start True when the brain goes a bit off track during development, however the smallest interven- tions can get you back on track. 2. How are children different fr...

PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf 1. True or False - Problems start True when the brain goes a bit off track during development, however the smallest interven- tions can get you back on track. 2. How are children different from They experience rapid developmental adults? change in cognitive functions, language, emotion and personal relationships. 3. True or False - Patterns of de- False velopment are the same for every child? 4. What are 3 factors that can Genetics, Peers/School and Parents influence abnormal develop- ment? 5. What are 3 characteristics of Statistically uncommon, significant dis- abnormal behaviour? tress, and impairment in social/occupa- tional (school) functioning. 6. What are 3 important factors to their age, current stage of development look at when determining if a and social situation (context) behaviour is abnormal? 7. Since kids/teens experience If the stress leads to abnormal/harmful be- more distress compared to haviour and if it impairs their current devel- adults, how can we tell if the opmental stage. stress they're experiencing is abnormal for their age? 8. What is equifinality? It's when MULTIPLE different causes all lead to ONE outcome. 9. What is multifinality? When ONE cause can lead to MULTIPLE outcomes. 10. 1 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf What are the 3 developmental 1 - Kids can grow out of it trajectories of childhood psy- 2 - It can remain unchanged (common for chological disorders? anxiety disorders) 3 - It will still be there but with different symptoms (common for ADHD - it can be internalized) 11. What is etiology? The factors that contribute to the develop- ment of a psychological disorder. Another way to think of it is different lenses to ana- lyze psychological issues 12. True or False - According to False. Etiology, one theory is enough The importance of a factor is relative to adequately explain all psy- to each disorder. (For example, genetics chological disorders. are way more important for understanding ADHD, but not so important for PTSD) 13. What is diathesis ? biological predisposition 14. How does diathesis and stress You need BOTH diathesis (predisposition) correlate to the emergence of and stress (external circumstances) for a psychological disorders? psychological issue to emerge. 15. True or False - Our psychology True depends a lot on our environ- ment ? 16. True or False - It's possible True - exposure to stress may increase that children can benefit from resiliency stress 17. Define resilience A child's capacity to overcome adversity and achieve normal development/adapta- tion despite the risk factors they face. 18. True or False - Certain person- True. Neurotic personality and difficult tem- ality traits and temperaments perament can put a child at risk. can be a risk factor for devel- oping psychological issues 2 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf 19. Define psychopathology scientific study of psychological disorders 20. What is the medical model of Psychological issues can diagnosed like psychopathology? physical illnesses through analytical meth- ods of testing and observation. 21. True or False - Things that are True - being Gay is an example. considered normal now were considered mental illnesses in the past. 22. How can we use statistics to We need to know the average of normal understand abnormalities? behaviours in order to see what falls out- side of that range. 23. True or False - Bronfenfren- True ner states that "if you want to understand something, try and change" 24. Why is age so important to de- To be able to determine what developmen- velopmental psychology? tal stage a child should be in. 25. What are the 4 approaches Individual child symptoms , Dimensional, to conceptualizing child psy- Categorical and Multiple-Pathways/Devel- chopathology? opmental. 26. What is the individual child Identifying strange behaviours within the symptoms approach in psy- individual. chopathology? 27. What is the dimensional ap- It's when we group symptoms in clusters. A proach in psychopathology? checklist of a bunch of symptoms. 28. What are the 2 ways we catego- According to the dimensional approach, rize symptoms? symptoms can be internalized or exter- nalized. However these categories aren't distinct because you can experience both types of symptoms at the same time. 3 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf 29. What's an externalized disor- It's when the issues are directed at others. der? Often viewed as under controlled/impul- sive. 30. What psychological issues Oppositional or conduct disorders. would be considered an exter- nalized disorder? 31. True or False - For treating False. More time is spent with the parents an externalized disorder, more as they can intervene every time a bad time is spent with the thera- behaviour comes up. pist/professional 32. True or False - When treating True an internalized disorder, more time is spent with the therapist / professional. 33. What is an internalized disor- It's when issues are directed internally (to- der? wards themselves). Viewed as overcon- trolled and very conscientious/self-aware. 34. What psychological disorder Anxiety and Depression would be considered and inter- nalized disorder? 35. What is the Multiple-Path- Taking into account the complexity of an way/Developmental approach issue and how many variables could be in psychopathology? interacting to create this problem. 36. True or False - Normal develop- False - Typical and Atypical development ment is not important in study- is very informative. We need to understand ing abnormal development. both in order to know why and how psycho- logical problems emerge. 37. According to developmental Endogenous (Genetics) and Exogenous psychology, we study _____ (External factors) factors and _____ factors and how they interact in order to 4 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf predict and understand devel- opmental changes. 38. True or False - In certain con- True texts, psychological problems can be adaptive. 39. What is the categorical ap- Using a diagnostic criteria to determine the proach in psychopathology? absence/presence of disorders. 40. True or False - CBT can be con- True. CBT divides psychological informa- sidered a categorical approach tion into categories of thoughts, behav- iours and feelings. 41. True or False - When visiting a False - the parents are considered the psychologist, children are con- clients, especially for younger children. sidered the clients and not the parents. 42. True or False - Psychological False - they are neither valid or invalid, tests are always valid. the validity comes from how you use and interpret the test results. If you use it wrong - then it's gonna be invalid. 43. True or False - psychological True. issues can be measured 44. What's the best method/tool Achenbach System of Empirically Based for childhood assessment? Assessment (Asseba) - It is a dimensional approach as it uses a questionnaire/check- list. It has specific information on cross-cul- tural use and many versions in different languages. 45. What are the 3 different tem- Easy - child adjusts nicely to new environ- perament types in children? ments and circumstances Difficult - slow to accept change, strong negative reactions to changes Slow to warm up - has trouble with new situations but will gradually adjust 5 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf 46. Why is it important to know a Knowing a child's temperament can help child's temperament? with the recommendations of treatment or management of symptoms 47. What is Sternberg's triarchial 1) Analytic intelligence - ability to think crit- model? ically and process information 2) Creative intelligence - ability to adapt to new information and challenges 3) Practical intelligence - learning about the world around you and applying practi- cal information you have learned to situa- tions - common sense or street smarts 48. What is the best method for Observation - however most child psychol- evaluating behaviour? ogists can't do that. 49. What is incremental validity Incremental validity refers to the many and why is it important when a tools available for obtaining information child-clinical psychologist as- from adult informants and direct observa- sesses the psychological func- tion of the problems. It's important as it tioning of a children or adoles- allows the child-clinical psychologist to cre- cent? ate a more balanced view of behaviour, because they can get information from a parent or teacher. 50. What are the advantages and If the child is young, the parent has to be disadvantages of standard di- the main participant in the diagnostic in- agnostic interviews? terview. Another disadvantage is that there is no method of indicating whether the be- haviour is common or uncommon. An ad- vantage, these are very standardized and can provide a good assessment of causes of behaviour. 51. What is the current status of It is considered a fertile new method of projective techniques in the evaluation but it can commonly lead to over psychological assessment of diagnosing due to the common act of us- children and adolescents? ing the results to represent pathology that 6 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf might not exist. Not a very commonly used assessment tool. 52. What are 3 important criterias Time - Were the symptoms present before for assessing ADHD? the age of 12 Setting - Are the symptoms present in more than one context Impairment - Do the symptoms interfere with social, academic or occupational func- tioning. 53. What are 3 important speci- 1) The severity of the symptoms fiers for ADHD ? 2) Is it in remission ? 3) How does it present itself (mostly inat- tentive, mostly hyperactive, a mix of both) 54. ADHD is a ______ disorder neurodevelopmental 55. ADHD is comprised of deficits in attention, behavioural inhibition and the regulation of activity. 56. What are the 2 theories 1) They have a deficit in executive function- researchers have developed ing (planning, goal setting, etc...) about ADHD? 2) They have difficulty with delaying gratifi- cation 57. What part of the brain does The prefrontal cortex ADHD affect? 58. Does ADHD have the highest Yes ! heritability rate compared to other disorders ? 59. Why are ADHD rates increas- 1) Professionals aren't adhering to the di- ing ? agnostic criteria 2) Impairments aren't taken into account 3) Different assessment mesures 4) Different specialties and disciplines 60. 7 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf What are the major problems 1) Universal human experience - every with the individual child symp- child will experience these symptoms at toms approach ? one point in time 2) Adjustment and later outcomes = it's not a reliable predictor, as symptoms usually come and go 3) Developmentally (A)typical - What's typ- ical for a 3 year old isn't typical for a 10 year old. 4) Inaccurate discrimination between clinic refered and non -reffered children. 61. What are 3 different treatment Medication, Psychosocial treatments and types for ADHD? management strategies. 62. What does ADHD medication It increases the availability of dopamine do to the brain ? in the brain. It increases attention span and decreases impulsiveness. However, it doesn't teach skill, can't treat all symptoms and has side effects. 63. What are the 2 categories for 1) Parent focused interventions - Providing psychosocial treatments with consistent structure, behaviour manage- ADHD? ment techniques etc.. 2) Child focused interventions - Support and treating secondary symptoms like de- pression and anxiety 64. How suitable are teachers rat- Teachers can be very helpful with assess- ings as the main component ments of ADHD as they can observe chil- of the assessment of possible dren's behaviour around peers in a struc- ADHD? tured environment. 65. What are some important dif- Typically as children age into adulthood ferences between the typical there are less attention issues but the at- symptoms of ADHD in chil- tention problems continue. Between child- dren, adolescents and adults? hood and adolescents there can be an increase in impulsivity and disruption and aggression. 8 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf 66. How accurate is the contention Not accurate. There is no conclusive re- that ADHD is caused by brain search that brain damage causes ADHD. damage? While there has been found to be structur- al brain differences (primarily in the fron- to-parietal cortex) these differences are thought to be largely genetic and not the result of an injury to the brain or caused by brain damage. 67. How important is it for children It is not that important for children with with ADHD to follow a specific ADHD to follow a prescribed diet but it prescribed diet? is important for them to be screened for any food allergies to determine if there are external influences causing any attention or activity problems. 68. Children with ADHD can bene- Physical activity - As it helps create more fit greatly from getting consis- dopamine. tent ____ ______ 69. What are the 2 symptom crite- Criterion 1 - inattentive symptoms rions of ADHD ? Criterion 2 - Hyperactivity symptoms 70. How many symptoms do we 6 under criterion A (inattentive symp- need to diagnose ADHD toms) and 6 under criterion b (hyperactivity symptoms) 71. True or False - With ADHD, True. Often time, they know what they need there's a disconnect between to be doing but can't bring themselves to knowledge and performance. doing it. 72. Why is ADHD hard to diagnose The symptoms of other disorders tend to ? overlap with the symptoms of ADHD (i.e. Depression and inattentiveness) 73. What's the average t-score 50 74. What's the average deviation 10 75. What is a meta-analysis? 9 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf statistically combining data from a bunch of different tests to come to a conclusion 76. What is a t-test ? It's a test used to transform two different tests in order to compare them 77. How do you calculate the (mean 1 - mean 2)/Standard deviation t-score The result you get shows how much of a difference there is between the two tests. 78. What is t-score is thought of as 0.8 a large difference? 79. What are the benefits of meta 1) clarifies research gaps analysis? 2) identifies sources of diversity among various studies 3) Helps detect publication Bias 4) Can show how the differences in people can lead to different treatment outcomes. 80. What is a clinical practice It's when a bunch of experts come together guideline? to do a systematic review of literature in order to determine which treatments are the best for specific problems 81. What is routine sessional out- When you measure the outcomes of your come measurements ? treatments by administering a test every few sessions. 82. Explain the CBT model ap- Thoughts, feelings and behaviours are proach. all interacting and influencing each other. CBT evaluates and modifies behaviour as well as critically evaluate thoughts, in order to change your experience with emotions/ feelings. 83. What does Les Greenberg knowing when to be changed by emotion mean by "emotional wisdoms" and when to change emotion 84. 10 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf What are the 3 symptom cate- 1) Angry/Irritatible mood gories of Oppositional defiant 2) Argumentative/Defiant behaviour disorder? 3) Vindictiveness 85. What do we need to specify The severity of the symptoms when diagnosing ODD 86. How many ODD symptoms 4 symptoms in the last 6 months - exhibited need to be present for diagno- with one individual who is not a sibling. sis 87. What are the 4 criterion of 1) Aggression to people and animals symptoms for conduct disor- 2) Destruction of property der ? 3) Deceitfulness or Theft 4) Serious violation of rules 88. How many symptoms of con- 3 + must be present for the last 12 months duct disorder need to be pre- with at least one criterion present for the sent for diagnosis last 6 months. 89. What are the specifiers for con- 1) When the symptoms started showing duct disorder? (childhood onset, adolescent onset or un- specified) 2) Lack of prosocial emotions - If 2 of the following characteristics have been pre- sent for the last 12 months in multiple con- texts; lack of remorse or guilt, callous (lack of empathy), unconcerned about perfor- mance, shallow or deficient affect. 90. What's the difference between Reactive - strong impulsive reaction in the reactive and instrumental be- moment haviours? Instrumental - Using aggression as a tool ( planned and manipulative) 91. What do the clinical prac- For children 3 - 11 years off; individ- tice guidelines recommend as ual/group parent training (PMT) and work- treatment for ODD and CD. ing with children directly to build skills 11 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf For 11 - 17 years old ; multi systemic ther- apy 92. ODD is very comorbid with ADHD _____ 93. What is the biological basis of - Thought to have lower activity in their disruptive behaviour autonomic nervous system - Need higher levels of stimulation to achieve arousal - Stimulation-seeking theory - engaging in sensation-seeking + high risk activities - Fearlessness theory - low autonomic ner- vous system leads to a lower fear of pun- ishment - Heritability is around.50 94. What important differences are Early-onset tends to be very consistent there between early-onset and throughout life course and can escalate late-onset DBD? with age, late-onset DBD can resolve with age and is less consistent. 95. In what different ways can par- Parents can cause or aggravate DBD by ents cause or aggravate DBD? having a disorganized or having an inse- cure attachment with their child. Further, if a parent is using harsh physical punish- ment to try and mitigate unwanted behav- iour, this is likely to aggravate DBD. 96. When do we use active ignor- We use active ignoring for behaviours that ing and when should we not are not dangerous but getting in the way use it. (such as whining), we do not use it when dangerous behaviours are present. 97. What are the 3 fundamental Predictability, Competence and Self - Ac- psychological needs? cptance 98. What symptoms do you need 5+ symptoms present during a 2-week pe- to be diagnosed with Major De- riod and represent a change from previous pressive disorder functioning; at least one of the symptoms 12 / 13  PSY4105 - Midterm 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c2fvcf is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. 99. What is depression often pre- A loss ceded by? 100. What do clinical practice guid- For Mild depression lines recommend as treatment 5- to 18-year-olds: watchful waiting; digital, for depression group, individual CBT; group supportive, attachment, interpersonal (IPT) therapy For Moderate to severe depression 5- to 11-year-olds: individual CBT; psycho- dynamic, family-based IPT, family therapy 12- to 18-year-olds: first line, individual CBT at least 3 months; second-line, IPT-A, family therapy, psychodynamic 101. What is behavioural activa- Mood can make you want/not want to tion? do certain behaviours. And certain behav- iours can change your mood. 13 / 13