Islamic Medicine PDF

ISLAM CIVILIZATION AND ISLAMIC MEDICINE Prof. Dr. Haydar Sur Ancient times… Disease factors existed before the emergence of man Fossils show that diseases have not changed for millions of years Medicine was born from the natural instinct of humanity running towards healing Anima...

ISLAM CIVILIZATION AND ISLAMIC MEDICINE Prof. Dr. Haydar Sur Ancient times… Disease factors existed before the emergence of man Fossils show that diseases have not changed for millions of years Medicine was born from the natural instinct of humanity running towards healing Animals have survived, perpetuated their lineage and cured their diseases thanks to their instincts that have persisted for millions of years Haydar Sur Presentation 2 Animals can treat themselves Goats with cataracts remove their opaque lenses by rubbing their sick eyes on the bushes Storks that eat too much, empty the water they take in their beaks into their rectums and make an enema to relieve the swelling in their abdomen Sheepdogs eat hairy grass when they need to vomit Buffaloes with parasites on their skin are cleaned by taking a mud bath Cats and dogs eat chamomile when their stomach hurts, and white litter when they are constipated Injured deer eat Cretan grass, mix this grass and mud with their tongues and rub it on their wounds Parrots, who cannot distinguish poisonous plants, neutralize the poison by eating from the kaolin pile many kilometers away after they fill their stomachs Haydar Sur Presentation 3 Signature Theory While the art of medicine went through different stages in various parts of the world, they tried to determine in which diseases plants and minerals would be used, with the Signal Theory This is an opinion that we can only meet with a smile today Haydar Sur Presentation 4  For Example: White milky plants such as figs increase breast milk. Yellow milky plants such as celandine in jaundice Bamboo is used in spinal diseases due to its knotty appearance Gold is yellow due to its color Spotted stones in spotted diseases Walnut has been used in mental illnesses because it resembles the brain Haydar Sur Presentation 5 3 universal civilizations emerged in the history of culture Greek civilization Islamic civilization Western civilization What makes them universal is that they try to comprehend and explain the universe as a whole, and for this purpose they put forward their philosophy by using all the knowledge of their age Haydar Sur Presentation 6 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION: FROM SPAIN TO INDIA (VIII - XIV Centuries) Islamic civilization is the connecting link between Egyptian-Mesopotamian and Greco-Roman cultures and Western civilization, which started with the Renaissance and has survived to the present day With the unifying and driving power of Islam, it synthesized the ancient cultural accumulation in its geography with its own values and presented it to the service of humanity Later, he transferred this accumulation to Europe via Sicily and Andalusia Haydar Sur Presentation 7 The Islamic civilization and Europe were fed from the same source; Ancient The Arab tribes living as scattered and hostile, combined with the message that Hz. Muhammad conveyed in 610- 32, it embraced Islam and the Prophet In a short period of 100 years, they conquered the Near East, Iran, a part of the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and Sicily and spread Islam from Spain to Central Asia Haydar Sur Presentation 8  The common written language of Islamic civilization is Arabic Thanks to the works they created in Arabic, Muslims enabled the knowledge to be carried over long distances in a short time The desire to read and write affected the whole Islamic world, At the end of the century, the number of literate people reached a level that could not be compared anywhere else in that era The Islamic civilization was called the Arab civilization because of its common written language The views put forward by the people of various races and faiths living in the Islamic geography and the views of the Ancient Greek civilization under the leadership of the Islamic civilization were created with a new perspective on science. Haydar Sur Presentation 9 The Rise of Islamic Civilization The reasons why Islamic civilization has dominated the world of science and culture since the 8th century : Promoting science by verses and hadiths The patronage of scientists by the wealthy The accumulations of Muslim societies Thanks to the works written in Arabic, which has been adopted as the language of science, the information can be transported to distant places in a short time Arabic translations of Greek and Indian works Haydar Sur Presentation 10 The Fall of the Islamic Civilization Islamic civilization awakened Europe with the translation of its works into Latin from the 12th century It started to lose creativity in the following periods, repeat itself from the 15th century Haydar Sur Presentation 11 The distinguishing feature for Islamic culture and civilization is science Islam is the religion of science Science has not gained the position it has in Islam in other belief systems Accepting that our ability to know is limited and that we can make mistakes is one of the basic conditions of science Scholars wrote the following clichéd sentence at the end of their works: "Allahu alam bi's-savab." (Allah knows the truth.) Scientific development slowed down or stopped during periods when people claimed they were right, and accelerated during periods when they accepted that they could be wrong Haydar Sur Presentation 12 Scientific Medicine in Islamic Civilization Islam revived the classical culture that had declined in the Middle Ages The reason for this success is that it can adapt to existing cultures and is open to all kinds of ideas For example, as early as VIII. century, Jabir wrote that the universe would tear up the most mysterious veil, that he could create animate and inanimate beings, and that this was at least theoretically possible Islamic science has risen rapidly thanks to scholars who could do research in various languages without being influenced by any religious-official view Haydar Sur Presentation 13 Muslim physicians dominated the world of medical science for 600 years with their writings The city of Jundishapur, which was founded by the Iranian Sassanid ruler Husrev (Shapur I) [241-73] on the road connecting Sus and Hamadan, has been known as the science-art center of the region for a long time Jundishapur, where a large group of artists, scholars and workers in Syria were settled together with the captives during the war in which Shapur I defeated the Roman Emperor Valerian, also became a shelter for the Nestorians who were exiled from Anatolia due to sectarian disagreements at the end of the 5th century Husrev I (Anûshirvan) [531-79] sent a cultural delegation to India and brought many Indian scholars to Jundishapur During the reign of Husrev, Athens' Neoplatonic teachers were accepted from Athens to this city after the academy was closed in 529 A.C. Haydar Sur Presentation 14 Abbasids took Iran under Muslim rule in 638 The Abbasids did not touch scientific institutions in Cundishapur, scientists, especially physicians, were respected by the Abbasid dynasty, physicians trained in Cundishapur served in the palace, and scientists in translation schools Translation Period At the time of the emergence of Islam, there were powerful centers of science and philosophy in the north of Arabia Haydar Sur Presentation 15  Arab armies encountered the scientific legacy of Ancient Egypt and Greek civilization in Alexandria, a developed medical school and hospital in Jundishapur, and in Alexandria, a major science and research center In addition, Antakya and Edessa (Urfa) were also important science centers Translations of books from Greek to Pahlavi (ancient Persian), which started before Islam in Jundishapur, Alexandria and Edessa, continued, albeit sporadically, from Greek and Pahlavi to Arabic during the Umayyad period [661-750] Haydar Sur Presentation 16 The main translation period started with Beytül Hikme in the early years of the Abbasid state [750-860] Bayt al-Hikma, created by Caliph Mansûr [754-74], attained a large space and regular functioning during the time of his grandson, Harun er- Rashid [786-809] During the Ma'mûn period [813-33], it became an academy with the addition of an observatory and the expansion of its fields of interest The number of books collected in Beytü'l-Hikme reached a level that cannot be compared anywhere else in the medieval World Beytü'l-Hikme later disappeared, leaving its place to dâru'l-ilm/dâru'l- kutubs established in Mosul, Bust, Basra, Baghdad, Shiraz, Rey, Cairo and Kayravdian Hunayn bin Ishaq reports that Galenus traveled to Iraq, Syria, Palestine and Egypt for his book on the pulse, and finally found it in Damascus. Collected works, Hunayn bin Ishaq [d. 873], his son Ishaq bin Hunayn, al- Kindi [d. 870], Thabit bin Kurra and Kosta bin Luke [d. 912] translated by people who know Arabic-Greek-Syriac very well Haydar Sur Presentation 17 Translators were paid by the weight of the books Those who wrote on thick paper and large letters to make it heavy were complained by the treasury, and the caliph ordered the continuation by saying "the treasure does not become poor with what is spent in the way of science" During this period of 200 years, Greeks such as Hippocrates, Galenus, Rufus of Ephesus, Dioskorides, Oribasius; The works of Indian physicians such as Susruta, Caraka, Vagbhata, Zantâh and Canakya were translated into Arabic 64 works of Galenus, 13 of Hippocrates and 20 of Rufus of Ephesus were translated and the loss of ancient medicine books was prevented Muslim physicians, who assimilated the medical heritage of antiquity, created original works by adding their experiences, observations, knowledge and experience to those in the books, and became the leaders of medicine in the East and West for 600 years during the Middle Ages with the medical education they gave in the health institutions they established Full-time translators were paid 500 dinars a month, and this high salary attracted the great talent of the time Haydar Sur Presentation 18 The most developed of the darüşşifas was in Jundishapur in the middle of the 5th century As a synthesis of the medical knowledge of Indian, Greek and Iranian physicians, the hospital represented the modern understanding of medicine of its time Muslims, who knew the hospital in Jundishapur during the establishment period of Islamic civilization, during the conquest of Iran, adopted it as an exemplary institution and established and developed a similar one in many cities. The first fully-organized Islamic hospital established in Baghdad around 800 by Harun er-Rashid This hospital set an example for other hospitals to be established in Baghdad and other major Islamic cities From Andalusia to India, many hospitals were established in the Umayyad, Abbasid, Seljuk, Mamluk, İlhanlı, Timurid, Akkoyunlu and Ottoman countries between the centuries Haydar Sur Presentation 19 Damascus Nureddin Hospital It is the oldest hospital that has survived in its original form It was built with a ransom received in exchange for the release of the Frankish king, who was captured by Nureddin Mahmud Zengi There is a pool in the middle, 4 iwans around, patient rooms, toilets and bathrooms. Medical education was also provided in this hospital, which is managed with foundation revenues, with a monthly cost of approximately 450 dinars, where the chief physician, assistant physicians and 211 History of Medicine administrative personnel work. Meals of the patients were obtained from the adjacent soup kitchen. XVII. Evliya Çelebi, who visited the hospital in the 19th century, noted that it had 70 personnel, the beds were cleaned, and the patients were made to listen to music 3 times a day. Europe recognized these hospitals during the Crusades through Sicily and Andalusia. It has started to establish similar ones since the 19th century Young people who are keen on medicine were brought up by taking courses in hospitals, madrasahs or the homes of great physicians, traveling from city to city, practicing in well-known hospitals of the country, or reading certain books of great physicians Education in hospitals was carried out in the form of practical training at the bedside and theoretical training in the classroom, as it is today Haydar Sur Presentation 20 The First Revalidation In the Abbasid period, after a patient died due to a physician's error, the caliph Muqtadir ordered that 860 physicians in Baghdad be tested and that the successful ones be given medical certificates Sinan bin Thabit was appointed to this task The fact that the profession of medicine was bound to certain rules and that the candidates were tested became official with this edict, and the practice became widespread with the proliferation of hospitals over time Haydar Sur Presentation 21 The First Epicrisis [1190’s] Ayyubid scientists Abdurrahman b. Nasr al-Shayzeri [d. 1193] provides information on the inspection and testing of physicians and pharmacists He records that the physician asked questions to the patient, determined the state of his pulse, wrote a prescription showing the composition of the drugs he gave, and gave the report containing the patient's complaints and his own findings to the patient's relatives If the patient dies, if it is thought that there was negligence or fault in the treatment, this report would be examined by the most qualified physician in the region, and if found to be wrong, the physician would be sentenced to pay compensation Physicians were deciding whether a person could practice the art of medicine It was predetermined from which books physicians would be tested Those who passed the exam promised that they would work honestly by saying the Islamic version of the Hippocrates oath, Kitâbü'l-Ahd Hekim hastaya sorular soruyor, nabzını değerlendiriyor, verdiği ilaçların terkibini gösteren bir reçete yazıyor, hastanın aktardığı şikayetleri ve kendi bulgularını ihtiva eden raporu hastanın yakınlarına veriyordu Bu rapor hastaya taburcu olurken verilen epikriz’in ilk örneğidir Haydar Sur Presentation 22 DOCTORS AND THEIR WORKS There was no medicine, Hippocrates found it He was dead, Galen resurrected He was blind, Hunayn bin Ishaq opened his eyes Razi collected his mess Avicenna completed and matured his deficiencies. Haydar Sur Presentation 23 Physicians in Islamic civilization and their works have an important place in the history of medicine Some provisions are made about the nationalities of the Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Magian or ethnically Arab, Iranian and Turkish physicians who lived in the vast Islamic geography All of them wrote their works in Arabic (science language), since the ummah understanding was dominant in this period Thus, it is difficult to make a definitive judgment Haydar Sur Presentation 24 Ali bin Rabben et-Tabarî [d. after 861] Tabari, the son of a noble, cultured Christian family, who was one of the clerks of the city of Merv, and was interested in medicine and philosophy, studied natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, philosophy and literature from his father, It is understood from his works that he knows Arabic, Persian and Syriac, and a little bit of Hebrew and Greek He became one of the famous physicians of the period during the time of Caliph Mutawakkil He completed his work Fidevsü'l-Hikme in 850. He converted to Islam in the last years of his life and died in the 860s. Firdevsü'l-Hikme, one of the most important sources of Islamic medicine, contains rich information about Indian, Greek, Iranian and Arabic medicine, as well as Tabari's personal observations. He served as a source for many physicians, notably Ali bin Abbas al-Macûsî, Ebûbekir er-Râzî and İbn Sînâ. His work is organized as 7 chapters, 30 articles and 365 chapters Haydar Sur Presentation 25 Al-Kindî (Yakub bin İshak) [~d. 873] The first Islamic philosopher and the founder of the Peripatetic philosophical school, completed his education in Basra, Kufa and Baghdad, where he lived until his death, and lived a financially problem-free life as he was the son of a wealthy family He was included in the staff of Beytü'l-Hikme, as he gained the appreciation of the Caliph Me'mûn and proved himself in scientific and philosophical palace meetings, and was also appointed as the teacher of the princes Some of his works have been translated into Latin and published Al-Kindi, who is also interested in medicine besides philosophical issues, has more than 30 books and articles , Haydar Sur Presentation 26 Some of al-Kindi's works: Kitâbü’l-edviyeti’l-mümtehâne (Tested drugs) Kitâbü’l-akrâbâzîn (Pharmacology book) Cevâmi‘u kitâbi’l-edviyeti’l-müfrede li-Câlînûs (short form of Galenus' book Composite Medicines) Risâle ilâ ba‘zı ihvânihî fî’l-emrâzi’l-balgamiyye ve’l-izâm (The treatise he wrote to some of his friends about phlegm and bone diseases) Risâle fi’t-tıbbi’l-Bukrâtî (About Hippokratic medicine) Risâle fî tedbîri’l-esihhâ (Preventive medicine) Risâle fî illeti’l-cüzâm ve eşfiyetih (The cause and treatment of leprosy) Risâle fî vece‘i’l-mi‘de ve’n-nikrîs (Stomach and gout pains) Risâle fî aksâmi’l-hummeyât (Types of Hummâs) Risâle fî kadi menfe‘ati’t-tıb (The value and benefit of medicine) Haydar Sur Presentation 27  Hunayn bin İshâq [810-73] The son of a pharmacist, a member of the Christian Arab tribe of Hire, studied medicine, also learned Greek and gathered basic resources He divided medicine into two as theoretical and practical According to him, the human body has 3 states: healthy, sick and neutral Health is bodily functions natural and disease unnatural; if neutral, neither health nor disease state Common causes of health and illness are air, food and drink, sleep, excretion, movement and psychological behavior. His work Kitâbu'l-Mesâ'il fî't-Tıb li'l-Müte'allimîn, which is an introduction to medical science, was annotated by many physicians in the following periods His work Kitâbu'l-'Aşr Makalât fî'l-'Ayn (Ten Articles on the Eye), the oldest work written on eye diseases, explained eye anatomy, brain-eye relationship, optic nerves and treatments of eye diseases with figures These are the first known illustrations of eye anatomy His other work is el-Mesâ'il fî'l-'Ayn, which he wrote in a question-answer style on eye diseases. Books translated by Hunayn on the anatomy of the eye made ancient Greek medicine accessible to all Arabic- speaking scientific circles and helped with Arabic medical terminology For example, in his bibliography of Galenus (Risâletü Hunayn.. fî Zikri mâ Türcime min Kutubi Câlînûs bi-'İlmihî ve Ba'zî mâ lem Yutercem), it is clear that Galenus's works, for whom he was translated, and the role of his students and his students in the translation Haydar Sur Presentation 28 The son-İshâk bin Hunayn [830-910] He received his education largely from Hunayn bin Ishaq in Baghdad, in an environment of intensive translation work, and learned Greek, Syriac and Persian He gained his reputation with his achievements in the field of translation; With his knowledge, culture, literary taste and distinguished personality, he won the friendship of the caliphs and viziers and worked as a palace physician Târîhu'l-Etibbâ ve'l-Felâsife, Kitâbu'l-Edviyet'lMüfrede 'ale'l-Hurûf, Ma'rifetü'l-Bevl, include the biographies of Ancient Greek physicians Kitâbu'l-Künnaşi'l-Latif, al-Muhtasar fî'tTıb, el-Edviyetü'l- Mevcûde bi-Külli Mekân, Kitâbu't-Tiryâk are other important works Haydar Sur Presentation 29 EbuAbu Bakr Er-Razi [865-925] He was born in Rey, which is 12 km from Tehran After studying philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and literature until the age of 20, he became interested in medicine at a relatively late age, becoming one of the greatest physicians in the history of medicine He managed the Rey and Baghdad hospitals, engaged in philosophy and chemistry apart from medicine, and wrote important works in these fields A physician with a sense of profession and responsibility, assistant of the helpless, teacher, trainer of the well-trained physician generation, an encyclopedic clinician who developed the multi-faceted knowledge of previous physicians he collected, a thoughtful observer, an independent chemistry researcher, experimenter, a person who organized and presented the medical knowledge of his period. systematist Haydar Sur Presentation 30 Razî’s Works He wrote more than 200 treatises and books, most of which belong to medicine Kitâbu'l-Havî: There are 25 volumes, which was completed in 15 years, this is one of the most important original medical works of the Middle Ages, it contains the literature on Greek, Indian, Syriac and Islamic medicine, as well as the knowledge and experience he gained at the bedside for a lifetime, it was translated into Latin in 1279, 1486' It was also published and used as a textbook in European medical faculties for a long time Kitâbu'l-Cüderî ve'l-Hasbe: The first work written about smallpox and measles diseases, in this small work, the symptoms of the smallpox in the skin, eyes, ears, throat and joints were systematically presented, revealed the differences between measles and smallpox, and the diet and its cure, translated into Latin, English, German and French, more than 40 editions published in Europe between 1498-1866 Kitâbu'l-Mansûrî: This 10-part work, which he presented to the Khorasan governor Mansûr bin Ishaq, is a summary of the medical knowledge up to that time. It was translated into Latin by Gerhard of Cremona under the name Liber Almansoris, and was published in Milan in the 1480s Haydar Sur Presentation 31  İbn al-Cezzâr [d. 979] He was born in North Africa and spent his life in İfrikiye, wrote more than 40 works, spared his spare time for the poor and needy, provided free medical examination and medicine His contemporaries agree on the breadth of his knowledge of medical and general subjects and the excellence of his morals Latin translation of Abu Bakr er-Razi and one of his works Kitâbu'l-İ'timâd fî'l- Edviyet'l-Müfrede: This work, which contains the Arabic, Persian, Syriac and Berber names of 278 substances used in medicine, the subject of which is simple drugs, was translated into Latin under the name Liber Fudicuae de Simplicibus Medicus Zâdü'l-Misâfîr ve Kutü'l-Hâzır: Prepared as a handbook for those who get sick during travels, translated into Latin under the name Viaticum Peregrinantis Kitâbu Siyâseti's-Sıbyân ve Tedbîrihim: It is a work in 22 chapters on birth, child care, pediatric diseases and treatments Tıbbü'l-Fukarâ ve'l-Mesâkîn: How to treat the poor and needy in a short way is explained Among his other medical works are Tıbbü'l-Meşâyih and Hıfzu Sıhhatihim on the protection of health in the elderly, Müdâvâtü'n-Nisân and Turuku Takviyet'z-Zâkire on melancholy, Kitâbu'l-Buğye (Kitâb fî'l-Edkeviyet) on composite medicines. Kitâb fî'l-Külâ ve'l-Hasâ about kidney stones can be counted 32 Haydar Sur Presentation  Ali bin Abbâs al-Mecûsî [d. ~994] He was born in Ahvaz, Iran, where he completed his education and first studies He gained great fame with the work called Kâmilü's-Sınâ'ati't- Tıbbiyye or Kitâbu'l-Melikî (The King's Book), which was dedicated to the Buveyhi ruler Adududevle while Ali was a palace physician In the preface of his work, he stated that he wrote by criticizing the information in the works of Galenus, Oribasius, Paulus of Aeginata, Heron, Serapion, Mesîh and Razi since Hippocrates and taking into account their deficiencies He examined preventive medicine, drugs, diseases and treatments This work, which had great repercussions in the medical world before Ibn Sînâ's Law, was published in the XIII. Century and was used as a classical medicine book in the Islamic world and Europe until the 19th century Haydar Sur Presentation 33  Ali bin Abbas In Kitâbu'l-Melikî, he wanted medical students to be present at the patient's bedside in hospitals, to discuss the condition of the patients with their teacher, to examine the changes in the patient's condition, to compare the works they read and find the correct one The Lat n translations of the History of Medicine Kitâbu'l-Malikî are as follows: Towards 1060 it was translated by Constantine the African as Liber Regius, in 1492 by Stefan of Antioch as Liber Regalis Dispositio Nominatus in Venice, in 1523 Liber Totius Medicinae Published in Lyon as Necesseria Continens quem Haly Filus Abbas He discussed the vascular system in 2 main groups: arteries (arteries) and veins (veins), determined that the walls of the arteries were much thicker than the veins, and with this determination, he had an important place in the history of medicine He advocated that in surgical interventions, the physician should have sufficient knowledge of anatomy, the instruments to be used should be thoroughly cleaned and the care of the patient should be given importance afterwards Haydar Sur Presentation 34 Ebû’l-Kasım Zahrâwî [d. 1013] Known by names such as Abucasis, Albucasis, Azaravius, Alsaharavius in Western sources, Zahrawi was born in the town of Zahra, 8 km away from Cordoba, which was established during the Muslim rule in Spain, which was one of the largest scientific centers in the world in the Middle Ages Although he was interested in various fields, especially philosophy, he spent his life dealing with medicine alone He influenced all medieval surgery with his only book, et-Tasrîf li-men 'Acize 'an et-Te'lîf, which he wrote for medical staff and students and could answer all kinds of clinical problems a physician might encounter, and in a way became the founder of modern surgery This work, which is known as et-Tasrîf in short and has the feature of a medical encyclopedia, consists of 30 main parts: 1-2. Part, General status of diseases under 16 headings in part 1 In the 2nd part (takâsimü'l-emrâz), all diseases that a physician should know, nutrition of children and old people, poisons, skin diseases and febrile diseases are explained These two parts were translated into Latin as a separate book under the title Liber Theoricae nec non Practicae Alsaharavii and published in Ausburg in 1519 3-25. Parts: Composed (ink-mürekkep) drugs used in medicine are given in a certain order Part 26: Nutrition regimens (diet) in health and disease are explained 28th part: Herbal, animal and mineral simple drugs used in the treatment were given and translated into Latin with the name Liber Servitoris Part 29: Under the title of Tefsiu'l-Akyâl ve'l-Evzânu'l-Mevcûde, the preparation of drugs and the amounts in the formulas are given Section 30: Under the title of al-Makale fî 'Ameli'l-Yed, surgical subjects, operations and instruments are explained with pictures. Haydar Sur Presentation 35 Zahrâwî He gained his fame with the 30th chapter of al-Tasrîf on surgery. This part of the book consists of 3 chapters: 1. Chapter: 56 sub- chapters and the treatment of various diseases with cautery is explained. Chapter 2: It has 97 sub-chapters and includes operations with a knife. Chapter 3: It has 35 sub-chapters and describes the treatment of fractures and dislocations He stated that knowledge of anatomy is essential for surgery, advised not to attempt the operation unless the anatomy of the regions to be operated on is well known, and explained that the operations performed by those who do not know anatomy have dire results The History of Medicine Book contains pictures of about 200 instruments, many of which were developed by him and used in operations, such as scalpels, curettes, clamps, forceps, hooks, rods, stylets, spatulas, tongue depressors, probes, cannulas, syringes, trephines, drills, nasal and vaginal speculums It contains pictures and descriptions of some surgeries This book, which contains many innovations such as cauterizing wounds, suturing the intestines with ant heads, breaking bladder stones, leg amputations, aneurysm treatment methods, disease recipes and many other innovations, attracted great attention in the Western World It was translated into Turkish with minor additions during the reign of Sultan Mehmed He published 10 editions of his Latin in Venice in 1497, in Basel in 1541, and in Oxford in 1798, considered the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages in the Western World It can be said that the foundation of modern surgery was laid by Zahrawi Haydar Sur Presentation 36  İbn Sînâ (Avicenna) [980-1037] Avicenna, about whom we know more than other Islamic philosophers and physicians, Thanks to the life story he had dictated to his student Known as Şeyhü'rreis in the Islamic world and Avicennae in the West Born in Afshena, near Bukhara, as the son of the wealthy and scientific Abdullah, he showed signs of genius at a young age, learned almost all the sciences of his time at the age of 16-17 and became an authority in medicine Ibn Sînâ was taken to the palace after he healed illness of the Samani ruler Noah bin Mansûr, and benefited as much as possible from the rich library there At the age of 21, he had to leave Bukhara because of the successive deaths of his father and protector, Sultan Mansur, and the turmoil in the country During the 36 years that passed until his death, he was a physician, vizier, advisor, and sometimes political prisoner to the rulers in the cities of Nesa, Baverd, Tus, Şakkan, Semnikan, Cacerm, Cürcan, Dihistan, Rey, Kazvin, Isfahan and Hamadan. He died in 1037 in Hamadan, the tomb, which is arranged as Monument, is visited by those who love him Haydar Sur Presentation 37 İbn Sînâ He could not lead a peaceful life because he was a smart, hardworking, productive person who was extremely confident in his intelligence and knowledge, and could not tolerate defeat This great scientist, who wrote more than 200 works in almost all branches of science of his time (medicine, philosophy, mathematics, biology, psychology, language..), we are amazed at how he fits so much His main medical works are: Kanûn fî't-Tıb: It is his greatest medical work, considered the holy book of medicine in the western World, it is an encyclopedic medical book of approximately 1 million words This work, in which the scattered medical information from Ancient Greece until then was synthesized, systematized and updated with personal observations, has been used as a textbook in medical education in the Eastern and Western world for centuries and has kept its up-to-dateness Kanûn fî't-Tıb was read, interpreted, summarized and annotated in the Islamic world. İbnü'n-Nefis, who wrote an annotation to the anatomy section of the Law, discovered the small blood circulation by refuting the master's description of the circulation of blood in the heart. Haydar Sur Presentation 38 İbn Sînâ The manuscripts of the work, which was translated into Latin under the name Canon in the 12th century, were used until the invention of the printing press, with the last edition in 1658It was printed 35 times in various places in the Xıı- XVII centuries It was taught in the medical faculties of Louvain and Montpellier until the end of the century Translated into Hebrew in 1491, printed in Arabic in Rome in 1593 Edviyetü'l-Kalbiyye: It is a 19-part work on heart diseases and their treatment, in the first 9 chapters, the states of the soul and its effects, and in the other chapters, heart diseases are discussed, translated into Latin as De Viribus Cordis/De Medicinis Cordialibus by Arnold de Villanova [1235-1312] in 1306, published together with the Law after the invention of the printing press Urcûze fi't-Tıbb: It is a work that summarizes basic medical issues in 1326 couplets in verse In the first part, elements, temperaments and some diseases, in the second part, general health principles, nutrition, treatment methods and drugs are discussed Haydar Sur Presentation 39 İbn Zuhr [d. 1162] He is the most well-known member of the Beni Zuhr tribe, who trained important physicians in Andalusia between the X-XIII. centuries, his real name is Abu Mervân Abdülmelik bin Ebu'l-Alâ bin Zühr, known as Avenzoar/Abhomeron in the Western world He learned the art of medicine from his father at a young age, was recognized in a short time, became successful because he gave importance to clinical trials instead of traditional knowledge and methods Being summoned to Cordoba for the treatment of the caliph at the age of 18-20 made him even more popular He educated many students, he passed away in 1162 in Isbiliye due to a boil on his back He wrote 8 medical works, the most well-known and influential of them was Teysîr (Kitâbü't-Teysîr fi'l-müdavât ve't-tedbir): He wrote this in his maturity and dedicated to the caliph Abdülmü'mîn al- Kûmî, and which Ibn Rushd described as "the most perfect work written in the field of experimental medicine of our time" In this article, after brief preventive medicine information, the diseases that occur in the organs and the drugs used in their treatment are explained, starting from the beginning Since he believed in the importance of the experimental method, he explained his experiments and observations in detail whenever necessary, for example; the definitions of abscess occurring in the outer membrane of the heart (pericardium), pharynx (pharynx) paralysis and otitis media, cataract, kidney stone surgeries, tracheotomy and artificial feeding through the esophagus are the original information According to some medical historians, he played a role in the acceptance of medical practice as a profession because he started the practice of treating patients for a fee Teysîr has been translated into Hebrew and Latin from the 19th century, with more than 10 editions published between 1490 and 1574. Haydar Sur Presentation 40  İbn Rushd [1126-1198] He is the son of an intellectual family who undertook important duties in the fields of religion, politics and law in Andalusia He was introduced to the science and philosophy enthusiast ruler Abu Ya'kûb by Ibn Tufeyl, whom he met when he was beginning to be known, and his path was opened, besides various official duties, he served as the sultan's private physician He lived a life of ups and downs because of those who were against his reputation and thoughts, and died in Marrakech in 1198 The main goal of his medical studies is to understand, explain and interpret the medicine of Galenus; It has been the integration of Islamic science and thought into the universal model, it is one of the last great representatives of classical Islamic thought He never stopped reading and thinking throughout his life, except for the day of his father's death and the night he got married The total of the works he wrote, summarized and corrected in various fields is 20 thousand pages Of his 125 works, 46 are on logic, 23 on medicine, 22 on natural sciences, 15 on metaphysics, 10 on religion, 5 on astronomy, 1 on politics, 1 on ethics His most important medical works: Kitâbü'l-Külliyât (Colliget), Şerhu Urcûzetu İbn Sînâ fi't-tibb (Canticum Principis Abi Alis İbn Sinae, Vulgati Dieti Avicennae, de Medicina seu Breve Perspicuum et Concienne Natural (De Virtutibus), Tdigestum Instutionum Medicarum Compendium), Telhîsu Kitâbi'l-Mizâc li Câlînûs (De Temperamentis), Telhîsu Kitâbi'l-Kuvâ't-Tabîiyye li Câlînûs, Telhîsu Kitâbü'l-Hummeyâ'l-Hummeyâ'l-De Temperamentis Câlînûs Febrium), Kitabun fi Hıfzı's-Sıhha (De Santiate Conservandia), Makale fi't-Tiryâk Haydar Sur Presentation 41 Maimonides [ö. 1204] He is an Andalusian Jewish philosopher, clergyman and physician He was educated in Cordoba and Mariya, settled in Morocco after Mariya fell into the hands of the Almohads, then moved to Egypt After his economic situation deteriorated while dealing with trade, he started working as a physician to earn a living, there was a large student body around him, he became the private physician of Salahaddin Ayyubid and his son, meanwhile, he was elected to the religious leadership of the Jewish community, and he continued this duty until his death in 1204 The most important medical works of Maimonides, a prolific medicine man: Kitâbu'l- Fusûl fi't-Tıb: It contains 1500 medical principles taken from Greek and Islamic physicians and personal observations, criticisms and appendices starting with "Musa(Moses) says…’’ Al-Muhtasarât: It is a summary of Galenus' medical views Es-Sümûm ve't-Teharruz mine'l-Edviyet'l-Kattale: It is a work in which he conveys his personal views and experiences by making use of Ibn Zühr’s views Apart from these, Makale fî Tedbîri's-Sıhha, Makale fi'l-Cimâ' about sexual health, Makale fi'r-Rebv about asthma, Risâle fi'l-Bevâsîr about hemorrhoids and Şerhu Esmâ'i'l-' where he explains the names of drugs He has works called Ukkar Haydar Sur Presentation 42  İbnü’l-Baytâr [ö. 1248] He is from a well-known family of scientists in Malaga, Andalusia After completing his education, he became interested in botany and determined the scientific- regional names and characteristics of medicinal plants grown in his country After 1220, he collected rich material by doing plant research in North Africa, Egypt, Anatolia and Macedonia When he returned to Egypt with this material, he was appreciated by the ruler of the time and his son and appointed as the head of the country's pharmacists (reis al-asshab) He died suddenly in 1248, he was one of the rare scientists who made long journeys for years in order to find new plants, increase his knowledge and collect materials in the Middle Ages He introduced the medicinal plants he collected with all their features, wrote their names in Arabic, Persian, Berber, Latin, Greek and animated them in order to avoid mistakes in their pronunciation 6 of his works have been identified as the most important: El-Mufredât (al-Câmî' li Müfredâti'l- Edviye ve'l-Agziye): He gave 2353 items of plant, animal and mineral origin in alphabetical order, he conveyed the knowledge and personal observations of Greek and Islamic scientists before him He has mentioned about 150 scientists, translated into Latin, European languages and Turkish, the Latin was published in Cremona in 1758. History of Medicine al-Mugni (al-Muğni fi'l-Edviyet'l-Müfrede): It is a work in which simple medicines are arranged in the reverse order of al-Mufredât, that is, according to the order of diseases. Apart from these, the Tafsîru Book Diyâskûridûs, which is the explanation of Dioscorides' Materia Medica, the simple medicine catalog al-İbane ve'l-İ'lâm Haydar Sur bimâ fi'l-Minhâc mine'l-Halel ve'l-Evhâm, Mîzânü't - 43 Presentation Tabî ve'l-Ef 'âlü'l-Garîbe ve'l-Havâsü'l-'Acîbe. Ibn Abi Usaybia [d. 1269] The son of Kasim bin Khalifa, one of the chief physicians of the Nureddin Mahmud Zengi Bimaristan He started his medical education with his father, who was an ophthalmologist, completed his education with the famous teachers of the period, then started to work in the same institution He went to Cairo in 1235 to increase his knowledge and experience, returned to Syria 2 years later at the invitation of the Emir of Sarhad, worked as the personal physician of the Emir, who valued him very much, for 9 years, passed away in 1269 His only surviving work is 'Uyûnü'l-Enbâ fî Tabakati'l-Etibbâ' In this work of 15 chapters, based on about 50 sources and the information he compiled, he explained in detail the life, works and contributions of 500 Greek, Roman, Indian, Syriac and Islamic physicians to medicine, and also gave information about famous philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle and Kindi. It is the first work of biographies of physicians who have served medicine Haydar Sur Presentation 44 Ibn al-Nafis [d. 1288] He was born near Damascus, completed his education in Nureddin Mahmud Zengî Bîmâristân in this city, and advanced his medical knowledge alongside the famous physician of the time, Mühezzebiddîn edDahvar After a while, he settled in Egypt and gained great fame, was appointed as the private physician of Sultan Baybars and the chief physician of the country, taught at the Nasırî Bîmaristân and trained many students He was also interested in philosophy and religion, lived a wealthy life in his house in Cairo, donated his house and books to the Kalavûn Hospital and died in 1288 His most important achievement is his discovery of the small blood circulation Haydar Sur Presentation 45 TURKISH MEDICINE Haydar Sur Presentation 46 Turkish Medicine Among the factors affecting the culture and civilization of the Turks, which are based on Central Asia, and their medical knowledge, there are temporary beliefs such as Buddhism, Mazdeism and Christianity, permanent beliefs such as Islam, and the geographies and cultures of deep-rooted countries such as Anatolia and Iran, where they settled as their homeland Haydar Sur Presentation 47 Turkish Medicine Considering all these, it would be appropriate to examine the history of Turkish medicine in 3 periods: 1. Pre-Islamic period (Central Asia) 2. Islamic period (Central Asia (Turkestan khanates), Near East (Great Seljuk), Anatolia (Seljuk, Principalities, Ottoman)) 3. Westward orientation (modernization) period after 1820 Haydar Sur Presentation 48 PRE ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIAN TURKISH MEDICINE Central Asia: Southern Siberia, the region south of the East- West Turkestan god mountains and north of the Çingırya steppes The Central Asian Turks, who lived in steppe culture (nomadic), were trying to solve their health problems with folk medicine, in which their religious beliefs were mostly dominant Haydar Sur Presentation 49 Treatment Methods The Works of Shaman KAM Büyücü hekimlerin To make it rain yürüttüğü ŞAMAN Şamanizmin majik To ensure the reproduction of plants and animals BAKSI yöntemi Magical operations such as fortune-telling Music was used in the magic ritual According to OTACI (EMCİ) İlaç ve maddi tedavi shamanism, human is composed of Soul (spirit) and Body, The ATASAGUN yöntemleri body is made up of blood, flesh and bone Haydar Sur Presentation 50  ERLIK (KARA TÖS) (evil spirit), was seen as a cause of epidemics Quarantine; The patient was kept in a special tent in order to prevent the evil spirit that makes the person sick by entering the human body, and no one could enter the patient's side except the shaman and the caregiver Since there are remnants of the sacred fires (adka) burned in the name of the old fire god, Odçigin (Kalakan) with the belief that the evil spirit and things will be cleansed with fire, an oily rag called Kara tös Haydar Sur Presentation 51 Alazlama “ALAZLAMA” is lit around the patient to protect newly born women and children from evil spirits or to cure them if they are sick, was done by circulating the ignited (fired) rag Haydar Sur Presentation 52 Uçuklama It was believed that a spirit called Uçguk ate the leftovers on the corner of the mouth and the bumps with the same name formed there The ignited rag was turned over the patient's head and thrown into the stove, or the bread that was touched by the herpes was fed to the dog to heal Haydar Sur Presentation 53 Transmission / Lead Casting / Fortune-telling Transmission: It is the transfer of the disease to another living thing. It was believed that the patient would be cured by infecting the sacrificed animal with the disease Lead Casting: Used to ward off certain diseases Fortune-telling Haydar Sur Presentation 54 Arbav People with a hearth who tried to treat the poisoning caused by the bite of snakes and other poisonous animals empirically, such as magical and cautery (Arbav), were called "Arbavci" Haydar Sur Presentation 55 Otacı-Emci Ota is derived from the word «ot» (herb), it means medicinal plant, medicine, poison and self-growing plant in Old Turkish Otacı is used to mean the physician who does the work of otamak (curing with herbs) Emci: Em means «medicine», “emci” means the physician who treat the disease with medicine Haydar Sur Presentation 56 ISLAMIC PERIOD TURKISH MEDICINE The states established after the acceptance of Islam, such as Karahanlılar(840-1212), Tolunoğulları (875- 905), beginning with under the Abbasid Umbrella, The Great Seljuk State and its scattered branches, were affeted by the Persian culture and science in addition The first hospital of Turks in Islamic Period in Middle Asia was established in the house in Semerkand donated by BöriTiginTamgaç Buğra Karahan (1052- 1068) Haydar Sur Presentation 57 The Great Seljuk Period Although the Oghuzes, who were a part of the Gokturk Empire dissolved in 744, were settled in the Transoxiana, Harezm, and Khorasan regions under the rule of Samanoğulları as independent groups to ensure border security, Seljuk Bey migrated to the shores of Ceyhun with his tribes as a result of the conflict between them The Great Seljuk State established by the Seljuks after the Dandanakan War in 1040 against the Ghaznavids; He dominated Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Anatolia Haydar Sur Presentation 58 Medicine in Anatolian Seljuks After defeating the Byzantines in Malazgirt (Manzikert) in 1071, the Turkish tribe declared its sovereignty and intensive migration to Anatolia began They established a lot of organizations: Fountain, spa, baths Dining houses, soup kitchens Hospices, inns Hospitals and Leprosies Haydar Sur Presentation 59 Anatolian Seljuks The Most Important Hospitals Established by Anatolian Seljuks Haydar Sur Presentation 60 The Famous Physicians of Anatolian Seljuks Hekim Berke-Bereke: He was the person who wrote the first medical book in Turkish in Anatolia Ekmeleddin Müeyyed en-Nahçuvani: The physician whom Mevlana Celalettin described as "our true son" was born in Nakhchivan, worked in Konya Ebu Bekir bin el-Mutatabbib el- Konevi: He was the student of Ekmeleddin Nahçuvani and gave service to high level state officials Gazanfer Tebrizi: He is one of the physicians who, together with Ekmeleddin Nahçuvani, tried to treat Mevlana on his deathbed Haydar Sur Presentation 61 The Famous Physicians of Anatolian Seljuks Hubeyş Et-Tiflisi: It is estimated that he came to Ankara from Azerbaijan during the reign of Kılıçarslan II. He had treatises and works on pharmacy Necmüddin-i Nahçuvani: He lived in Anatolia in the 13th century, II. He was a vizier during the time of Keykubat Abdullah Sivasi: He lived in the 14th century Ali Sivasi: He lived in the 14th century Tacuddin Bulgari: He was an Idil (Volga) Bulgarian Turk, sent to Baghdad as an Ambassodor during the reign of Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II Haydar Sur Presentation 62 Ottoman Period Turkish Medicine Ottomans' blended contrasting previous traditions they had (i.e: ideal body types and four elements, etc.); according to their own cultural priorities and needs, developed and internalized them with their own unique contributions Ottoman medicine was fed from the following sources: Ancient Greece and Helen (Hippocrates) Byzantium and Rome (Galen) Middle East-Arab-Islam (Ali b. Abbas, Ibn Sina, Ibn Nafis) Andalusia (Zehravi) Central Asian and Shamanic Folk Traditions Seljuk medical traditions Haydar Sur Presentation 63 Ottoman Medicine I-Classical Period: (1450-1730) Hospitals Leprosies Mental Hospitals Palace Chief Physician Model (established during the Fatih period) Surgeons, Kehhaller (Ophthalmologists) Consultant physicians (Jewish Physician Musa b. Hamun) Medicine cabins Haydar Sur Presentation 64 Ottoman Medicine II- Recognition and Translation Period of Western Medicine (1730-1825) Translations from the West were made alongside the classics In 1805, Italian training was given in Kasımpaşa Shipyard, but it remained idle due to internal turmoil and was destroyed in the 1822 Kasımpaşa fire Some important names in this period are: Ömer Şifai, Ali Münşi, Şanizade Mehmed Ataullah Haydar Sur Presentation 65 Ottoman Medicine III- Openning to West and Modernization Period (after 1827) In 1827, with the efforts of Chief Physician Mustafa Behçet Efendi, Tıbhane-i Amire was established (in Gülhane) Cerrahhane was established in Şehzadebaşı in 1827 The two institutions were merged in 1836 and moved from Gülhane to Galatasaray Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane was established in 1839 The law that allows dissection was accepted in 1840 Haydar Sur Presentation 66 Folk Medicine Practices in the Ottomans Herbal/Herbal medicine Folk physicians (needles, circumcisers, fractures, dislocations) Those who make moxibustion Leech therapy (hirudoteraphy) Treatment with water Etching Witchcraft Pssychotherapy (telkin) Occult sciences Pharmacists, herbalists, barbers Nearby clergy (imams, rabbis, priests) Haydar Sur Presentation 67 Turkish Republic Era (after 19239 Old style medereses were closed and western type universities opened 100 % complience with western biomedical medicine Nevertheless, the practices of the folk and popular sectors in the field of health continue uninterruptedly Haydar Sur Presentation 68 Resources Ali Haydar Bayat, Tıp Tarihi, Zeytinburnu Belediyesi ve Geleneksel Tıp Derneği Yayını, İstanbul, 2016. Serap Torun sunumu, Eski Türklerde Hasta Bakımı ve Uygulamaları. Tuncay Zorlu sunumu, Osmanlı Tıbbına Bakış. Haydar Sur Presentation 69 Thanks… Haydar Sur Presentation 70