CFA-PRELIM-MIDTERM-FINALS.pdf

Code 324 Computer Fundamentals and Applications WEEK 1 – Prelim Concepts of Computer What Is a Computer? Computer – Is a programmable electronic device, operating under operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. It receives input, stores or processes the input a...

Code 324 Computer Fundamentals and Applications WEEK 1 – Prelim Concepts of Computer What Is a Computer? Computer – Is a programmable electronic device, operating under operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. It receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format. The Information Processing Cycle Input-Process-Output Model Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on user’s instructions is called information. Raw facts and figures which can be processed using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called data. Accepts data (input)-Processing-Produces information (output) In the given illustration above, data refers to the input or characters entered using a device. It is an individual unit that contains raw material which does not carry any specific meaning. As shown above, the cashier entered the price, the amount received from the customer all the entries are considered data or input. As the computer receives the data it is being processed by organizing, calculating and storing the information that can be seen in an output device. Therefore, information refers to the processed data that can easily be interpreted and understood by individuals. It is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to make it meaningful and useful, as shown in the illustration, the receipt represents information. Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and the data needed by those instructions. Computer keeps data, instructions, and information on storage media Storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media. The Components of a Computer Computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware Input Device Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer Output Device Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people System Unit Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data Storage Device Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media Communications Device Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices Each of the hardware mentioned above works together in order to make the information processing cycle possible Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers: Advantages of Using Computers Speed. Computers have the ability to perform routine tasks at a greater speed than human beings. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data in few seconds. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the pico second. Accuracy In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given. Storage Capability. Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. Computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data/information. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.Consistency/Reliability. A computer is a dependable machine. The computer is a consistent electronic multipurpose and multiprocessing machine. It processes data with high accuracy without any mistakes. Communications Computer can communicate across great distances, the ability to communicate to an unlimited number of people, low cost, and the ease of creating the documents and other material to communicate. Communication via computer provides people who are not able to be with each other the opportunity to stay in touch through the exchange of written words, live written conversation, live visual conversation, and many other options. Disadvantages of Using Computers Health Risks – Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the hand, wrists, elbows, eyes, nick, and back. Computer users can protect themselves from those health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately space workplace. A computer requires a lot of repetitive movement that can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. For example, moving your hand from your keyboard to a mouse and typing are all repetitive and can cause injuries. Taking breaks, keeping the proper posture, and understanding computer ergonomics can all help prevent or delay these injuries. Violation of Privacy – With computers storing so much of your personal information, it is at risk of getting into the hands of others. Once a malicious person has your personal information, they could access your online accounts or use identity theft to open other accounts, such as a new credit card under your name. In using computer, you are given options to encrypt password to avoid this disadvantage of using a computer. Proper execution of security in your own identity as well as to the save files or documents is also a way of avoiding violation of privacy. Public Safety– Adults, teens, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Protect yourself and your dependents from these criminals by being cautious in e-mail messages and on Web sites. For example, do not share information that would allow others to identify or locate you and do not disclose identification numbers, passwords, or other personal security details. Impact on Labor Force – Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of employees have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed. Impact on Environment– Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. When computers are discarded in landfills, they can release toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants. Capabilities of Computers: 1. Ability to store and retrieve information – The user of a computer can save files and open for future purposes. 2. Ability to provide new time dimensions – the computer can perform several task faster than any other machine. 3. Ability to perform mathematical and certain logic operations – the computer is capable of comparing numbers, letters of alphabet and special characters. Based on the result of comparison, the computer can direct to take alternative actions. 4. Ability to check itself – you can observe that as you boot your computer it will automatically check the specifications of hardware connected to it.  5. Ability to control errors- In the utilization of computer, if errors were detected, the user is given a sign or notification. As you observe in the use of Microsoft word alone there are instances that you can see mark in case of misspelled word or words as well as problems in grammar. Limitations of Computers  The Computer cannot generate information on its own.  The Computer cannot correct wrong instructions.  The Computer cannot come out with an original decision. There are a lot to look into when it comes to computers advantages and disadvantages. Here are some factors that can be done in order to fight some of its disadvantages and becomes positive or advantages while using computers. Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer. Strategies include:  Recycling  Regulating manufacturing processes  Extending the life of computers  Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers Categories of Computers Historically computers were classified according to processor types because development in processor and processing speeds were the developmental benchmarks. Earliest computers used vacuum tubes for processing, were huge and broke down frequently. However, as vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors and then chips, their size decreased and processing speeds increased manifold. All modern computers and computing devices use microprocessors whose speeds and storage capacities are skyrocketing day by day. The developmental benchmark for computers is now their size. Computers are now classified on the basis of their use or size −  Desktop  Mobile computers/device  Server  Mainframe  Supercomputer  Embedded Computers Desktop computers are personal computers (PCs) designed for use by an individual at a fixed location. IBM was the first computer to introduce and popularize use of desktops. A desktop unit typically has a CPU (Central Processing Unit), monitor, keyboard and mouse. Introduction of desktops popularized use of computers among common people as it was compact and affordable. Mobile Computer Personal computer you can carry from place to place. Examples include notebook computers, laptop computers, netbooks, ultra-thins, and Tablet PCs. Mobile Device Computing device small enough to hold in your hand. Examples include smart phones and PDAs, e-book readers, handheld computers, portable media players, and digital cameras. Game Consoles  A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games Servers  A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network  Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information Mainframes are computers used by organizations like banks, airlines and railways to handle millions and trillions of online transactions per second. Important features of mainframes are −  Big in size  Hundreds times Faster than servers, typically hundred megabytes per second  Very expensive  Use proprietary OS provided by the manufacturers  In-built hardware, software and firmware security feature Supercomputers  A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer  Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second Supercomputers are the fastest computers on Earth. They are used for carrying out complex, fast and time intensive calculations for scientific and engineering applications. Supercomputer speed or performance is measured in teraflops, i.e. 1012 floating point operations per second. Embedded Computers An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product Embedded Computers they are mostly integrated with the following: The Components of a Computer Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. that we can see and touch are the hardware components of a computer. The set of instructions or programs that make the computer function using these hardware parts are called software. We cannot see or touch software. Both hardware and software are necessary for working a computer. A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware Input Device– Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer. Output Device - Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people. System Unit - Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. Storage Device - Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media. Communications Device- Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices. Input Device - Commonly used input methods include: Keyboard - A keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device. Most desktop computer keyboards have: Typing area  Function Keys  Toggle keys  Navigation keys  Keyboard shortcut keys  Media Control Buttons  Internet Control Buttons There are a variety of keyboard options for computers and mobile devices  Built in Laptop Keyboard  On screen keyboard  Clip on Tablet Keyboard Ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of repetitive strain injuries of wrist and hand. Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety in the design of the workplace. Pointing Devices - A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called the pointer Some mobile devices and computers enable you to speak data instructions using voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video input. Pointer - small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a pointing device. Mouse - pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably. Optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse. Touch pad - small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion. Trackball - stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side Touch screen is a touch-sensitive display Pen Input you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections. Graphics tablet, also called a digitizer, is an electronic plastic board that detects and converts movements of a style or digital pen into signals that are sent to the computer. Motion, Voice, and Video Input Audio input is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as speech, music, and sound effects Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer or mobile device’s storage medium Scanner is a light-sensing input device that reads printed text and graphics and then translates the results into a form the computer can process. An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process Optical character recognition (OCR) Optical mark recognition (OMR) Bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes QR code stores information in both a vertical and horizontal direction RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink, MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process. Banking industry uses MICR for check processing. Output device - any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or mobile device to one or more people Printer - output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium, such as paper or other material A 3-D printer can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics, eye wear, implants, toys, parts, prototypes, and more Output - data that has been processed into a useful form. Display visually conveys text, graphics, and video information Monitor - display that is packaged as a separate peripheral device Printer - produces text and graphics on a physical medium Types of Printer Non-impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually contacting the paper Ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper, Color or black-and-white, Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute (ppm) it can print Photo printer produces lab-quality photos, many uses ink-jet technology, Pict Bridge - allows you to print photos directly from a digital camera, Print from a memory card An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes. Also called a multifunction printer 3-D printer uses a process called additive manufacturing to create an object by adding material to a three-dimensional object, one horizontal layer at a time Thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat- sensitive paper Mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a mobile device Label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper Other Output Devices  Headphones  Earbud  data projector  interactive whiteboard WEEK 2 - Prelim Microsoft Word What is Microsoft Word? Word is used to “create beautiful documents, easily work with others, and enjoy the read.” The types of documents you can create with Word include:  Letters – personal, business (including résumés), creative or general notes  Notices – basic flyers, menus, checklists  Reports – for school, work or a special interest group Word has excellent tools and a work area that resembles a sheet of paper. Word templates on the Welcome Page offer pre-designed documents. Browse them to visualize what is possible with Word. Click on a template to see a description and suggested use for the template. Word 2016 Welcome Page Open Word 2016 from the computer desktop. On the Welcome page, note the various popular templates available. Click “Facet design (blank)” template for a full description. Click “Create” to open a document in this particular style. Click the various Tabs: observe how the Groups and Commands change based on the selected Tab. Microsoft Word 2016 Interface The way the tools and menus are organized in Word 2016 is known as the user interface. You will learn about The Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, File Menu and other key parts of Word. The Ribbon The Ribbon runs along the top, contains all the Word tools, and is organized into three parts:  Tabs – represent a general activity area  Groups – show related tools (commands) together  Commands – a button, expandable menu, or a box for entering related information Quick Access Toolbar  The Quick Access Toolbar is above the Tabs and has commands used most often, including “Save”. Place the mouse arrow over each icon (do not click) to see the name and use for each icon. You may customize the commands in the toolbar if you click the black arrow at the end of the toolbar. The Undo command “takes back” any changes made to the document. For example, type “Undo” in the blank document you have open, then click Undo in the Quick Access Toolbar. Undo keeps track of actions by sequence; if you accidentally erase (change) data in your file, click Undo right away to get it back. On that note, it is important to “save early and save often.”  WEEK 3 – Prelim Components of the computer System unit (chassis) The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage  The electronic components are considered internal hardware seeing that they are inside the system unit and you cannot see when you look at the computer.  These components inside the system unit are what process the data and really makes the computer work What is inside the case? Once you open up a computer case, it can initially be difficult to recognize the various components, especially all the different wires. However, if you look closely, you will probably start to recognize a number of components. The succeeding part of the module presents the different components and their related functions. The Motherboard The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer together. The CPU chip, memory, hard drives, and other ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables. It is the main circuit board of the computer that hold a computer chip that usually contains integrated circuits. The motherboard is the piece of computer hardware that can be thought of as the "backbone" of the PC, or more appropriately as the "mother" that holds all the pieces together. Processors  The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer  It incorporates all the functions of CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single IC (Integrated Circuit) or at the most a few ICs. Microprocessors were first introduced in early 1970s  A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores Processors Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)  The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. In a real life scenario, the control unit of a supermarket for example in terms of customers paying their groceries are the queue barriers (usually fixed oriented or movable) to make an organized payment.  The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations. These operations are the math (MDAS -, +,/,*,^) and logic (and/or, yes/no, true/false) The Machine Cycle  The steps performed by the computer processor for each machine language instruction received. The machine cycle is a 4 process cycle that includes reading and interpreting the machine language, executing the code and then storing that code. For every data or instruction such a command to proceed to a next part of a document a user is working on, this data or instruction is fetched to the CPU by the control unit in order to decode and decide what to be done, then forwarded to the other step which handled by the ALU that executes the operation decided either MATH or logic operations. After the execution, the information generated will now be stored back to the memory. This time, the data being processed and transform into a form of valued information can now be seen through an output device. To know more about the Machine Cycle take a look the image below and understand; Clock Speed Every microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions and also synchronizes it with other components. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed.  Clock speeds are measured in MHz or GHz where 1 MHz means 1 million cycles per second whereas 1 GHz equals to 1 billion cycles per second. Here cycle refers to single electric signal cycle.  The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations In term of quality and processor features such as speed, the two leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD. Processors: Cooling systems Since processor can execute millions of instruction per nanosecond, a processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail. It requires additional cooling system to make the operation smooth. Common cooling systems are as follows:  Heat sinks  Liquid cooling technology  Cooling pads The following are types of cooling systems.  Liquid cooling technology  Cooling pads  Heat sinks The Memory It is the working table of the computer system wherein all materials must set in it first in order for the computer to execute. In a real life scenario, a teachers podium in a classroom is used to set the projector, class record, marker and other things for him/her to use during a lecture session. This podium will be vacated after the class period ready for the next class.  Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data.  It stores three basic categories of items: o The operating system and other programs o Applications o Data being processed and the resulting information  Each location in memory has an address  Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB) Volatile memory  Loses its contents when power is turned off, Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory  Does not lose contents when power is removed Example include ROM, Flash Card, and CMOS  Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory:  RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Two common types of RAM exist: Static RAM Dynamic RAM  TERMS TO REMEMBER:  Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions  Firmware is permanent software programmed into a read-only memory.  Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten  CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) is a technology uses battery power to retain information when the power to the computer is off. The Access Time:  It is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory (as what happen in 1st step of machine cycle)  Measured in nanoseconds Adapters  An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals Example: Sound card and video card  An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them Power Supply and Batteries  The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power  Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries  Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Working with Microsoft Word File Menu The File Menu contains actions at the file level. Click the blue “File” tab to the far left of the tabs. What you’ll see is the “backstage” area. From here, you can create a New document, Open an existing one, Save changes to the current document, Save As a different file with a different name, Print the current document, and other options. Click the “back arrow” at the top to exit the backstage area. Title Bar, Help Menu, Ribbon Display Options The Title Bar shows the name of the program and the name (title) of your document. (Top- most bar in program window.) A new document has a temporary title, Document1, until you “Save As” with a different name. To the far right on the Title Bar is the Help Menu and Ribbon Display options. The Help Menu has articles on using the software. Not sure how to perform a certain action or where to find a command? Click the question mark icon to browse Help articles, or search for specific topics. Ribbon Display Options allow you to see more or less of the Ribbon and the work area, as a result. Using Tools in Word Start learning about word processing by working in a Microsoft Word 2016 document. Save Your Work To make sure you don’t lose your work on a document, you should “save early and save often.” Let’s start by saving the document you have open in Word 2016: 1. Click the blue File Button near the Tabs. 2. Click Save As. This option is for saving, or naming, a file for the first time. You may create different versions of a file by “saving as” a new name.  3. Click “Computer”. See TIP below and “Saving With OneDrive”. 4. Click “My Documents” folder. 5. Name file “My Practice Document”. Generally, choose a name that is easy to remember. 6. Click Save. TIP: Have a Microsoft account with Outlook.com, Hotmail.com or Live.com? Microsoft Office 2016 Programs offer “cloud” file storage through OneDrive. Click OneDrive instead of “Computer” to log in, save the file and access anyplace through the Internet The Cursor The cursor indicates where text will appear as you type; it also indicates font size for that spot. Earlier, you created a document from the “Facet design (blank)” template on the Welcome Page. Note the size of the cursor next to the word “Title”. What is the font size value for the word “Title”? (Look toward the Font Group in the ribbon.) Now move your mouse pointer in front of the word “Heading” and left-click once. This moves the cursor. Note the cursor size and font size value in the font size box. What is the font size value? Get Ready for Typing The main workspace in Word resembles a piece of paper on your screen. Note the vertical blinking line, the cursor, near the top left of the paper. Cursor and mouse pointer shape offer hints in Word. You may have noticed the mouse pointer changes shape as you move to different areas in Word. The two most common shapes indicate different functions. The mouse pointer arrow is for clicking commands, or buttons in general. The mouse pointer text tool (I- Beam) is for selecting text or positioning cursor for typing. You will use the document you have open now to practice using various key Groups and Commands in the Word Ribbon. Let’s select and change text in your document Selecting Text Selecting text to make edits is an important word processing skill. A common way to select text is: 1. Place mouse pointer text tool next to the text. In this case, place it next to next to “T” in “Title”. 2. Press the left mouse button. 3. Drag it across the text. 4. Let go of the left mouse button. Notice “Title” is selected (highlighted). Go ahead and type “My Practice Document”. Selecting Lines and Paragraphs To select a complete line of text (use paragraph in your practice document): 1. Place mouse pointer arrow in left margin next to line of text (arrow will point to the right). 2. Left-click once to select that line of text. To select several lines or a paragraph: 1. Place mouse pointer arrow in left margin next to line of text (arrow will point to the right). 2. Press (hold down) the left mouse button. 3. Drag to the end of the paragraph. 4. Let go of the left mouse button. Next, you will use commands from the ribbon to edit text you have selected. TIP: A general rule to make changes to text is first select the text and then click the command button of your choice. You may change font size or style before you start typing, too. Look in the Font Group to see the font and size that will appear when you begin to type. Take a moment to read the paragraph in your practice document under “How To Use This Template”. You will use some commands from the Styles Group and Paragraph Group under the Home Tab. TIP: Italic, like Underline, is used to emphasize words or sentences in text, and book and movie titles. Though italics are more common, you can use either in your documents, but use one consistently throughout. Next, select “Heading” and type “how to use this template”. TIP: After selecting text, access common tools quickly in the floating format box. Notice Word automatically capitalized the first word in the sentence. If you want each word capitalized, as a title or header normally is, you may do it word by word or simply use Change Case. To use Change Case command: 1. Select “How to use this template”. 2. Click “Change Case” command. 3. Click “Capitalize Each Word” in menu Style Group A document created from a template, like the one you opened earlier (Facet design blank), has predesigned styles for different parts of the document, such as paragraphs and headers. To apply a different paragraph style: 1. Select paragraphs under “How To Use This Template”. 2. Click “More” button in Styles Group. 3. Click “Emphasis” command. The text remains selected. You may continue modifying, including Undo, if you wish. To de-select, press left arrow (cursor placed at beginning of text), right arrow (cursor placed at end of text) or click in an area outside the selection. To create a new heading (section): 1. Click “More” button in Styles Group.  2. Click “Heading 1”. 3. Type “Learning more about the home tab”. 4. Press “Enter” once. 5. Type “The Home Tab contains the following Groups:” 6. Press “Enter” once. Bullets are good for general lists of items. A numbered list is good for steps in a procedure or order. The steps to make a numbered list are the same, except the icon for numbering is. TIP: For style or space, explore decreasing indent space for lists. Bullets or numbers automatically indent to set lists apart from regular text. But if you like the style of left margin alignment, the bullets or numbers set the list apart from the text sufficiently. You now have a new header and introductory sentence. You will use commands from various groups at various times, so don’t be surprised that you will use a command from the Paragraph Group next. To create a bulleted list: 1. Click “Bullets” command in Paragraph Group. 2. Type “Clipboard”. 3. Press “Enter” once. 4. Re-create list pictured to the right (Repeat step 2 & 3 for each word). 5. After last item in your list, press “Enter” twice. WEEK 4 – Prelim Introduction of Digital Storage The Digital Storage Alternatively referred to as digital storage, storage, storage media, or storage medium, a storage device is any hardware capable of holding information either temporarily or permanently. In this chapter, our focus is on the permanent type of storage systems. A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications Cloud storage keeps information on servers on the Internet, and the actual media on which the files are stored are transparent to the user Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory. Writing is the process of transferring items from memory to a storage medium. A storage device is the hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media The common factor when choosing a storage device is the capacity. Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold. In using a computer system, there is what we call Access time in storage device, and it measures:  The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium  The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor Hard Drives A hard disk, also called a hard disk drive (HDD) contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information The storage capacity of hard disks varies and is determined by:  The number of platters the hard disk contains  Whether the disk uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording  Density In setting up a hard drive, formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors where data will be stored. People who are knowledgeable in doing this formatting can do this or you can do it on your own with a step-by-step manual with you. Characteristics of a hard disk include:  Tracks  Sectors  Platters  Form factor  Read/write head  Revolutions per minute A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter Always keep a backup of your hard disk Imagine transporting your laptop while its running and you bump it to something; figure how the read and write head crashes to the fine platter surface. A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter Always keep a backup of your hard disk Microsoft Word Clipboard Group The Clipboard Group has the commands to do “copy and paste” and “cut and paste”. Before you start: 1. Make a new sub-heading in your practice document. 2. Use “Heading 2” style from Styles Group. 3. Type “Clipboard Group”. c. Press “Enter” once. 4. Type two sentences on one line. 5. “I want to live in a warm place. I am moving to Hawaii.” To Copy and Paste text: 1. Select the text (the line of text you just typed). 2. Click “Copy” icon in Clipboard Group. 3. Move cursor to area where you want to paste (right arrow, then “Enter” once). 4. Click “Paste” icon in Clipboard Grou To Cut and Paste text: 1. Select the text (the sentence “I am moving…”).  2. Click “Cut” icon in Clipboard Group. 3. Move cursor to area where you want to paste (at beginning of first sentence on same line). 4. Click “Paste” icon. Can you think of a scenario where you might choose one command (Copy, Cut) over the other? TIP: Use keyboard shortcuts to save a little time. When you place the mouse pointer arrow over a command without clicking, a floating box appears with the command name, keyboard shortcut in parenthesis and a brief description. Paragraph Group The Paragraph Group includes commands to adjust line and paragraph spacing and alignment. Line spacing refers to when the text you’re typing has reached the end of the line and moves down to the next line automatically. Paragraph spacing refers to any time you press the “Enter” key to start a new paragraph. Insert Tab The Insert Tab commands insert different elements into your document like tables and illustrations. Tables Group You may choose preformatted tables or add the number of rows and columns you want. For this exercise, you will create a 3x5 table to track DVD’s on loan to friends. To insert a table into your document: 1. Click the Add a Table icon under the Insert Tab. 2. Select a 3-column, 5-row area in the grid. 3. Left-click when you are ready to insert the table. Apply a Table Style  Click into the table to activate the Table Tools tab.  Choose a new design from the Design Tab Illustrations The Illustrations Group has commands to insert pictures, shapes, charts, and more. How to insert a shape 1. Click the Shapes button in the Illustrations Group 2. Click the first shape (Explosion 1) in Stars and Banners. 3. Place mouse pointer (cross) in a blank area. 4. Click and drag your mouse to “draw” the shape. 5. Let go of the mouse button when finished. How to add text to a shape 1. Place mouse pointer arrow in shape area. 2. Click right mouse button once. 3. Click “Add Text” from menu 4. Type “Hello”. Word Help The Help Menu is an excellent resource for learning how to use software. Click the question mark icon near the top right corner of any Office 2016 program window to access Help content. WEEK 5 – Prelim Storage The Solid State Drive Another type of storage that computer uses nowadays is the SSD (solid state drive). It is a flash memory storage device that contains its own processor to manage its storage An SSD (solid state drive) has several advantages over traditional (magnetic) hard disks:  Faster access times  Faster transfer rates  Quieter operation  More durable  Lighter weight  Less power consumption  Less heat generation  Longer life  Defragmentation not required Since there’s no moving parts inside the SSD (just like a flash drive), it is much efficient to use External hard disk Another type of storage which is a separate freestanding storage device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile device. Portable just like a flash drive but has a larger space to store data and information. RAID (Redundant Array Of Independent Disks) RAID on the other hand is a group of two or more integrated hard disks or SSDs. They are often used by power users such as multimedia jobs to store big chunks of data. Portable Flash Memory Storage A memory card is a removable flash memory storage device that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer  SDHC  SDXC  MiniSD   microSDHC  MicroSDXC  CF  xD Picture Card  Memory Stick prO Duo  M2 USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users Examples:  Google drive  One Drive  ICloud An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. Optical discs commonly store items in a single track that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of the disc CD  Track is divided into evenly sized sectors  A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to  Single-session disc  A CD-R is an optical disc on which users can write once, but not erase  A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc DVD  A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read but not write on or erase  A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-recordable WORM formats, on which users can write once but not erase  DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are competing DVD-rewritable formats that users can write on multiple times  Enterprise Hardware  allows large organizations to manage and store data and information using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability  RAID duplicates data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability Network attached storage (NAS)  is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network.  This type of storage is efficient for companies that works collaboratively in a single projects or collaboration of workers. Storage Area Network (SAN) -is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers. This type is a larger version of NAS where servers are connected with each other Another enterprise storage is the Tape technology. It is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information. A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a magnetic tape Other Types of Storage  A magnetic stripe card has a magnetic stripe that contains information.  A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card. The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves. An RFID reader reads the radio signal and transfers the information to a computer or computing device. An NFC (Near Field Communication) -enabled device contains an NFC chip. An NFC tag contains a chip and an antenna that contains information to be transmitted. Most NFC tags are self-adhesive. WEEK 1 – Midterm Software Software Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. There are two types of software  System Software  Application Software System Software The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end-us. Operating Systems  An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that coordinate all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware. o Start and shut down a computer o Provide a user interface o Manage programs o Manage memory o Coordinate tasks o Configure devices o Monitor performance o Establish an Internet connection o Provide file management and other device or media-related tasks o Updating operating system software o Control a network o Administer security Operating System Functions Starting Computers and Mobile Devices  If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a power button to turn it on The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting  Cold boot o Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely  Warm boot o Using the operating system to restart a computer (discussed earlier in module 1) An operating system includes various power options: Sleep mode saves any open documents running programs or apps to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state Hibernate mode saves any open documents and run programs or apps to an internal hard drive before removing power from the computer or device. User interface (UI)  Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen o With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images o In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions Manage Multitasking Environment How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity Single tasking  allows a single user to perform only one task at a time is called a Single-User Single-Tasking Operating System. Functions like printing a document, downloading images, etc., can be performed only one at a time Multitasking  allows a single user to perform more than one task at a time is called Single-User Multitasking Operating System Foreground and background A priority assigned to programs running in a multitasking environment. The foreground contains the applications the user is working on, and the background contains the applications that are behind the scenes, such as certain operating system functions, printing a document or accessing the network. Single user and multiuser  A Single-User Operating System is a system in which only one user can access the computer system at a time like a common used in a desktop or laptop computer. A Multi-User Operating System is a system that allows more than one user to access a computer system at one time like a server allowing users to connect. Memory management  optimizes the use of the computer or device’s internal memory. Virtual memory  is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed External Device Management A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific device Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install or connect them POINT for Discussion: How to uninstall a device attached to the computer. Monitoring Performance A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices Connectivity  Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet connections Many programs, including operating systems, include an automatic update feature that regularly provides new features or corrections to the program. Operating systems often provide users with a variety of tools related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs  Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network   These multiuser operating systems allow multiple users to share a printer, Internet access, files, and programs  A network administrator uses the server operating system to:  Add and remove users, computers, and other devices  Configure the network, install software and administer network security user User management A user account enables a user to sign in to, or access resources on, a network or computer  A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user  A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name Microsoft PowerPoint Use PowerPoint to:  Enhance a presentation with quick and easy to create high impact visuals  Present fact filled graphs and charts to make your point  Retain audience attention with attractive visuals  Import text or graphics from other Microsoft applications  Customize graphics for a specific audience Starting PowerPoint To start PowerPoint click on the Start Button at the bottom left of the screen and select PowerPoint from the available choices. The screen shown below is displayed when PowerPoint opens PowerPoint Window File Button Clicking on the File Button opens a drop down menu with commands needed to work on files; it is similar to the File menu on earlier versions of PowerPoint. Quick Access Toolbar The Quick Access Toolbar provides easy access to frequently used commands. It can be customized. Ribbon The Ribbon is a collection of tabs used to create the slide show. Each tab contains a group of commands related to the tab. In the example above, the Home Tab contains commands related to Clipboard, Slides, Font, Paragraph, Drawing, and Editing. We will be working with the Ribbon tabs and commands as we build a PowerPoint slide show. Title Bar The Title Bar displays the presentation’s file name. Slides Tab / Outline Tab The Slides Tab shows a thumbnail of each slide this is where slides can be added, rearranged or deleted. Use the Outline Tab to build a text outline of slides. Place Holder On the previous page is an example of a Title slide. A place holder is provided for the title and subtitle. Clicking in the box places the title text in a predetermined place on the slide. Slide Pane or Presentation Window The slide is created on the Slide Pane. Think of it as a blank sheet of paper where text and graphics are placed. Notes Pane Speaker or handout notes pertaining to the slide are placed on the Notes Pane. View Buttons The View Buttons are similar to the Quick Access Toolbar. They give quick access to frequently used PowerPoint Normal, Slide Sorter and Slide Show views. On the previous page is an example of the Normal View. Zoom The slider on the Zoom control allows you to zoom in or out decreasing or increasing the displayed slide. The current display percentage is shown PPT Exercise 1 In this exercise you will explore the PowerPoint Window. 1. If you haven’t already, start Microsoft PowerPoint by selecting it from among the Programs listed on the Start Menu. 2. Click on the File Button. Do these options look familiar to you? Are any new? 3. Starting with the Home Tab, move your mouse over the commands. Read the command description in the box that opens. Explore each of the other Ribbon Tabs. 4. Working with the Slides Pane, click in “Click to add a title”. Type in a presentation title “Course Campaign”. Type “Your course” as a subtitle. 5. Use the New Slide button on the Home Tab to add a slide to the presentation. Type “Job Opportunities” as the title of this slide. 6. Use the Zoom slider to zoom in and out on the current slide. Notice how this action changes the displayed size of the slide. 7. Use the View Buttons to change to the Slide Sorter View. Does your screen look like the one shown below? 8. How might you use the Slide Sorter View? The Home Tab The Home Tab contains the Clipboard, Slides, Font, Paragraph, Drawing, and Editing groups. In this module we will address the Slides, Font and Paragraph groups. These groups are useful in working with text on slides. Drawing and Editing will be covered in a later module Slides are added and deleted using the Slides Group. The Slides Group is also used to select or change a slide layout. Clicking on the New Slide dropdown arrow opens the Office Theme selection menu. Office Themes By default, when a new blank presentation is opened, PowerPoint starts with a Title Slide. Place holders provide a spot to enter the presentation title and if needed a subtitle. Other office themes provide the text and graphic placeholders for slides that follow the title slide. Below is an example of a slide that has a placeholder for a Title and  Content. The content may include:  Text  Chart  Table  Pictures  Clip Art  Smart Art  Media Clip Office Themes This part of our lesson will give you a chance to explore various Office Themes. 1. Return to the presentation you started in Exercise 1. 2. Click on the New Slide dropdown arrow. 3. Select the Two Content Theme. 4. How does this differ from the Title and Content theme that was used on the “Job Opportunities” slide? 5. Insert another slide selecting the Blank theme. 6. Are there any placeholders on this slide? 7. Use the Home Tab Slides Group to delete this slide. 8. Use the View Buttons to change to the Slide Sorter View. 9. Return to the Normal view. 10. Do not close PowerPoint Working with Text While placeholders specify text font face and font style, they can be changed using the Font and Paragraph groups on the Home Tab. Notice that the subtitle is Calibri font face, and the text color is black with the text centered. For emphasis, text font face, style, size, color and placement can be changed. Adding Text to a Slide There are three ways to add text to a slide:  Title text objects – Text inserted in the pre-sized Title and Subtitle boxes that appear on the top of each slide. We are already familiar with this form of slide text.  Bulleted list objects – Text inserted in boxes that accommodate numbered or bulleted lists.   Text box objects – Boxes that contain text that can be placed anywhere on the slide. We will be working with text boxes in Module 2 Bulleted and Numbered Lists When adding text to a slide presentation it is always wise to follow the rule “Less is better”. If your slide contains paragraphs of text your audience will be reading instead of listening to you. A bulleted list of short statements can become your talking points. If your slide describes things that need to be done in a specific order, use a numbered list. The Office Themes that contain content provide a placeholder for bulleted lists. PowerPoint assumes that a bulleted list would be found on a content slide. Let’s look at the second slide in your Course Campaign presentation. Saving Your Work It is strongly suggested that you periodically save your work. Save a PowerPoint document as you would a Word or Excel document. Click on the Save Icon on the Quick Toolbar or click on the File Button and select a save option. If this is the first time you are saving this document you will be asked to name the document and identify the location where it is to be saved. WEEK 2-Midterm Operating System Types of Operating Systems Most operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you purchase. Most of time, people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems. For some cases, operating systems are used in larger type of computers and small ones like mobile computers. A desktop operating system is a complete operating system that works on desktops, laptops, and some tablets Windows 10 is meant to unify desktop PC’s, Windows tablets, and Windows smart Phones with one interface, one way of operating and one account:   WINDOWS  Mac OS  UNIX  Linux  Chrome OS The latest versions of Windows offer these features  Uses tiles to access apps  Includes the desktop interface  Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard  Email app, calendar app, and browser included  Photos, files, and settings you can sync with OneDrive  Enhanced security through an antivirus program, firewall, and automatic updates  Windows Store offers additional applications for purchase The Macintosh operating system has earned a reputation for its ease of use Latest version is OS X UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s. Linux is a popular, multitasking UNIX-based operating system Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system designed to work primarily with web apps Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system by Google. Server Operating Systems A server operating system, also called a server OS, is an operating system specifically designed to run on servers, which are specialized computers that operate within a client/server architecture to serve the requests of client computers on the network  Windows Server  OS X Server  UNIX  Linux Mobile operating system The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics is called a mobile operating system and resides on firmware  Android  iOS  Windows Phone Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system designed by Google for smartphones and tablets iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary mobile operating system specifically made for Apple’s mobile devices Windows Phone, developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on some smartphones Utility Programs A utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance- type tasks A file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file management  Displaying a list of files  Organizing files in folders  Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files and folders A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you specify An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files An image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files  Downloaded program files  Temporary Internet files  Deleted files  Unused program files A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster Defragmenting – the scattering of files in different sectors of the hard disk A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form A screen saver causes a display device’s screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no activity occurs for a specified time A personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions A virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer negatively A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware and other similar programs Adware displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window An adware remover is a program that detects and deletes adware Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed  Anti-spam programs  Web filters  Phishing filters  Pop-up blockers A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s)  Compressing files frees up room on the storage media  Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files  Can be uncompressed A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computer Microsoft PowerPoint Bullets or Numbered List 1. On the View tab, in the Presentation Views group, click Normal. 2. On the left side of the PowerPoint window, click a slide thumbnail that you want to add bulleted or numbered text to. 3. On the slide, select the lines of text in a text placeholder or table that you want to add bullets or numbering to. 4. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Bullets or Numbering Change the color and style of bullets You can change the color, style, or size of the bullets or numbers in your PowerPoint presentation, and you can change the number you want to start from. 1. To change one bullet or number, place the cursor at the start of the line that you want to change. To change multiple bullets or numbers, select the text in all of the bullets or numbers that you want to change. 2. Click Home, click the arrow next to either the Bullets or Numbering button, and then click Bullets and Numbering. Add pictures On the Insert tab, do one of the following: 1. To insert a picture that is saved on your local drive or an internal server, choose Pictures, browse for the picture, and then choose Insert. 2.To insert a picture from the web, choose Online Pictures, and use the search box to find a picture. 3. Choose a picture, and then click Insert. Add shapes You can add shapes to illustrate your slide. 1. On the Inserttab, select Shapes, and then select a shape from the menu that appears. 2. In the slide area, click and drag to draw the shape. 3. Select the Formator Shape Format tab on the ribbon. Open the Shape Styles gallery to quickly add a color and style (including shading) to the selected shape. Formatting Shapes Limit Your Lines in PowerPoint Shapes Most shapes will look more professional onscreen without an outside line or border. To remove the line from a shape: 1. Select the shape which displays the contextual FormatRibbon tab. 2. Choose the Shape Filldrop-down from the Shape Styles 3. Pick No Outline. Easy Formatting for Shapes with Quick Styles Quick Styles let you apply a style to your shape with one click. 1. Click the shape you want to change. 2. Select the Format tab, and in the Shape Styles group, select the Quick Style you want to use from the Quick Styles gallery (click the More drop-down arrow for additional styles). 3. When you rest your pointer over a Quick Style thumbnail, you can see how the style affects your shape. Click once to pick the style you want to apply to the selected shape. Remove Picture Backgrounds in PowerPoint PowerPoint provides a bit of picture editing wizardry in the capability to remove the background from a picture. For example, the following image shows a picture of my dog Lucy with the background removed. (Background removal works best with picture that have a clear high-contrast distinction between the picture’s subject and the background.) To accomplish this bit of photo-editing magic, follow these steps: 1. Select the picture whose background you want to remove. 2. On the Picture Tools → Format tab, click the Remove Background button (found in the Adjust group). 3. If necessary, resize the bounding rectangle to properly enclose the subject. 4. If necessary, use the Mark Areas to Keep and Mark Areas to Remove buttons to refine the location of the picture’s background. 5. Repeat Step 4 until you’ve successfully removed the picture’s background. 6. Click the Keep Changes button. Create a SmartArt graphic Create a SmartArt graphic to quickly and easily make a visual representation of your information. You can choose from among many different layouts, to effectively communicate your message or ideas. SmartArt graphics can be created in Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, and Word, and they can be used throughout Office. Insert a SmartArt graphic and add text to it 1. On the Inserttab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. 2. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphicdialog box, click the type and layout that you want. 1. Enter your text by doing one of the following:  Click [Text]in the Text pane, and then type your text.  Copy text from another location or program, click [Text]in the Text pane, and then paste your text. Notes:  If the Text pane is not visible, click the arrow control on the left side of the SmartArt graphic.  To add text, like a title, in an arbitrary position close to or on top of your SmartArt graphic, on the Inserttab, in the Text group, click Text Box to insert a text box. If you want only the text in your text box to appear, right-click your text box, click Format Shape or Format Text Box, and then set the text box to have no background color and no border.  Click in a box in the SmartArt graphic, and then type your text. For best results, use this option after you add all of the boxes that you want. Add or delete shapes in your SmartArt graphic Click the SmartArt graphic that you want to add another shape to. Click the existing shape that is located closest to where you want to add the new shape. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Designtab, in the Create Graphic group, click the arrow next to Add Shape. If you don't see the SmartArt Tools or Design tabs, make sure that you've selected the SmartArt graphic. You may have to double-click the SmartArt graphic to open the Design tab. 1. Do one of the following:  To insert a shape after the selected shape, click Add Shape After.  To insert a shape before the selected shape, click Add Shape Before. Notes:  To add a shape from the Text pane, click an existing shape, move your cursor before or after the text where you want to add the shape, and then press ENTER.  To delete a shape from your SmartArt graphic, click the shape you want to delete, and then press DELETE. To delete your entire SmartArt graphic, click the border of your SmartArt graphic, and then press DELETE.  Change the colors of an entire SmartArt graphic You can apply color variations that are derived from the theme colors to the shapes in your SmartArt graphic. 1. Click your SmartArt graphic. 2. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Designtab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click Change Colors. If you don't see the SmartArt Tools or Design tabs, make sure that you've selected a SmartArt graphic. You may have to double-click the SmartArt graphic to open the Design tab. 1. Click the color variation that you want. Apply a SmartArt Style to a SmartArt graphic A SmartArt Style is a combination of various effects, such as line style, bevel, or 3-D, that you can apply to the shapes in your SmartArt graphic to create a unique and professionally designed look. 2. Click your SmartArt graphic. 3. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Designtab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click the SmartArt Style that you want. Get creative with 3D models On Windows and macOS, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook support inserting 3D models directly into your documents, workbooks or presentations to illustrate a point. You can rotate models 360 degrees or tilt up and down to show a specific feature of an object. Add 3D objects from a local file You insert 3D models into your files much the same way as other images. On the Insert tab of the ribbon select 3D Models and then From a File. Once it's inserted you can use the controls to manipulate the image: 1. Use the 3D control to rotate or tilt your 3D model in any direction. Just click, hold and drag with your mouse. 2. Drag the image handles in or out to make your image larger or smaller. 3. You can still use the rotation handle to rotate your image clockwise or counter- clockwise, but you'll get a much better experience using the 3D rotation control we talked about above. Add 3D Models from our online library To select a 3D Model from our online library, choose 3D Models > From Online Sources. In the dialog box that appears you can browse, or search for, 3D images from the catalog. Select one or more images and click Insert. Change how your 3D models look in Office When you insert a 3D model into your Office file you'll get a contextual tab on the ribbon under 3D Model Tools called Format. On the format tab there are some handy controls to help you customize how your 3D images are going to look. The 3D Model Views gallery gives you a collection of preset views that you can use on your image. For example you can quickly select the head-on view or the top-down view. If you've got multiple 3D models and you're having trouble selecting the one you want to work with, click the Selection Pane to turn on the list of objects. Then you can easily select the image or images that you want to select. The Align tool helps you place your image on the page or slide—at the top or side, for example. Pan & Zoom gives you control of how your 3D image fits within the frame. Click the Pan & Zoom button, then click and drag the object within the frame to move it. Use the Zoom arrow on the right-side of the frame to make the object appear larger or smaller within the frame. WEEK 3 - Midterms Application Software A program, or software, consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them  An application, or app, sometimes called application software, consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks  An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware Tools and activities System software Software is available in a variety of forms:  Retail, Custom, Web app, Mobile app, Mobile Web app, Shareware, Freeware, Open source, Public Domain Retail Software is typically sold under restricted licenses (e.g. EULAs) or in the case of cloud-based software sold as a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model. Custom software is designed to specifically address these users' needs better than more traditional and widespread off-the-shelf A web application (or web app) is an application software that runs on a web server, unlike computer-based software programs that are stored locally on the Operating System (OS) of the device A mobile application is a software program that is designed to run on specific hardware, namely mobile handheld computing devices such as tablets and smartphones. Shareware is a type of proprietary software which is initially provided free of charge to users, who are allowed and encouraged to make and share copies of the program. Shareware is often offered as a download from a website or on a compact disc included with a magazine. Freeware is software that is free to use. Unlike commercial software, it does not require any payment or licensing fee. It is similar to shareware, but will not eventually ask you for payment to continue using the software. Productivity applications can assist you in becoming more effective and efficient while performing daily activities at work, school, and home.   Word processing, Presentation, Spreadsheet, Database, Note taking, Calendar and contact management, Project management, Accounting, Personal finance, Legal, Tax preparation, Document management, Enterprise computing With productivity applications, users often:  Create a project, Edit a project, Format a project, Save a project, Distribute a project. Word processing This software allows users to create and manipulate documents A major advantage of using word processing software is that it enables users to change their written words easily Presentation software Allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in columns and rows and perform calculations on the data. Database software Allows users to create, access, and manage a database A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. Note taking software is an application that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, sketches, photos, and links anywhere on a page Calendar and contact management software It is an application that helps you organize your calendar, keep track of contacts, and share this information with other users. A software suite is a collection of individual related applications available together as a unit Project management software is an application that allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project Accounting software It is an application that helps businesses of all sizes record and report their financial transactions. Personal finance software is a simplified accounting application that helps home users and small/home office users balance their checkbooks, pay bills, track personal income  and expenses, verify account balances, transfer funds, track investments, and evaluate financial plans. Legal software is an application that assists in the preparation of legal documents and provides legal information to individuals, families, and small businesses Tax preparation software is an application that can guide individuals, families, or small businesses through the process of filing federal and state taxes Document management software is an application that provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user A large organization, commonly referred to as an enterprise, requires special computing solutions because of its size and geographic distribution. Graphics and Media Software  Computer-aided design (CAD) software  Desktop Publishing software  Paint/image editing software  Photo editing and photo management software  Video and editing software Graphics and Multimedia software allows professional like Engineers, Architects, Publishers, and Graphic Artist to design work that is intended for their own field of specialization For desktop publishing, it enables professional to create sophisticated documents that contain texts, graphics, and many colors.  Multimedia authoring software allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and animation in an interactive application  Website authoring software helps users of all skill levels create webpages that include graphics, video, audio, animation, and special effects with interactive content  A media player is a program that allows you to view images and animations, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computer or mobile device  Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable disc. Personal Interest Applications: nowadays more and more desktop, web and mobile apps are being designed for specific activities related to lifestyle, entertainment, medical, convenience or education activities. Most of these applications are free but few are quite inexpensive.  Lifestyle applications  Medical applications  Entertainment Applications  Convenience applications  Education Applications Communications Applications: an application or program designed to pass information from one system to another. Such software provides remote access to systems and transmits files in a multitude of formats between computers  Blog  Browsing  Chat  Online Discussion  Email  File Transfer  Internet Phone  Instant Messaging  Mobile Messaging  Videoconference  Web Feeds A screen saver is a tool that causes a display device’s screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no keyboard or mouse activity occurs for a specified time A file compression tool shrinks the size of a file(s) A PC maintenance tool is a program that identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects and repairs drive problems, and includes the capability of improving a computer’s performance A backup tool allows users to copy, or back up, selected files or the contents of an entire storage medium to another storage location. A restore tool reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form Introduction to Excel What is Spreadsheet? A Spreadsheet is a software program you use to easily perform mathematical calculations on statistical data and totalling long columns of numbers or determining percentages and averages. And if any of the raw numbers you put into your spreadsheet should change – like if you obtain final figures to substitute for preliminary ones for example – the spreadsheet will update all the calculations you’ve performed based on the new numbers. You also can use a spreadsheet to generate data visualizations like charts to display the statistical information from your specific source and many more. Todays spreadsheet takes it leap over the internet such as the Google Sheet by Google and many more, of which most features of an Spreadsheet application in a personal computer can already be done in an internet application such as the Google Sheets.  Spreadsheet is the computer equivalent of a paper ledger sheet. It consists of a grid made from columns and rows. It is an environment that can make number manipulation easy and somewhat painless.  For teaching and learning purposes, we will be using the spreadsheet program MS Excel which is developed by Microsoft. TYPES OF DATA in Spreadsheet  Labels (text) o are descriptive pieces of information, such as names, months, or other identifying statistics, and they usually include alphabetic characters (text in red)  Constant o are entries that have a specific fixed value.(values in red) Note: When working in a Spreadsheet program with any of the data stated above, there is a restriction when you want to enter a numerical value or formula as a label, you need to type an apostrophe before it so the program will treat the value as a label.  Formulas o are entries that have an equation that calculates the value to display Working with the Excel Environment Excel files are called workbooks. Whenever you start a new project in Excel, you'll need to create a new workbook. There are several ways to start working with a workbook in Excel. You can choose to create a new workbook—either with a blank workbook or a predesigned template—or open an existing workbook. When you open Excel for the first time, the Excel Start Screen will appear. From here, you'll be able to create a new workbook, choose a template, and access your recently edited workbooks. From the Excel Start Screen, locate and select Blank workbook to access the Excel interface. The parts of the Excel window Some parts of the Excel window (like the Ribbon and scroll bars) are standard in most other Microsoft programs. However, there are other features that are more specific to spreadsheets, such as the formula bar, name box, and worksheet tabs. The Ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar are where you will find the commands to perform common tasks in Excel. The Backstage view gives you various options for saving, opening a file, printing, and sharing your document. There are three modes in the Ribbon Display Options menu:   Auto-hide Ribbon: Auto-hide displays your workbook in full-screen mode and completely hides the Ribbon. To show the Ribbon, click the Expand Ribbon command at the top of screen.  Show Tabs: This option hides all command groups when they're not in use, but tabswill remain visible. To show the Ribbon, simply click a tab.  Show Tabs and Commands: This option maximizes the Ribbon. All of the tabs and commands will be visible. This option is selected by defaultwhen you open Excel for the first time Some groups will have an arrow you can click for more options. Click a tab to see more commands. You can adjust how the Ribbon is displayed with the Ribbon Display Options. The Quick Access Toolbar Located just above the Ribbon, the Quick Access Toolbar lets you access common commands no matter which tab is selected. By default, it includes the Save, Undo, and Repeat commands. You can add other commands depending on your preference. Worksheet views Excel has a variety of viewing options that change how your workbook is displayed. These views can be useful for various tasks, especially if you're planning to print the spreadsheet. To change worksheet views, locate the commands in the bottom-right corner of the Excel window and select Normal view, Page Layout view, or Page Break view.  Normal viewis the default view for all worksheets in Excel.  Page Layout viewdisplays how your worksheets will appear when printed. You can also add headers and footers in this view.  Page Break viewallows you to change the location of page breaks, which is especially helpful when printing a lot of data from Excel. Backstage view Backstage view gives you various options for saving, opening a file, printing, and sharing your workbooks. To access the window, click the File tab on the Ribbon. Backstage view will appear. Understanding Cells Every worksheet is made up of thousands of rectangles, which are called cells. A cell is the intersection of a row and a column. In other words, it's where a row and column meet. Columns are identified by letters (A, B, C), while rows are identified by numbers (1, 2, 3). Each cell has its own name—or cell address—based on its column and row. In the example below, the selected cell intersects column C and row 5, so the cell address is C5. Note that the cell address also appears in the Name box in the top-left corner, and that a cell's column and row headings are highlighted when the cell is selected. You can also select multiple cells at the same time. A group of cells is known as a cell range. Rather than a single cell address, you will refer to a cell range using the cell addresses of the first and last cells in the cell range, separated by a colon. For example, a cell range that included cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 would be written as A1:A5. Take a look at the different cell ranges below: All cell content uses the same formatting by default, which can make it difficult to read a workbook with a lot of information. Basic formatting can customize the look and feel of your workbook, allowing you to draw attention to specific sections and making your content easier to view and understand. To change the font size: On the Home tab, click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Size command, then select the desired font size. In our example, we will choose 24 to make the text larger. To change the font: By default, the font of each new workbook is set to Calibri. However, Excel provides many other fonts you can use to customize your cell text. In the example below, we'll format our title cell to help distinguish it from the rest of the worksheet. 1. Select the cell(s)you want to modify. 2. On the Hometab, click the drop-down arrow next to the Font command, then select the desired font. In our example, we'll choose Century Gothic. To change the font color: Select the cell(s) you want to modify. On the Hometab, click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Color command, then select the desired font color. In our example, we'll choose Green. The text will change to the selected font color. Cell styles Instead of formatting cells manually, you can use Excel's predesigned cell styles. Cell styles are a quick way to include professional formatting for different parts of your workbook, like titles and headers. To apply a cell style: In our example, we'll apply a new cell style to our existing title and header cells. 1. Select the cell(s)you want to modify. 2. Click the Cell Styles command on the Hometab, then choose the desired style from the drop-down menu. 3. The selected cell style will appear. Applying a cell style will replace any existing cell formatting except for text alignment. You may not want to use cell styles if you've already added a lot of formatting to your workbook. The Format Painter If you want to copy formatting from one cell to another, you can use the Format Painter command on the Home tab. When you click the Format Painter, it will copy all of the formatting from the selected cell. You can then click and drag over any cells where you want to paste the formatting. Introduction to formulas One of the most powerful features in Excel is the ability to calculate numerical information using formulas. Just like a calculator, Excel can add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In this lesson, we'll show you how to use cell references to create simple formulas. Mathematical operators Excel uses standard operators for formulas: a plus sign for addition (+), minus sign for subtraction (-), asterisk for multiplication (*), forward slash for division (/), and caret (^) for exponents. All formulas in Excel must begin with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell contains, or is equal to, the formula and the value it calculates. Understanding cell references While you can create simple formulas in Excel using numbers (for example, =2+2 or =5*5), most of the time you will use cell addresses to create a formula. This is known as making a cell reference. Using cell references will ensure that your formulas are always accurate because you can change the value of referenced cells without having to rewrite the formula. In the formula below, cell A3 adds the values of cells A1 and A2 by making cell references: When you press Enter, the formula calculates and displays the answer in cell A3: If the values in the referenced cells change, the formula automatically recalculates: By combining a mathematical operator with cell references, you can create a variety of simple formulas in Excel. Formulas can also include a combination of cell references and numbers, as in the examples below: WEEK 4 - Midterm Software Ways to legally obtain software 1. Commercial Software a. Copyrighted – license must be purchased 2. Public-domain software a. Not copyrighted – legal to copy 3. Shareware a. Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it 4. Freeware a. Copyrighted – but available for free. 5. Rental ware a. Copyrighted – lease for a fee Copyright  gives the author of an original work exclusive right for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution, and adaptation, after which time the work is said to enter the public domain.   Applies to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete and fixed in a medium.  Copyright is described under the umbrella term intellectual property along with patents and trademarks. Software License Types 1. Site licenses - Allow the software to be used on all computers at a specific location 2. Concurrent-user license - Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time. May require additional license-monitoring software 3. Multiple-user license - Specifies the number of people who may use the software 4. Single-use license - Limits the software to one user at a time Other software categories 1. Pirated software a. Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright b. Don’t pirate software 2. Abandonware a. Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher b. Subject to copyright for 95 years from the date of publication Excel What is a Function? A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values in a particular order. Excel includes many common functions that can be used to quickly find the sum, average, count, maximum value, and minimum value for a range of cells. In order to use functions correctly, you'll need to understand the different parts of a function and how to create arguments to calculate values and cell references. The parts of a function In order to work correctly, a function must be written a specific way, which is called the syntax. The basic syntax for a function is the equals sign (=), the function name (SUM, for example), and one or more arguments. Arguments contain the information you want to calculate. The function in the example below would add the values of the cell range A1:A20. Arguments can refer to both individual cells and cell ranges and must be enclosed within parentheses. You can include one argument or multiple arguments, depending on the syntax required for the function. For example, the function =AVERAGE(B1:B9) would calculate the average of the values in the cell range B1:B9. This function contains only one argument. Multiple arguments must be separated by a comma. For example, the function =SUM(A1:A3, C1:C2, E1) will add the values of all of the cells in the three arguments Creating a function There are a variety of functions available in Excel. Here are some of the most common functions you'll use to get common statistics from a specific range of cells or worksheets:  SUM: This function addsall of the values of the cells in the argument. o Syntax: =SUM(first value, second value, etc)  MAX: This function determines the highestcell value included in the argument. Syntax: =MAX(first value, second value, etc) Note: Blank entries are not included in the calculations of the Max Function. Text entries are not included in the calculations of the Max Function.  MIN: This function determines thelowest cell value included in the argument. Syntax: =MIN(first value, second value, etc) Note: Blank entries are not included in the calculations of the Min Function. Text entries are not included in the calculations of the Min Function.   AVERAGE: This function determines the averageof the values included in the argument. It calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value by the number of cells in the argument. Syntax: =AVERAGE(first value, second value, etc)  COUNT: This function countsthe number of cells with numerical data in the argument. This function is useful for quickly counting items in a cell range. Syntax: =COUNT(first value, second value, etc)  COUNTA: Counts the number of cells that are not empty. Syntax: =COUNTA(first value, second value, etc) Note: Blank entries are not counted. Text entries are counted.  COUNTBLANK: Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells. Syntax: COUNTBLANK(range) Range – is the range from which you want to count the blank cells. Note: Cells with formulas that return "" (empty text) are also counted. Cells with zero values are not counted.  COUNTIF: Counts the number of cells within the range that meet the given condition/criteria. Syntax: COUNTif(range,”condition”) The Function Library While there are hundreds of functions in Excel, the ones you'll use the most will depend on the type of data your workbooks contain. There's no need to learn every single function, but exploring some of the different types of functions will help you as you create new projects. You can even use the Function Library on the Formulas tab to browse functions by category, such as Statistical, Financial, Logical, Text, and Date & Time. To access the Function Library, select the Formulas tab on the Ribbon. Look for the Function Library group. The Insert Function command While the Function Library is a great place to browse for functions, sometimes you may prefer to search for one instead. You can do so using the Insert Function command. It may take some trial and error depending on the type of function you're looking for; however, with practice, the Insert Function command can be a powerful way to find a function quickly. WEEK 5 – Midterms Basic Functions Using Functions Aside from formulas, MS Excel also comes with various functions that can help you solve mathematical problems. A function is a predefined formula which can be called to perform computations. Like formulas, a function starts with an equal sign (=) but instead of operands and operators, it uses arguments or inputs. The arguments are passed into the function being called and MS Excel automatically computes for the result depending on the name of the function. The commonly used functions in MS Excel are SUM, AVERAGE, and COUNT. Separate lessons are provided in this book to explain further about these functions. Before you can start inserting functions in your workbook, you must first understand what makes a function. Parts of a Function Functions also have a specific way on how they should be written. This is commonly termed as the syntax. Most of the basic functions have the same syntax. The example below shows the syntax of a SUM function.   Equal Sign. Basically, a function is a ready-made formula. It must begin with an equal sign so that MS Excel recognizes it as a formula.  Function Name. MS Excel contains a library of functions ready to be called by the user. A computation is automatically performed depending on the name of the function being called. In the given example, the SUM function is used to add the values contained within a range of cells.  Argument. Depending on the syntax of the function being called, MS Excel should be able to determine the individual cells or range of cells which contain the values needed to be computed. In the picture above, the cell range B2:G2 is the argument needed to complete the function. Basic Functions  Sum Function - the sum function is one of the most simple functions in MS Excel. From its name, it sums-up values based on the given arguments. To use this function, we need to follow the basics of writing a function. In our Monthly Visitors Report, we need to compute for the total visitors per week by adding the visitors from Monday to Saturday. We can do it in 3 ways.  The first method is to separate each cell with a comma as shown in the figure below.  The second method is to separate each cell with the plus sign.  The last method is to simply type the cell range. Average function - the average function computes the average of the selected cell range. The syntax for writing this function is the same with the sum function. Min Function - this function displays the lowest value in the selected cell range. The syntax for writing this function is the same with the sum function. Max Function - this function displays the highest value in the selected cell range. The syntax for writing this function is the same with the sum function. Count Functions The COUNT function counts the number of cells within a given range that contains numbers. This means that cells which have text contents will not be counted. Syntax: =COUNT(Cell range) The COUNTA function Using the COUNTA function counts the non-empty cells within a given range. This function works in any type of data. For as long as the cell has a content, regardless of its length, it will be counted. Syntax: =COUNTA(Cell range) The COUNTBLANK function All cells within a range that are empty will be counted using the COUNTBLANK function. This will ease your task of manually counting the number of cells that do not have any entry. Syntax: =COUNTBLANK(Cell range) The COUNTIF function If you need to count the number of cells that contain a certain text like “John”, number like 20, or numbers greater than 100, you will be needing the COUNTIF FUNCTION. This function counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria or condition. In setting criteria using the COUNTIF function, the first thing you need to remember is enclosing it in a pair of double quotation marks. Syntax: =COUNTIF(Cell range) Text in a Criterion In setting a criterion or condition involving text, we just have to enclose the text that we are looking into with double quotation marks. MS Excel automatically counts the number of cells that contain the text enclosed in a pair of double quotation marks. Number in a Criterion It is a different story if you want to set a criterion involving numbers. It will still be enclosed with a pair of double quotation marks but this time, it needs to be accompanied with relational operators. Check out the list of Relational Operators in the table below. WEEK 6 - Midterms Conditional Functions IF Function The IF Function checks first whether a condition is met and displays one value if the condition is satisfied and the other value if the condition is not met. Basically, there are two values that you can declare. The value that will be displayed depends whether the condition is evaluated TRUE or FALSE. Syntax: AND Function The AND Function is a simplified IF Function. Either of the values TRUE and FALSE are displayed on cells instead of specifying values to be displayed in the formula. This function checks whether all conditi