Computer Science Class 9th Textbook - PDF

New :Course book Class 9th For Practical Based Accessement Follw the follwing book Note: Both Books are available in school canteen Note: These are Sample answers for detail understanding consult the text book and note book follow all lectures in class where all topics are exp...

New :Course book Class 9th For Practical Based Accessement Follw the follwing book Note: Both Books are available in school canteen Note: These are Sample answers for detail understanding consult the text book and note book follow all lectures in class where all topics are explained in details also draw diagram where it is necessary. Main points are written in each answer you can write the complete statement. Page 1 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Lesson 01 Computer Systems (Page# 7 54) SLO Based Questions Answers from the topic according to Federal board (new exam Pattern) Short Q/A 1. What are computer systems and how have they transformed modern life? Computer systems consist of hardware (physical components) and software (programs). They process and manage information efficiently. They have transformed modern life by improving: Communication (e.g., emails, social media) Work (e.g., automation, data processing) Education (e.g., online learning) Entertainment (e.g., gaming, streaming services) 2. Describe the Abacus and its significance in early computing history. Invented by the Chinese about 4000 years ago. A wooden frame with rods and beads used for basic arithmetic. It is one of the earliest known computing devices. 3. How did John Napier contribute to the field of computing? Invented Napier’s Bones in the 1600s. A tool that used strips of numbers for multiplication and division. Introduced the concept of the “decimal point”. 4. Explain the function of Blaise Pascal's Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. A mechanical calculator using gears and wheels. Performed basic arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction). 5. What improvement did Wilhelm Leibniz make to Blaise Pascal’s calculator? Improved Pascal’s calculator in 1673 by creating the Stepped Reckoner. A digital mechanical calculator that used grooved wheels. Could perform more complex calculations, like multiplication and division. 6. What was the purpose of Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine? Invented in the early 1820s by Charles Babbage. A steam powered machine designed for basic arithmetic calculations. Could automate mathematical processes, reducing human error. 7. How did the Analytical Engine differ from the Difference Engine? The Analytical Engine (1830) was more advanced than the Difference Engine. Page 2 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  It could: Solve complex mathematical problems. Store data using punch cards. Be programmed for various calculations. 8. What is the significance of Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine? Invented in 1890 by Herman Hollerith. Used punch cards to record and compute data. Played a role in the development of IBM, founded in 1924. 9. Describe the function of the Differential Analyzer invented by Vannevar Bush. Introduced in 1930. The first electrical computer. Used vacuum tubes for calculations, processing about 25 operations per minute. 10. What were the main features of Howard Aiken’s Mark I computer? Built in 1944 by Howard Aiken. A digital computer capable of: Performing arithmetic with eight digit numbers. Printing results using punched cards. It was 50 feet long and weighed 5 tons. 11. What were the characteristics of First Generation Computers? Time period: 1940 1956. Used vacuum tubes for operation. Large, slow, expensive, and unreliable. Relied on punched cards for input/output with limited memory capacity. 12. How did Second Generation Computers improve over First Generation Computers? Time period: 1956 1963. Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors. Transistors made computers: Smaller, faster, and more reliable. Cheaper and less power consuming. 13. What technological advancement defined Third Generation Computers? Time period: 1963 1971. Introduced integrated circuits (ICs) , replacing transistors. Reduced power consumption and increased efficiency. Added user friendly interfaces like keyboard and monitor. Page 3 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing) 14. What defines Fourth Generation Computers (1971 Present)? Fourth generation computers use integrated microprocessors. These are faster, smaller, and support advanced input/output devices. They include modern programming languages and more complex software. 15. What are Fifth Generation Computers? Fifth generation computers aim to understand natural languages. They possess thinking capabilities, relying on Artificial Intelligence (AI). These systems allow user commands in any language. 16. Define a system and its purpose. A system is a collection of interconnected components working together to achieve specific purposes in various aspects of life. 17. What are natural systems and give examples? Natural systems exist in nature, are diverse, and self regulate. Examples include: Ecosystems Weather systems Biological systems Hydrological systems Solar system 18. What are artificial systems and give examples? Artificial systems are human made, designed for specific purposes to solve problems. Examples include: Communication systems Information systems Healthcare systems Transportation systems 19. What are input devices? Devices used to provide data to a computer: Keyboards Mice Scanners Barcode readers Digital cameras Microphones 20. What is the system unit? The central part of a computer, containing the motherboard, microprocessor (CPU) , and registers. 21. What are memory types in computers? Page 4 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Memory types include: ROM (Read Only Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) Cache memory 22. What are output devices? Devices that display text, graphics, and images: Monitors Printers Plotters Speakers 23. What is data transmission? Data transmission moves data between components using buses, following an instruction cycle that fetch, decodes, executes, and stores data. 24. Explain Von Neumann architecture. Describes how computer hardware and software work together. Components: CPU, registers, ALU, control unit, and buses. 25. What are memory units? Memory is measured in units like: Kilobytes Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes Petabytes Exabytes 26. What is optical memory? Optical memory stores data as pits on optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu ray disks 27. Define volatile and non volatile memory. Volatile memory: Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM, cache). Non volatile memory: Retains data even without power (e.g., ROM, flash memory). 28. What is computer software? Computer software is a collection of programs, data, and instructions that enable computers to perform tasks. 29. What is the function of system software? Manages and controls hardware, acts as an intermediary between users and hardware. Page 5 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Examples: Operating systems Device drivers Utilities Compilers 30. What are programming languages? Programming languages instruct computers to perform tasks. Low level languages: machine or assembly based. High level languages: user friendly and can be procedural or object oriented (e.g., C++, Java). 31. What is data communication? Data communication involves exchanging data between devices or systems via networks. Key components: sender, message, medium, protocol, receiver. 32. Explain the modes of network communication. Simplex: One way communication. Half duplex: Both ways, but not simultaneous. Full duplex: Both ways simultaneously. 33. What are communication devices? Devices like hubs, switches, and routers that enable data exchange in networks. 34. What is the OSI Model? OSI model has seven layers performing specific tasks in data communication: 1. Application 2. Presentation 3. Session 4. Transport 5. Network 6. Data Link 7. Physical layers 35. What are data communication protocols? Various communication protocols such as TCP/IP , HTTP , FTP , and SMTP define how data is transmitted and received over networks. Page 6 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing) 36. What is the Internet? The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that evolved from ARPANET , facilitating communication, information exchange, and connectivity worldwide. 37. How does the Internet work? The Internet operates through a decentralized architecture, using packet switching technology, protocols like TCP/IP , DNS for domain translation, and security measures to transmit and protect data. 38. What are the advantages of the Internet? The Internet offers: Global connectivity. Access to vast information resources. Real time communication. Opportunities for e commerce, education , entertainment , business , and innovation. 39. What are the disadvantages of the Internet? The Internet poses concerns related to: Privacy Cybersecurity risks Information overload Digital addiction The digital divide Online harassment Health impacts. 40. What are the common applications of the Internet? The Internet is used for: Communication Information retrieval E commerce Social media Entertainment Education Business Research Innovation. Page 7 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Long Questions Answers 1. Describe the historical development of computer systems, from the Abacus to Third Generation Computers. Abacus (~4000 years ago): Used by the Chinese for arithmetic. Napier’s Bones (1600s): Introduced the decimal point system. Pascaline (1642): First mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal. Stepped Reckoner (1673): Advanced digital calculator by Leibniz. Difference Engine (1820s): A steam powered machine by Charles Babbage for basic computations. Analytical Engine (1830): Babbage’s more advanced machine with punch card programming. Tabulating Machine (1890): Invented by Hollerith, used punch cards, and laid the foundation for IBM. Differential Analyzer (1930): First electrical computer using vacuum tubes. Mark I (1944): A massive digital computer by Howard Aiken, capable of arithmetic with punched cards. First Generation (1940 1956): Vacuum tubes, large and slow. Second Generation (1956 1963): Transistors, smaller, faster, more reliable. Third Generation (1963 1971): Integrated circuits, with keyboards and monitors. 2. Explain the contributions of Charles Babbage to the development of computers and why he is called the "Father of the Computer." Difference Engine (1820s): A machine to automate arithmetic operations. Analytical Engine (1830): A programmable mechanical computer capable of solving complex problems. Used punch cards for input. Had components similar to modern computers (memory, processing, logic). Babbage’s ideas laid the foundation for future computing technologies. He is called the “Father of the Computer” for his visionary contributions. 3. How did the invention of transistors revolutionize the development of Second Generation Computers? Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in Second Generation Computers. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and less power consuming. Made computers cheaper and more accessible to institutions. Led to improved speed and accuracy in computing. Extended the lifespan of computers by reducing failures. Enabled the development of programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN. 4. Compare and contrast First Generation and Third Generation Computers. First Generation Computers (1940 1956): Used vacuum tubes. Large, slow, unreliable, consumed a lot of power. Page 8 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Relied on punched cards and machine language programming. Third Generation Computers (1963 1971): Used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. Smaller, faster, more efficient, and reliable. Introduced user friendly interfaces like keyboards and monitors. Featured operating systems that allowed multitasking. 5. Compare Fourth and Fifth Generation Computers. Fourth Generation (1971 Present): Use integrated microprocessors. Faster, smaller, support modern programming languages and software. Advanced input/output devices. Fifth Generation: Aim for natural language understanding. Incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI). Allow interaction through commands in any language. 6. Explain the types of systems and give examples. Natural Systems: Found in nature, diverse, and self regulating. Examples: ecosystems, solar systems, weather systems. Artificial Systems: Human made, designed for specific purposes. Examples: communication systems, information systems, healthcare systems. 7. What are memory types and their categories? Memory Types : ROM : Read Only Memory. RAM : Random Access Memory. Cache Memory : High speed storage used to store frequently accessed data. Volatile Memory : Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM, cache). Non volatile Memory : Retains data without power (e.g., ROM, flash memory, hard disks). 8. Explain Von Neumann architecture. Describes how computers process data: CPU : Central Processing Unit. Registers : Small storage areas. ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit for calculations. Control Unit : Manages operations. Buses : Transfer data between components. Page 9 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing) 9. What is the OSI Model and its layers? OSI model consists of seven layers, each performing a specific role in data communication: 1. Application: User interaction. 2. Presentation: Data translation. 3. Session: Connection management. 4. Transport: Data transfer. 5. Network: Data routing. 6. Data Link: Error detection and correction. 7. Physical: Physical connection (cables, switches). Exercise Question Answers Correct answers for the multiple-choice questions: 1. c) Tabulating Machine 2. a) Transistors 3. c) Third Generation 4. b) Human body 5. b) Control Unit (CU) 6. b) ROM 7. b) Provide high-speed storage 8. b) Bit 9. b) Optical memory 10. b) In the same memory unit 11. c) Transmit data between components 12. a) Establishing connections between computers 13. b) Bus Topology 14. b) HTTP 15. a) Client/Server Network Short Response Questions (SRQs): i. What is the function and significance of Napier’s Bone in early computing? Napier’s Bones was an early calculating tool developed by John Napier. It was significant for its ability to simplify multiplication, division, and even square roots, marking an important step toward mechanical computation. ii.. How did Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine differ from the Analytical Engine? The Difference Engine was designed specifically to calculate polynomial functions and produce mathematical tables, while the Analytical Engine was a more general-purpose machine, capable of performing a variety of Page 10 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  calculations and even possessing features like a memory and a conditional control flow. iii. What is the primary goal of fifth-generation computers? Fifth-generation computers aim to understand natural languages and possess thinking capabilities by relying on Artificial Intelligence (AI). iv. Name the three types of memory mentioned on the motherboard in the Von Neumann architecture? The three types of memory mentioned are: o RAM o Cache o Registers v. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory: Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM). Non-volatile memory: Retains data even without power (e.g., ROM, Hard disks). vi Show memory hierarchy with the help of a diagram. The memory hierarchy typically includes: o Registers (fastest, smallest) o Cache o RAM o Hard Disk (slowest, largest) See notebook and book Vii Why is the word size of a processor important, and how does it affect the computer’s performance? The word size determines how much data a processor can handle at a time. A larger word size allows the processor to work with larger chunks of data, which enhances the overall performance and speed of the computer. Questions from Book following are the answers viii. Pipelining is a technique that improves CPU efficiency by overlapping the execution of multiple instructions. It breaks down the instruction execution process into stages, allowing different instructions to be at different stages simultaneously, similar to an assembly line. This increases the throughput and overall performance of the CPU. ix. Three considerations when choosing memory for a custom computer: Page 11 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Type: RAM (Random Access Memory) is essential for immediate data access. Consider the type (DDR, DDR2, etc.) and speed (MHz) based on the CPU's compatibility. Size: Determine the required RAM capacity based on the intended usage. For general tasks, 8GB is sufficient, but for demanding applications like video editing or gaming, 16GB or more might be necessary. Storage: Choose between HDD (Hard Disk Drive) for large storage capacity and SSD (Solid-State Drive) for faster data access and improved system performance. x. To improve the performance of an older computer without replacing the CPU, consider the following: Upgrade the RAM: Adding more RAM can help the system handle multitasking and demanding applications more efficiently. Install an SSD: Replacing the HDD with an SSD can significantly boost system boot time and overall responsiveness. Optimize software: Remove unnecessary programs, update drivers, and use lightweight software to reduce system load. xi. Advantages and disadvantages of impact and non-impact printers: Impact printers: o Advantages: Durable, reliable, and often cheaper. o Disadvantages: Noisy, slower, and can produce dust. Non-impact printers: o Advantages: Quieter, faster, and cleaner. o Disadvantages: Can be more expensive, might have limitations in certain applications (e.g., multi-part forms). xii. A protocol in data communication is a set of rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted, received, and interpreted between devices. It ensures that both the sender and receiver understand the data format and transmission methods. xiii. Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes of communication: Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., radio broadcasting). Half-duplex: Data can flow in both directions, but only one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies). Page 12 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Full-duplex: Data can flow in both directions simultaneously (e.g., telephone conversations). xiv. Start and stop bits are used in asynchronous data transmission to signal the beginning and end of a data character. They help the receiver synchronize with the sender and ensure accurate data interpretation. xv. A switch is a network device that forwards data packets to the intended recipient based on the MAC address. It is more intelligent than a hub, which simply broadcasts data to all connected devices. xvi. Asynchronous transmission sends data characters individually, with start and stop bits for synchronization. It is suitable for low-speed, error-prone connections (e.g., modems). Synchronous transmission sends data in blocks, synchronized by a clock signal. It is suitable for high-speed, error-free connections (e.g., fiber optics). xvii. A peer-to-peer network is one where all connected computers act as both clients and servers. It is suitable for small-scale networks and sharing resources among a limited number of users. However, it can be less secure and difficult to manage compared to a client-server network. xviii. Star and ring network topologies: Star: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. It is easy to manage and fault-tolerant, but a single point of failure can disrupt the entire network. Ring: Devices are connected in a circular fashion. It is reliable and efficient, but adding or removing devices can be difficult. xix. Mesh topology is considered the most reliable because it provides multiple paths for data to flow, making it resilient to failures. However, it is also the most expensive to implement due to the large number of cables required. xx. The Application Layer in the OSI model is responsible for providing services to applications and users. It handles tasks such as file transfer, email, and web browsing. Long Answers Q1. Evolution of Computer Generations: Page 13 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  First Generation (1940s-1950s): Used vacuum tubes, slow and bulky, programmed in machine language. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, smaller and faster, introduced high-level programming languages. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced transistors, leading to smaller, more powerful, and affordable computers. Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors (single-chip computers) revolutionized computing, enabling personal computers and various electronic devices. Q2. Categorizing Systems: Natural systems: Occur naturally, such as ecosystems, human bodies, and solar systems. Artificial systems: Created by humans, including machines, software, and organizations. Understanding different types of systems helps us analyze their components, interactions, and behaviors. Q3. Fifth-Generation Computers: Characteristics: Aim to understand natural language, possess reasoning and problem-solving abilities, and learn from experience. Challenges: Natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and ethical considerations. Implications: Potential advancements in medicine, education, and automation, but also concerns about job displacement and societal impact. Q4. Network Communication Components: Data: The information to be transmitted. Sender: The device that initiates the transmission. Receiver: The device that receives the data. Transmission medium: The physical path through which data travels (e.g., cables, wireless signals). Protocols: Rules that govern how data is transmitted and interpreted. Q5. Communication Devices: Hub: A simple device that broadcasts data to all connected devices. Switch: A more intelligent device that forwards data to the intended recipient. Page 14 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Router: A network device that directs data packets between different networks. Gateway: A device that connects two different network types (e.g., LAN and WAN). These devices play crucial roles in network connectivity, data routing, and overall network performance. Long Answer Questions and Answers Q6. Discuss the advantages and limitations of different network topologies, including bus, star, ring, and mesh. When should each topology be used in a network design? Answer: Network topologies determine the physical layout of a network, affecting its performance, reliability, and scalability. Here's a breakdown of the common topologies and their suitability: Bus Topology: Advantages: Simple to implement, cost-effective, and requires minimal cabling. Limitations: Centralized cable failure can disrupt the entire network, prone to noise and interference, and difficult to expand. Best suited for: Small, linear networks with limited devices. Star Topology: Advantages: Easy to manage, fault-tolerant (individual device failure doesn't affect the whole network), and scalable. Limitations: Requires more cabling than bus topology, a central hub or switch can be a single point of failure. Best suited for: Most network environments, especially those with a large number of devices or where reliability is a priority. Ring Topology: Advantages: High performance, fault-tolerant (due to token-passing mechanism), and suitable for high-speed networks. Page 15 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Limitations: Complex to install and troubleshoot, adding or removing devices can disrupt the network, and prone to traffic congestion. Best suited for: Local area networks (LANs) that require high bandwidth and reliability, such as fiber optic networks. Mesh Topology: Advantages: Highly reliable, fault-tolerant, and scalable. Limitations: Expensive to implement due to the large amount of cabling required, complex to manage, and prone to congestion in heavily used links. Best suited for: Networks where reliability and redundancy are critical, such as military or industrial applications. When choosing a network topology, consider factors like network size, budget, performance requirements, and desired level of reliability. Q7. What is the OSI model, and how does it help in understanding the process of data communication? Explain each of the seven layers and their functions. Answer: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that divides the process of data communication into seven layers. It provides a standardized approach to understanding and troubleshooting network communication issues. 1. Physical Layer: Handles the physical transmission of data bits over a physical medium (e.g., cables, wireless signals). 2. Data Link Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between two directly connected nodes, including error detection and correction. 3. Network Layer: Responsible for routing data packets across the network and addressing issues like congestion and packet loss. 4. Transport Layer: Provides reliable end-to-end communication, including flow control, error control, and multiplexing. 5. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions between applications. 6. Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting, encryption, and compression to ensure compatibility between different systems. Page 16 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  7. Application Layer: Provides services to applications and users, such as file transfer, email, and web browsing. By understanding the functions of each layer, network professionals can identify and troubleshoot problems at the appropriate level. Q8. Explain the evolution of the Internet from its origins to the modern-day global network. What major technological advancements contributed to its growth? Answer: The Internet originated in the 1960s as a military research project called ARPANET. It was initially a small network of computers connected via telephone lines. Over time, several technological advancements contributed to its growth: Packet switching: This technology allowed data to be broken down into smaller packets and transmitted over different paths, improving efficiency and resilience. TCP/IP: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite provided the foundation for the Internet, defining how data is transmitted and routed. Fiber optics: High-speed fiber optic cables replaced copper wires, significantly increasing network capacity and speed. World Wide Web: The development of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s made the Internet accessible to the general public and spurred its rapid growth. Advancements in hardware and software: The development of faster processors, larger storage capacities, and user-friendly software applications made it easier for individuals and organizations to use the Internet. These advancements, along with the increasing demand for connectivity and information sharing, have transformed the Internet into the global network it is today. Q9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet, considering factors like global connectivity, information access, privacy concerns, and digital addiction. Page 17 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing) Answer: The Internet offers numerous advantages, including: Global connectivity: It connects people from all over the world, facilitating communication, collaboration, and cultural exchange. Information access: It provides access to a vast amount of information and resources, empowering individuals to learn and grow. Economic opportunities: It has created new industries, jobs, and business models, driving economic growth. Entertainment and social connections: It offers a wide range of entertainment options and facilitates social interactions. However, the Internet also has its limitations: Privacy concerns: Users' personal information may be collected, shared, or misused without their consent. Digital addiction: Excessive use of the Internet can lead to addiction and negative health consequences. Cybercrime: The Internet is vulnerable to cyberattacks, such as hacking, phishing, and malware. Digital divide: Not everyone has access to the Internet, creating a digital divide between those who have and those who do not. It is important to be aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet and to use it responsibly and safely. Q10. Explore common applications of the Internet and their impact on various aspects of society, including communication, education, business, entertainment, and research. Answer: The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of society, with applications in: Communication: Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms have transformed how people communicate. Education: Online courses, educational resources, and distance learning have made education more accessible and flexible. Page 18 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Business: E-commerce, online marketing, and remote work have reshaped the business landscape. Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming, and social media platforms have transformed the way people consume and interact with entertainment. Research: The Internet provides access to vast amounts of research data, facilitating scientific discovery and collaboration. The Internet has had a profound impact on society, both positively and negatively. It is essential to harness its potential while addressing its challenges to ensure a positive and equitable future. Page 19 of 19 (SZH-PISQ Boys wing)  Unit 2 Computational Thinking and Algorithm (Topic& Exercise) Q: What is a computer, and what are its primary functions? A: A computer is a machine that can process information and perform tasks according to a set of instructions. Its primary functions include accepting input, processing data, storing information, and producing output. Q: Name three problem-solving domains and provide examples of how computers can be applied to solve problems in each domain. Answer: Economics: Computers can be used to analyse market trends, forecast economic indicators, and optimize resource allocation. Healthcare: Computers can assist in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and patient management. Education: Computers can be used for personalized learning, online courses, and educational research. Q: What is a computing problem, and what are its essential components? A: A computing problem is a challenge that can be solved using computational methods. It typically involves a well-defined input, a desired output, and a set of rules or algorithms to guide the solution process. Q: What is a computing problem, and what are its essential components? A: A computing problem is a challenge that can be solved using computational methods. It typically involves a well-defined input, a desired output, and a set of rules or algorithms to guide the solution process. Q: Describe the three main types of computing problems and provide an example of each. Answer: Decision Problems: These problems require a yes or no answer. Example: Is a given number prime? Search Problems: These problems involve finding a specific solution or value within a given set. Example: Find the largest number in a list. Counting Problems: These problems involve determining the number of solutions or instances that satisfy a given condition. Example: How many prime numbers are there between 1 and 100? Question: What is a search problem, and what are the main components involved in solving such problems? Answer: A search problem is a type of computational problem where we need to find a specific solution or goal within a given set of options. The key components of solving a search problem include: Initial State: The starting point or initial configuration. Operations: The possible actions or moves that can be taken. Goal: The desired final state or solution. Question: How can search problems be represented using graphs? Explain the terms "nodes" and "links" in this context. Answer: Search problems can be visualized using graphs, where nodes represent the different states or options and links represent the possible transitions between them. Nodes: These are the individual elements or states within the search space. Links: These are the connections or relationships between nodes, indicating the possible moves or transitions from one state to another. Question: Explain how the route-finding problem and the eight-puzzle problem can be considered search problems. Answer: Route Finding Problem: In this problem, the goal is to find a path between two cities on a map. The cities can be represented as nodes, and the roads pg. 1 (SZH-BW) connecting them can be represented as links. The problem involves searching for a sequence of links that leads from the starting city to the target city. Eight Puzzle Problem: This problem involves rearranging tiles on a 3x3 board to achieve a specific configuration. Each possible arrangement of the tiles can be considered a node, and the allowed moves (sliding tiles left, right, up, or down) can be represented as links. The goal is to find a sequence of moves that leads from the initial configuration to the desired final configuration. Question: If you have 3 different colored shirts and 4 different colored pants, how many different outfits can you create? Answer: 3 shirts x 4 pants = 12 outfits Question: A restaurant offers 5 main courses and 3 side dishes. How many different meal combinations can a customer choose from? Answer: 5 main courses x 3 side dishes = 15 meal combinations Question3: A code consists of 2 letters followed by 3 digits. If there are 26 letters and 10 digits, how many different codes are possible? Answer: 26 letters x 26 letters x 10 digits x 10 digits x 10 digits = 6,760,000 codes Question: A restaurant offers 3 appetizers, 5 main courses, and 2 desserts. How many different meal combinations can a customer choose from? Answer: 3 appetizers x 5 main courses x 2 desserts = 30 meal combinations Question: A lock has a 4-digit code. Each digit can be any number from 0 to 9. How many different codes are possible? Answer: 10 digits x 10 digits x 10 digits x 10 digits = 10,000 codes Question: A clothing store sells shirts in 5 different colors and pants in 4 different styles. How many different outfits can be created by combining a shirt and a pair of pants? Answer: 5 shirts x 4 pants = 20 outfits Question: Describe the 4-step problem-solving process and provide an example of a problem that could be solved using this process. Answer: The 4-step problem-solving process involves: defining and analyzing the problem, designing a plan, implementing the plan, and evaluating the solution. An example could be planning a trip, where you would define the destination and budget, design a route and itinerary, book flights and accommodations, and evaluate the trip after it's over. Question: Explain why the 6-step problem-solving process might be necessary for more complex problems. Answer: The 6-step process is useful for complex problems because it allows for breaking down the problem into smaller, more manageable parts. This can help identify potential solutions and select the best approach. Additionally, the process emphasizes evaluation, ensuring that the solution is effective and meets the problem's objectives. Question What are the three components of the IPO model? Answer: Input, Process, and Output. pg. 2 (SZH-BW) Question What is the purpose of an IPO chart? Answer: To visually represent the input, process, and output steps of a problem- solving solution. Question: Create an IPO chart for calculating the average of three numbers. Input Process Output Number 1 Average = (Number 1 + Number 2 + Number 3) / 3 Average Number 2 Number 3 Question: Explain the relationship between input, process, and output in the IPO model. Answer: Input is the data that is provided to the system, process is the operations performed on the input, and output is the result of the process. Question: How can the IPO model be used to help solve problems? Answer: The IPO model can help break down problems into smaller, more manageable steps. It can also help visualize the problem-solving process and identify potential solutions. Question: What is computational thinking? Answer: Computational thinking is a way of thinking that involves using computation to solve problems. Question:Why is computational thinking important? Answer: Computational thinking encourages reflective thinking and defining repeatable solutions, which can be helpful for solving complex problems. Question: How does computational thinking differ from logical thinking? Answer: Computational thinking is an extension of logical thinking. It involves using computation to solve problems, while logical thinking focuses on reasoning and deduction. Question: Provide an example of a problem that could be solved using computational thinking. Answer: Many real-world problems can be solved using computational thinking, such as analyzing large datasets, developing algorithms for optimization, or creating artificial intelligence systems. pg. 3 (SZH-BW) Question: How can computational thinking be applied to everyday life? Answer: Computational thinking can help us solve problems more effectively, think critically, and develop problem-solving skills that are valuable in various fields, including education, business, and technology. Question: What is decomposition in computational thinking? Answer: Decomposition is the process of breaking down a large problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. Question: Why is abstraction important in problem-solving? Answer: Abstraction helps to simplify complex problems by removing unnecessary details and focusing on the essential information. Question: How can pattern recognition be used to solve problems? Answer: By recognizing patterns or similarities between the current problem and previously solved problems, we can apply existing solutions or adapt them to the new situation. Question: What is an algorithm, and why is it important in computational thinking? Answer: An algorithm is a step-by-step plan for solving a problem. It provides a clear and structured approach to solving problems and ensures that the solution is correct and efficient. Question: How can these four properties of computational thinking be applied to real-world problem-solving? Answer: These properties can be applied to various real-world problems, such as designing software, solving mathematical equations, or planning a project. For example, decomposition can help break down a complex project into smaller tasks, abstraction can help focus on the key requirements, pattern recognition can help identify efficient solutions, and algorithm design can create a clear plan for implementing the solution. Question: How does decomposition apply to the design of a computer game? Answer: Decomposition involves breaking down the game into smaller, manageable components, such as levels, characters, and gameplay mechanics. Question: What is the importance of abstraction in game design? Answer: Abstraction helps to simplify the game by focusing on the essential elements and removing unnecessary details, such as the weather or specific enemy attributes. pg. 4 (SZH-BW) Question: How can pattern recognition be used in game development? Answer: Pattern recognition can be used to identify recurring elements in the game, such as enemy behaviours or level structures, and develop efficient ways to handle them. Question: What is an algorithm in the context of game design? Answer: An algorithm is a set of rules or instructions that the game follows to achieve a specific goal, such as controlling the player's movement or determining enemy behaviour. Question: How can these properties of computational thinking be used to create a more engaging and challenging computer game? Answer: By effectively applying decomposition, abstraction, pattern recognition, and algorithm design, game developers can create more complex and interesting games with well-defined structures, engaging gameplay, and challenging puzzles or obstacles. Question: What is logical thinking? Answer: Logical thinking is the ability to analyze a situation or problem using reason and evidence to reach sensible conclusions. Question: How is logical thinking related to computational thinking? Answer: Logical thinking is a fundamental part of computational thinking. Computers use logic in their computations, but they can only perform logical thinking if they are programmed to do so. Question: Provide an example of logical reasoning. Answer: If you know that all dogs have tails and you see an animal with a tail, you can logically infer that the animal is a dog. Question: Why is it important to develop logical thinking skills? Answer: Logical thinking skills are essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. They are also important for understanding and using technology effectively. Question: How can logical thinking be applied to computational thinking? Answer: By developing logical thinking skills, you can better understand the underlying principles of computer programming and problem-solving. You can also use logical reasoning to analyze problems, develop algorithms, and evaluate the effectiveness of solutions. pg. 5 (SZH-BW) Question: What is algorithmic thinking? Answer: Algorithmic thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down problems into smaller parts and solving them sequentially. Question: Why is algorithmic thinking important? Answer: Algorithmic thinking helps us solve problems more efficiently and effectively by providing a structured approach to problem-solving. Question: What are the steps involved in algorithmic thinking? Answer: The steps involved in algorithmic thinking include identifying the problem, breaking it down into smaller parts, solving each part, and combining the solutions to solve the original problem. Question: Create an algorithm to find the smallest of three numbers. Answer: Step 1: Let three numbers be A, B, and C Step 2: Check if A is the smallest Step 3: If A is smallest, stop the process, otherwise proceed to the next step Step 4: Check if B is the smallest Step 5: If B is smallest, stop the process, otherwise proceed to the next step Step 6: C is the smallest Question: What are some methods for designing a solution to a problem? Answer: Two common methods for designing a solution are flowcharts and concept maps. Flowcharts visually represent the sequence of steps in a solution, while concept maps show the relationships between different components of a solution. Question: What is a flowchart? Answer: A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm that shows the sequence of operations required to solve a problem. Question: Why are flowcharts important in problem-solving? Answer: Flowcharts provide a clear and visual representation of the problem- solving process, making it easier to understand, analyze, and communicate. Question: What are the basic components of a flowchart? Answer: The basic components of a flowchart include the start, input, process, decision, output, and end symbols. pg. 6 (SZH-BW)  Question: How do you represent the start and end of a flowchart? Answer: The start of a flowchart is represented by an oval shape, and the end is represented by a double oval shape. Question: Create a flowchart to calculate the average of three numbers. Answer: Do it yourself. Steps are given below Design symbols o Start o Input: Number 1, Number 2, Number 3 o Process: Average = (Number 1 + Number 2 + Number 3) / 3 o Output: Average o End Question: What are the three main control structures used in flowcharts? Answer: Sequence, repetition, and selection. Question: When is a selection structure used in a flowchart? Answer: A selection structure is used when a decision needs to be made based on certain conditions. Question: How is a decision represented in a flowchart? Answer: A decision is represented by a diamond shape. Question: What is the purpose of the output symbol in a flowchart? Answer: The output symbol is used to display the results of the calculations or processes performed in the flowchart. Question: Create a flowchart to determine if a number is even or odd. Answer: Do it yourself below is the hint o Start o Input Number o If Number % 2 == 0, then Output "Even" o Else, Output "Odd" o End Question: What is Microsoft Visio used for? Answer: Microsoft Visio is a diagramming software used to create various types of diagrams, including flowcharts. Question: What are the steps involved in creating a flowchart in Microsoft Visio? pg. 7 (SZH-BW) Answer: The steps include starting Visio, selecting the Flowchart category, choosing the Basic Flowchart template, dragging and placing flowchart symbols, connecting the symbols, and adding text to the shapes. Question: What are some common flowchart symbols used in Microsoft Visio? Answer: Common flowchart symbols include start/end, process, decision, input/output, and flow lines. Question: How do you connect flowchart shapes in Visio? Answer: To connect flowchart shapes, hold the mouse pointer over the first symbol, drag it to the other symbol, and release it. Question: What is the purpose of using flowcharts? Answer: Flowcharts provide a visual representation of a process, making it easier to understand, analyze, and communicate. They are often used in problem-solving, process analysis, and software development. Question :What is a concept map? Answer: A concept map is a graphical tool that visually represents concepts and the relationships between them. Question :How are concept maps similar to flowcharts? Answer: Both concept maps and flowcharts are used to represent knowledge and processes in a visual format. Question :What are the main components of a concept map? Answer: The main components of a concept map are concepts (represented by nodes) and relationships (represented by lines connecting the nodes). Question: How can concept maps be used in problem-solving? Answer: Concept maps can help to visualize complex problems, identify key concepts, and understand the relationships between different elements. Question: Create a simple concept map to represent the relationship between the following concepts: computer, software, hardware, and operating system. Answer: o Computer (central node) ▪ Includes Hardware ▪ Includes Software o Software ▪ Includes Operating System pg. 8 (SZH-BW)  Question: What is a concept map? Answer: A concept map is a visual tool used to represent concepts and the relationships between them. Question: What are the main components of a concept map? Answer: The main components of a concept map are concepts (represented by boxes or circles) and relationships (represented by lines or arrows). Question: How are concepts connected in a concept map? Answer: Concepts are connected by lines or arrows, which are labelled with linking words or phrases to represent the relationship between them. Question: What are some software tools for creating concept maps? Answer: Some popular software tools for creating concept maps include CmapTools and Mind Manager. Question: Create a concept map to represent the different types of energy sources. Answer: o Energy (central concept) ▪ Renewable Energy ▪ Solar ▪ Wind ▪ Hydropower ▪ Non-Renewable Energy ▪ Fossil Fuels ▪ Nuclear Energy Note: From the above questions draw flowcharts and diagrams also (Reference: Your course book) END of Topics Exercise Q/A Unit -2 Computational Thinking and Algorithm MCQs and Answers 1. For a problem, we face in real-world situations. In what sequence we follow the steps? Answer: d) II, III, I (First understand the problem, then instruct the computer, and finally make a solution.) 2. Following are types of computing problems Answer: d) I and II and III (All three types - Counting Problems, Search Problems, and Decision Problems - are common in computing.) 3. Computational thinking is Answer: d) Logically solving problems (Computational thinking involves solving problems in a logical and systematic manner.) 4. To solve Search problems, we need to pg. 9 (SZH-BW) Answer: d) a, b and c (To solve search problems, you need to provide the moves, the start state, and the end state.) 5. The eight queens puzzle is the problem of Answer: b) Searching (The eight queens puzzle is a classic search problem where you need to find a configuration of eight queens on a chessboard without any queen attacking another.) 6. Finding the location of the element with a given value is Answer: a) Search (This is a classic search problem where you need to find a specific element within a dataset.) 7. In IPO Charts, we have Answer: c) Input, Process, Output (IPO stands for Input, Process, Output, which are the three key components of a problem-solving process.) SHORT Q/A Short Response Questions (SRQs) 1. What is the major difference in solving simple problems and complex problems? Simple problems can be solved directly, while complex problems require breaking down into smaller, more manageable parts. 2. Why software designers prefer to use IPO charts? IPO charts provide a clear visual representation of the input, process, and output of a program, making it easier to understand and design. 3. Differentiate between Computational thinking and Logical thinking. Computational thinking involves problem-solving using a step-by-step approach, often using computers. Logical thinking is the ability to reason and draw conclusions based on evidence. 4. Write four properties of Computational thinking. 1. Decomposition: Breaking down a problem into smaller parts. 2. Pattern recognition: Identifying patterns or similarities in data. 3. Abstraction: Focusing on the essential features of a problem while ignoring irrelevant details. 4. Algorithm design: Creating a step-by-step plan to solve a problem. 5. What are the methods used to design a solution? Methods include: o Problem analysis o Algorithm development o Coding o Testing o Debugging 6. Which Computational thinking technique breaks down the problem into smaller parts? Decomposition. 7. Identify 3 computing problems from other subjects that you are studying in your class. pg. 10 (SZH-BW)  Example: o Math: Calculating the area of a circle o Science: Simulating the movement of planets o History: Analyzing historical data to identify trends 8. Why do we need to think computationally? Computational thinking helps us solve problems more efficiently and effectively, especially in today's technology-driven world. 9. How many different telephone numbers are possible with a given area code? There are 8 million possible telephone numbers with a given area code. (Explanation: 8 digits remaining after the area code, and the first digit cannot be 0, so 8 choices for the first digit and 10 choices for each of the remaining 7 digits: 8 * 10^7 = 8,000,000) 10. How many possible routes are there from city A to city C passing through city B? There are 8 possible routes. (Explanation: 4 ways to go from A to B and 2 ways to go from B to C: 4 * 2 = 8) Extended Response Questions (ERQs) Q1. Identify whether the given problems are Decision Problem, Counting Problem or Search Problem. a. Decision Problem b. Counting Problem c. Decision Problem d. Counting Problem e. Search Problem Q2. In how many ways can the student select the 3 courses he has to take? The student can select the 3 courses in 12 different ways. (Explanation: 3 choices for physics, 2 choices for science, and 2 choices for mathematics: 3 * 2 * 2 = 12) Q3. Create an IPO chart for calculating the total and average age of four boys. Input Process Output Age of boy 1 Add all ages Total age pg. 11 (SZH-BW)  Age of boy 2 Divide total age by 4 Average age Age of boy 3 Display total and average age Total and average age Age of boy 4 Question 4: Create an IPO chart for a calculator program IPO Chart: Input Process Output First number Get user input for the first number Store the first number Second number Get user input for the second number Store the second number Operation Get user input for the operation (addition, subtraction, Store the operation multiplication, or division) Perform Based on the operation, perform the calculation (e.g., Store the result calculation addition: num1 + num2) Display result Display the calculated result to the user Question 5: Planning a birthday party for a friend a) IPO Chart: Input Process Output Number of Determine the number of guests Store the number of guests guests Budget Set a budget for the party Store the budget Venue Choose a suitable venue (e.g., home, park, Store the venue restaurant) Food Plan the menu and catering Create a food plan Decorations Decide on decorations and theme Create a decoration plan Activities Plan activities and games Create an activity list Invitations Send invitations to guests b) Properties of Computational Thinking: 1. Decomposition: Breaking down the problem into smaller tasks (e.g., planning the venue, food, decorations, and activities separately). 2. Pattern recognition: Identifying patterns in similar party planning tasks (e.g., using past experiences or templates). 3. Abstraction: Focusing on the essential elements of the party (e.g., guest list, budget, and venue) while ignoring irrelevant details. 4. Algorithm design: Creating a step-by-step plan for organizing the party (e.g., booking the venue, ordering food, sending invitations). END OF LESSON-2 Note: MID TERM October 2024- SYLLABUS (From Page # 39 Unit-1 Topic Data Communication till Page # 86 End of Unit-2) pg. 12 (SZH-BW)  Unit -3 Programming Fundamentals (Exercise Q/A) Note: Below are the only exercise question answers. For SLO based and Open Q/A ? Reading, understanding and implementation of each topic of the lesson required. For any confusion consult the subject teacher also take help using class and computer lab sessions. Exercise Mcqs Q# Question Answer Explanation 1 Everything in HTML is c) Tags Tags are the building blocks of HTML. identified on the basis They define the structure and content of of a webpage. 2 The output of HTML c) Browser HTML code is interpreted and displayed code is visible in by a web browser. 3 Name of a web page b) Title The tag defines the title of the can be given using webpage, which is displayed in the tag. browser's title bar. 4 Main parts of a c) Body The tag contains the visible document are content of the webpage, such as arranged in tag. headings, paragraphs, images, etc. 5 The heading tag-pair d) The tag defines a level 5 heading, for 5th level heading.. which is smaller than higher-level is headings. 6 Span is used to a) Style The tag is used to apply inline provide to a line. styles to specific parts of text within a paragraph or other block-level element. 7 First row of table in a) Header The first row of a table is typically used HTML is called row to define the column headers, which describe the data in the table. 8 tag-pair is used d) The tag defines a paragraph. for Paragraph 9 A variable cannot c) Variables typically start with a letter or start with a Character an underscore. 10 The first value c) Initialization assigns an initial value to a assigned to a variable Initialization variable. after declaration is called 1 PISQ-SZH-(BW)  Short Response Questions (SRQs) Question Answer Example 1. Contrast Websites are collections of Website: https://www.google.comWeb between website web pages that provide Application: Google Docs and web information. Web application. applications are programs that run in a web browser. 2. What is 'href' href' refers to the Hypertext Link refers to and how Reference attribute used in to Example Website to use it? HTML to specify a link to another resource. It's used within the tag. 3. Enlist the Optional parameters Open in New Tab parameters to new tab), _self (default, open a webpage. opens in the same tab), _parent (opens in the parent frame), and _top (opens in the whole window). 4. List out the - to : Headings Main HeadingThis is a frequent tags used of different levels- paragraph.Bold in text of a : Paragraph- textItalic textLine webpage and what : Bold text- break are they used for? : Italic text- : Line break 5. Explain the role The tag contains Hello, of tag-pair the visible content of an World! in a document. HTML document, such as headings, paragraphs, images, and links. 6. How the event Event-based code in Click Me used in user actions (like clicking a JavaScript? button) or system events (like page loading). It uses event listeners to trigger functions when specific events occur. 7. Infer about the External CSS is a separate External CSS? file (.css) linked to an Where are External HTML document. It's used CSS generally to style multiple HTML used? pages consistently and to keep the HTML and CSS code separate. 2 PISQ-SZH-(BW) Extended Response Questions (ERQs) Q.1. What is Document Object Model (DOM)? Explain with the help of an example. The DOM is a programming interface for HTML, XML, and other structured documents. It represents the document's structure as a tree-like structure of nodes. Each node represents an element, attribute, or text in the document. Example: JavaScript // Accessing an element by ID: const heading = document.getElementById("myHeading"); heading.textContent = "New Heading"; // Modifying element style: const paragraph = document.querySelector("p"); paragraph.style.color = "blue"; paragraph.style.fontSize = "20px"; Q.2. Write code to differentiate between different types of headings in HTML. HTML provides six levels of headings: , , , , , and. Higher-level headings are larger and more important. Example: HTML Main Heading Subheading 1 Subheading 2 Subheading 3 Subheading 4 Subheading 5 Q.3. Elaborate steps and provide code to load a background image in a webpage. 1. Choose an image: Select an image you want to use as the background. 2. Set the image path: Specify the path to the image in your CSS code. 3. Apply the CSS rule: Use the background-image property to apply the image 4. to the desired element, usually the tag. 3 PISQ-SZH-(BW)  Example: CSS body { background-image: url('background.jpg'); background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; } Q.4. Highlight different methods to incorporate CSS code in a HTML webpage. Inline CSS: o Apply styles directly to individual HTML elements using the style attribute. o Example: Blue text Internal CSS: o Define styles within the section of the HTML document using the tag. Example: HTML p{ color: red; } External CSS: o Create a separate CSS file and link it to the HTML document using the tag. Example: HTML styles.css: CSS p{ color: green; } 4 PISQ-SZH-(BW) Q.5. Sketch steps and provide code to apply border and color to a table in a webpage. 1. Create an HTML table: Define the table structure using , , and tags. 2. Apply CSS styles: Use CSS to style the table's borders and cell colors. Example: HTML Name Age Alice 25 Bob 30 Q.6. Discuss the functionality JavaScript can provide in a webpage with the help of a suitable example code. Dynamic content: Create and manipulate HTML elements on the fly. Event handling: Respond to user interactions like clicks, hovers, and keypresses. Form validation: Validate user input to ensure it meets specific criteria. Animations: Create smooth and engaging animations using CSS or JavaScript. AJAX: Fetch data from servers without reloading the entire page. Example: JavaScript // Click counter const counterButton = document.getElementById("counterButton"); const countElement = document.getElementById("count"); let count = 0; counterButton.addEventListener("click", () => { count++; countElement.textContent = count; }); Q.7. Articulate steps and write code to create a scrolling text on a webpage. CSS Method: 1. Use the tag to create a scrolling text element. 5 PISQ-SZH-(BW)  2. Add the direction attribute to specify the scrolling direction. 3. Set the behavior attribute to control the scrolling behavior. Example: HTML This is a scrolling text. JavaScript Method: 1. Create a container element to hold the text. 2. Use JavaScript to animate the text by changing its position over time. 3. Use setInterval() or requestAnimationFrame() to create a smooth scrolling effect. Q.8. Enlist steps to add a video clip in a website which starts playing as the web page loads. 1. Prepare the video: Encode the video in a suitable format (e.g., MP4, WebM). 2. Add the tag: Insert the tag into your HTML code. 3. Set the src attribute: Specify the source of the video file. 4. Add the autoplay and muted attributes: The autoplay attribute starts the video automatically, and the muted attribute silences the audio. Example: HTML Q.9.&Q.10 (Practical work) End Of Exercise Unit#3 ************************************************************************************************ 6 PISQ-SZH-(BW)  Unit #5 Application of Computer Science (Exercise Notes Page# 160) Q1: Multiple choice questions: I. The process of taking a known data set as input to train b. Supervised the algorithm to create a model for prediction is known as: Machine Learning II. The AI technology that enables computer systems to b. Computer Vision obtain meaningful information from digital images or videos is called: III. Instant answers to website visitors' questions through text b. Chatbot or voice interaction are provided by: IV. Cloud computing model in which resources are owned by a. Private Cloud and used inside a single organization is called: V. The AI tool used for correcting spelling and grammar c. Grammarly mistakes is: VI. Virtual assistant that belongs to Apple Inc. is: a. Siri VII. The AI tool that converts text to speech is: d. Lovo ai VIII. The technology used in self-driving cars is called: c. Computer Vision IX. The technology concerned with training the computer to d. Virtual understand spoken and written and to take action is known technology as: X. The technology using computer-controlled machine is c. Robotics called: Q2: Short response questions: 1) AI has significantly improved our daily lives in various ways. It powers personalized recommendations on platforms like Briefly describe the Netflix and Amazon, assists in medical diagnoses and drug positive impact of discovery, and automates tasks like customer service and AI in our daily life. data analysis. 2) In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on labelled data, meaning the correct output is known for each input. The algorithm learns to map inputs to outputs based on the Differentiate provided labels. In unsupervised learning, the algorithm is between supervised trained on unlabelled data, and it must discover patterns and and unsupervised relationships on its own. The goal is to find hidden structures machine learning. within the data. 3) Computer vision enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world, such as images and videos. This technology is used to automate tasks like: Describe how Object recognition: Identifying objects in images or videos computer vision for tasks like quality control, security surveillance, and applications help in autonomous vehicles. the automation of Facial recognition: Recognizing individuals for security tasks. purposes or unlocking devices. Page 1 of 4 9th-Computer (SZH-PISQ(BW)  Image analysis: Analyzing medical images for disease detection or analyzing satellite images for environmental monitoring. 4) Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables computers to understand and process human language in a natural way. This allows for more flexible and intuitive interaction through Compare the use of voice commands or text-based queries. In contrast, computer Natural Language languages require specific syntax and grammar, making Processing (NLP) interaction less user-friendly. NLP is more complex as it with computer involves understanding the nuances of human language, languages for while computer languages are simpler and follow specific interaction with rules. Examples of NLP applications include chatbots, voice computer. assistants, sentiment analysis, and machine translation. 5) A robot is a machine that can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks, often mimicking human actions. Robots can replace humans in the following areas: Hazardous environments: Robots can work in hazardous What is a robot? environments like nuclear power plants or disaster zones. Mention four areas Manufacturing: Robots can perform repetitive tasks on where robots can assembly lines with high precision and speed. replace humans Exploration: Robots can explore remote locations like the that are not ocean floor or other planets. mentioned in this Elder care: Robots can assist elderly people with daily tasks unit. and provide companionship. 6) Is the use of While Grammarly AI is a powerful tool for improving Grammarly AI tool a writing, it is not a perfect replacement for manual perfect replacement proofreading. It can identify many common errors, but it may for manual miss context-specific errors or stylistic nuances that a proofreading? human proofreader would catch. Q3: Extended response questions: 1) AI can revolutionize both education and business. In education, AI can personalize learning experiences, provide automated feedback, and analyze student performance data to identify areas for improvement. It can also create intelligent tutoring systems and automate administrative tasks. In business, AI can improve customer service through chatbots and virtual Relate how AI can be assistants, optimize supply chain beneficial in education and management, automate data analysis, and business. develop innovative products and services. 2) Articulate how AI-based technology can improve In healthcare, AI can analyze medical healthcare professionals and images to detect diseases early, develop Page 2 of 4 9th-Computer (SZH-PISQ(BW)  assist farmers increase crop personalized treatment plans, and assist in production. drug discovery. It can also automate administrative tasks, freeing up healthcare professionals to focus on patient care. In agriculture, AI can analyze weather data, soil conditions, and crop health to optimize planting and harvesting schedules. It can also automate tasks like weed control, pest management, and crop monitoring. 3) The benefits of cloud computing include: Cost-effectiveness: Cloud computing eliminates the need for upfront investments in hardware and infrastructure. Scalability: Cloud resources can be easily scaled up or down to meet changing needs. Accessibility: Cloud resources can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection. Reliability: Cloud providers offer high levels of reliability and redundancy. Public clouds are owned and operated by a third- party cloud provider and are available to the Categorize the benefits of general public. Examples include AWS, cloud computing? Contrast Azure, and GCP. Private clouds are owned between public and private and operated by a single organization and clouds. are not available to the general public. 4) Traditional algorithms are designed to solve specific problems and are often based on mathematical formulas or rules. They are deterministic, meaning they will always produce the same output for the same input. AI-based algorithms use machine learning techniques to learn from data and make predictions or decisions. They are probabilistic, meaning they may produce different results for the same input. One criticism of AI-based algorithms is Compare between traditional that they can be biased if they are trained algorithms and AI-based on biased data. This can lead to inaccurate algorithms that use machine or unfair results. Additionally, learning. Criticize AI-based AI algorithms can be complex and difficult algorithms for producing to understand, making it challenging to wrong results, at times. identify and correct errors. 5) Interpret the ethical issues in AI tools raise several ethical concerns. using the following AI tools: ChatGPT can generate human-quality text, a) ChatGPT b) Lovo AI c) but it can also be used to spread Virtual Assistants misinformation or create harmful content. Page 3 of 4 9th-Computer (SZH-PISQ(BW)  Lovo AI can generate realistic voices, but it can also be used to create deepfakes and impersonate others. Virtual assistants can collect and store personal data, raising privacy concerns. They can also be used to manipulate users or spread misinformation. Note: For Open (SLO based) questions go through the summary first Page# 158 and 159 and you should go thoroughly each topic of the lesson. Page 4 of 4 9th-Computer (SZH-PISQ(BW)  Unit-07(Entrepreneurship)-Exercise Notes Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) # Question Option A Option B Option C Option Correct D Answer 1 Which are the functions of an Risk bearing Innovation Organizing and a, b, c d) a, b, c entrepreneur? managing 2 An entrepreneur enters into business Technical Professional Novice a, b, c d) a, b, c to improve quality products through entrepreneur entrepreneur Entrepreneur invention and discoveries. This comes under: 3 An entrepreneur who introduces new Technical Innovative Novice a, b, c b) Innovative ideas, methods of production, and entrepreneur Entrepreneur Entrepreneur Entrepreneur discovers new markets is called: 4 Entrepreneurship can ______ the Increase Decrease Neither increase None a) Increase Gross National Product. nor decrease of a, b, c 5 Entrepreneurship can ______ Increase Neither Decrease a, b, c c) Decrease Unemployment. increase nor decrease 6 A stable and dynamic political Positive Negative No role None a) Positive environment plays a ______ role in of a, b, business growth. c 7 A business plan is a written Proposed Its Its marketing a, b, c d) a, b, c summary of: business operational opportunities and venture and financial strategy details Extended Response Questions (ERQs) Q.1. How well does the entrepreneur fit the entrepreneurial profile described in the chapter? (Answer) Understanding the Entrepreneurial Profile: a) Vision: Entrepreneurs have a clear idea of what they want to achieve. ▪ Example: Like a game developer who envisions a fun and educational mobile game. This vision guides their decisions and actions, helping them stay focused on their goals. b) Passion: They are deeply enthusiastic about their business. ▪ Example: A baker who loves creating delicious pastries and sharing them with others. This passion fuels their motivation and drives them to overcome challenges. c) Risk-Taker: They are comfortable with taking calculated risks. ▪ Example: Investing money to open a new restaurant, knowing it might not succeed. They assess potential risks and make informed decisions, but aren't afraid to step outside their comfort zone. d) Persistent: They don't give up easily, even when faced with challenges. Page#. 1 (PISQ-BW-SZH)  Example: A student who keeps trying different solutions to a coding problem until it's solved. They learn from their mistakes and keep pushing forward, even when things get tough. e) Innovative: They are always looking for new and better ways to do things. Example: A clothing store owner who starts selling clothes online to reach more customers. They embrace creativity and seek opportunities to improve their products, services, or processes. Analysing the Entrepreneur: Does the entrepreneur in the chapter have these qualities? Give specific examples from the chapter to support your answer. For instance, if the entrepreneur is shown working late nights, it suggests persistence. If they introduce a unique product, it highlights innovation. Q2. Interpret the advantages and disadvantages that the entrepreneur sees in owning a business. (Answer) Advantages of Owning a Business: a) Independence: Being your own boss and making your own decisions. ▪ Example: A graphic designer who can choose their clients and set their own hours. ▪ This freedom allows them to pursue their creative vision and work in a way that suits them best. b) Flexibility: Having control over your time and schedule. ▪ Example: A writer who can work from home and take breaks when needed. ▪ This flexibility can lead to a better work-life balance and reduced stress. c) Potential for Financial Reward: Earning more money than working for someone else. ▪ Example: A successful online store owner who makes a good profit from their sales. ▪ This potential for higher income can be a significant motivator for entrepreneurs. d) Personal Satisfaction: Feeling proud of what you have built. ▪ Example: An architect who sees their building designs come to life. ▪ This sense of accomplishment can be a major source of fulfilment. Disadvantages of Owning a Business: a) Financial Risk: The possibility of losing money. ▪ Example: A new business owner who struggles to pay back their loan if the business fails. ▪ This risk can be a source of anxiety and requires careful planning and management. b) Long Hours: Working more than a typical 9-to-5 job. Page#. 2 (PISQ-BW-SZH)  ▪ Example: A restaurant owner who works long hours during busy periods. ▪ This can lead to burnout and impact personal life. c) Stress: Dealing with the challenges of running a business. ▪ Example: A business owner who worries about competition and keeping customers happy. ▪ This stress can take a toll on mental and physical health. d) Uncertainty: Not knowing how much money you will make. ▪ Example: A freelancer who doesn't have a guaranteed income every month. ▪ This lack of predictability can make financial planning difficult. Analysing the Entrepreneur: a) What are the specific advantages and disadvantages the entrepreneur in the chapter mentions? b) How do these factors influence their decisions? ▪ For example, if the entrepreneur prioritizes flexibility, they might choose a business model that allows for that. ▪ If they are risk-averse, they might take a more cautious approach to growth. Q3. Conclude the advice that could be offered to someone who is considering launching a business. (Answer) Key Advice for Aspiring Entrepreneurs: a) Do Your Research: Thoroughly understand your industry and target market. ▪ Example: Before opening a coffee shop, research the local competition and what customers want. ▪ This knowledge will help you make informed decisions and increase your chances of success. b) Develop a Solid Business Plan: Outline your goals, strategies, and financial projections. ▪ Example: Create a plan that includes your start-up costs, pricing, and marketing strategy. ▪ A well-structured business plan serves as a roadmap and helps you secure funding if needed. c) Start Small and Scale Gradually: Don't try to do everything at once. ▪ Example: Begin by selling your products online before opening a physical store. ▪ This approach minimizes risk and allows you to learn and adapt as you grow. d) Build a Strong Network: Connect with other entrepreneurs and mentors. ▪ Example: Attend industry events and join online communities. ▪ Networking provides valuable support, guidance, and opportunities for collaboration. e) Be Prepared to Work Hard: Running a business takes dedication and effort. ▪ Example: Be willing to put in the time and effort to make your business successful. ▪ Success rarely comes easy, so be ready to roll up your sleeves and put in the work. f) Be Adaptable: Be ready to adjust your plans as needed. ▪ Example: If your initial marketing strategy doesn't work, be willing to try something new. Page#. 3 (PISQ-BW-SZH)  ▪ The business world is constantly changing, so flexibility is crucial for survival and growth. g) Don't Give Up: Persistence is key to success in entrepreneurship. ▪ Example: Keep learning and improving, even when faced with setbacks. ▪ Setbacks are inevitable, but it's important to stay focused on your goals and keep moving forward. Q4. Why should young people get involved in business? (Answer) Reasons for Young People to be Involved in Business: Skill Development: i. Problem-solving and decision-making ii. Communication and interpersonal skills iii. Financial literacy and management iv. Time management and organization v. Sales and marketing basics Personal Growth: i. Increased self-confidence and independence ii. Sense of responsibility and accountability iii. Opportunity to explore interests and passions iv. Development of a strong work ethic Financial Benefits: i. Potential to earn income and save money ii. Learning about budgeting and financial planning iii. Gaining early financial independence Community Impact: i. Opportunity to contribute to the local economy ii. Potential to address community needs or solve problems iii. Chance to make a positive difference Future Opportunities: i. Gaining valuable experience for future careers ii. Building a network of contacts iii. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset Q5. What do small businesses contribute to our economy? (Answer) Contributions of Small Businesses to the Economy: Job Creation: i. Providing employment opportunities for local residents ii. Supporting families and communities iii. Reducing unemployment rates Page#. 4 (PISQ-BW-SZH)  Economic Growth: i. Generating revenue and contributing to GDP ii. Stimulating local economies iii. Attracting investment and development Innovation and Competition: i. Introducing new products and services ii. Driving innovation and progress iii. Increasing competition and consumer choice Community Development: i. Supporting local events and initiatives ii. Creating a sense of community and belonging iii. Enhancing the quality of life in neighbourhoods Meeting Niche Needs: i. Catering to specialized markets and demands ii. Providing unique products and services iii. Serving diverse customer needs End of Unit-7 &End of Syllabus Final Note: Prepare End of Summary at the end of each lessons first and then go through the Exercise questions and answers. finally, Thorley do the reading of each lesson and follow class discussions of each topics in this way you can handle SLO based questions in final exam. Regarding Practical exam of Computer follow the subject teacher instructions clearly. Separate solution of practical book will be share with you soon. End of Course Advise: Revision Makes Divisions (Grades). Work Hard. Make a proper schedule of learning (Time Table at home). Work at least 5 to 6 hours daily. Time is short wait for none. Good Luck Page#. 5 (PISQ-BW-SZH)