CE 4241 S4 MODULE 1a.pdf

CE 4241 S4/D  MODULE 1 Part 1 1  BRIDGE DEFINITION: a structure built to span physical obstacles such as bodies of water, valleys and roads AASHTO definition: Any structu...

CE 4241 S4/D  MODULE 1 Part 1 1  BRIDGE DEFINITION: a structure built to span physical obstacles such as bodies of water, valleys and roads AASHTO definition: Any structure having an opening of not less than 6100mm that forms part of a highway or that is located over or under a highway 2  BRIDGE PURPOSE: Provide passage over an obstacle ❑ a KEY element in a TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM for 3 reasons: ❖ Controls capacity ❖ Cost per mile is expensive ❖ If bridge fails, transportation system fails 3  BRIDGE as KEY ELEMENT (a)controls capacity ✓ through volume and weight ✓ insufficient carriage width ❖ cause constriction to traffic flow ✓ Strength deficiency ❖ unable to carry heavy loads (i.e. trucks) ❖ Load limits will cause rerouting of truck traffic 4  BRIDGE as KEY ELEMENT (b) expensive cost per mile ❖A major investment ✓ Planned carefully for best used of funds ❖Cost is high compared to approach roadways ❖Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure 5  BRIDGE as KEY ELEMENT (c) if the bridge fails, the transportation system fails ❖ When removed or not repaired/ replaced, the transportation system is restricted of its function ❖ Detours over routes not designed to handle increase volume ❖ Increase travel time and fuel expenses ❖ NORMALCY does not return until the bridge is repaired or replaced 6  BRIDGE as KEY ELEMENT Balance must be achieved between ✓ Handling future traffic volume ✓ Loads and ✓ Cost of heavier and wider structure Strength is the foremost consideration BUT should have measures to prevent deterioration 7  BRIDGE ❑A structural system that is always exposed ❑MAJOR CONCERNS for Design: ✓ temperature (thermal effect) ✓ Durability (strength) ✓ Cost (inspection and maintenance) ❑ always subjected to large moving and repetitive loads ❑ Fatigue is a primary concern ✓ accumulates damage ✓ results in cracking 8  BRIDGE ENGINEERING ❑ A field of (structural) engineering that deals with ❑ Surveying ❑ Plan, design, analysis ❑ Construction, management and ❑ Maintenance of bridges ❑ Bridge Engineers MUST ensure that their designs satisfy given design standard, being responsible to structural safety and serviceability 9  BRIDGE ENGINEERING ❑ Civil engineering disciplines involved: ❑ SURVEYING AND MAPPING ❑ For layout and grading of proposed site ❑ HIGHWAY DESIGN ❑ For the overpass and underpass alignment and geometry ❑ STRUCTURAL DESIGN ❑ For the superstructure and substructure elements ❑ GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ❑ For pier and abutment foundations ❑ HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING ❑ For proper bridge span length and drainage of bridge site 10  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Based on Span Length BASED ON inter-SPAN 1. Short Span Bridge 1. SIMPLY SUPPORTED 2. Medium Span Bridge 2. CONTINUOUS 3. Long Span Bridge 3. CANTILEVER ** CULVERT BRIDGE BASED ON MATERIAL BASED ON DECK 1. STONE/MASONRY BRIDGE LOCATION 2. TIMBER/ WOODEN BRIDGE 1. DECK BRIDGE 3. METAL / STEEL BRIDGE 2. THROUGH BRIDGE 4. (REINFORCED) CONCRETE BRIDGE 5. PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE 3. HALF THROUGH BRIDGE 11  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM: ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON PURPOSE/ USE TRUSS BRIDGE 1. HIGHWAY BEAM/ GIRDER BRIDGE 2. RAILROAD SLAB BRIDGES 3. PEDESTRIAN SUSPENSION BRIDGE 4. PIPELINE CABLE – STAYED BRIDGE 5. Aqueducts 6. And more BASED ON POSITION BASED ON GEOMETRY 1. BASCULE 1. STRAIGHT 2. SWING 2. SKEWED 3. LIFT 3. CURVED 12  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE 1. Short Span Bridge (or minor bridge) ▪ Bridges whose end supports spans between 8 to 30 meters Based on Span Length ▪ Slab bridges, prestressed concrete shapes and steel shapes 2. medium Span Bridge (or major bridge) ▪ bridges that has lengths from 30 m to 120 meters ▪ girder bridges( pre-stressed and steel) 3. LONG Span Bridge ▪ cable stayed and suspension bridges ▪ post tensioned concrete and steel bridge with high strength materials ** CULVERT Bridge ▪ Span length is below 6 - 8 meters 13 Based on Span Length CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Medium (Major) Long Span Short span(Minor) https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-bridges/13195/ 14  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BRIDGE VS CULVERT Based on Span Length Bridge Culvert Built OVER physical obstacles Short tunnels or pips UNDER obstacles such as rivers, valleys or roads such as road, railway or embankment Provide passage for traffic Allow water to flow (people, vehicles or trains) Shorter in length and handle smaller Longer spans watercourses or drainage 15  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BRIDGE VS CULVERT Based on Span Length 16  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE BASED ON inter - SPAN ❖ Supported at its two ends (abutments) ❖ Appropriate for short spans ❖ rotate is allowed at supports ❖ bending moment and shear forces experienced as loads are applied ❖ highest at the supports 17  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CONTINUOUS SUPPORTED BRIDGE BASED ON inter - SPAN ❖ Has multiple points of support along its length ❖ At least one support in the middle span ❖ Distribute loads more evenly ❖ Reduced bending moments and shear ❖ Less prone to rotation at supports 18  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE BASED ON inter - SPAN ❖ TYPES OF CANTILEVER BRIDGE ❖ Simple cantilever ❖ Formed by two cantilever arms ❖ Extends from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center ❖ Unsupported end subjected to bending and shear ❖ Bending, deflection and stress highest at support 19  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE BASED ON inter - SPAN ❖ TYPES OF CANTILEVER BRIDGE ❖ Balanced cantilever ❖ Cantilever spans counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction ❖ Built from the pier in opposite directions ❖ Reduces bending moments and stresses at pier or support ❖ Distributes load more evenly 20  CLASSIFICATIONS CANTILEVER of BRIDGE BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE BASED ON inter - SPAN (Simple) MINATO BRIDGE, JAPAN 21  CLASSIFICATIONS CANTILEVER of BRIDGE BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE (Balanced) BASED ON inter - SPAN Forth Bridge Across the Firth of Forth Scotland 22  CLASSIFICATIONS CANTILEVER of BRIDGE BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE BASED ON inter - SPAN (balanced) 23  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE WOOD/ TIMBER BRIDGE - Bridges constructed for short BASED ON MATERIAL spans - Not sufficient for heavy loading - Designed for pedestrians and low weight transport MASONRY BRIDGE - stones and bricks are used as construction materials - durable compared to timber bridge - suitable for shorter spans 24  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE STEEL BRIDGE ▪ Steel bars or cables, can be BASED ON MATERIAL fabricated ▪ durable and bear heavy loads due to high tensile strength ▪ do not undergo dry shrinkage or creep as loads are applied over time ▪ Often used for long span bridges ▪ Lightweight structure is desired 25  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TYPES: STEEL BRIDGE Steel Box Girder Bridge BASED ON MATERIAL ▪ Assembled box-shaped girder using steel plates (in – situ) ▪ Most widely used bridge among steel bridges ▪ Applied to curved and straight bridges not less than 30 m https://resource.midasuser.com/en/solution/steel-bridge 26  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TYPES: STEEL BRIDGE Steel Truss Bridge BASED ON MATERIAL ▪ Composed of ONLY trusses ▪ Not advisable for very large spans ▪ Long manufacture time of members ▪ Often used for railroad bridges ▪ Lightweight and easy construction https://resource.midasuser.com/en/solution/steel-bridge 27  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TYPES: STEEL BRIDGE Steel Arch Bridge BASED ON MATERIAL ▪ Preferred to harmonize with landscape ▪ Horizontal reaction forces generated by vertical loads are effective ▪ Reduce cross- sectional forces of members ▪ Often used for long span bridges (after suspension and cable-stayed https://resource.midasuser.com/en/solution/steel-bridge 28  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE - Reinforce concrete is used as construction material - More stable and durable BASED ON MATERIAL - Suitable for long span and heavily loaded traffic - Generally used for constructing fly-over and highway bridges Beam/ Slab Bridge Arch Girder Bridge Box Girder Bridge 29  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE - Box Girder Concrete Bridges: BASED ON MATERIAL Span – by – span (Keys, Florida) Beam/ Slab Bridge Balanced Cantilever (Skye, Scotland) Incrementally Launched (Ceirog, North Wales) 30 BASED ON MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE 1st and oldest surviving Key Bridge in Potomac River (1923) concrete bridge with metal Seven open-spandrel three-ribbed reinforcement concrete arches designed by Nathan C. Wyeth Alvord Lake Bridge (1889) by Ransome in Golden Gate Park San Francisco 31  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE ▪ Suitable for short to long span bridges ▪ Lower span-to-depth ratio for longer spans BASED ON MATERIAL ▪ Has higher carrying load capacity (without cracking) ▪ Requires high tensile steel which is more expensive than ordinary mild steel ▪ For concrete decks: spans between 25m to 450m ▪ Provide economy, durability and aesthetics 32  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE https://www.smcon.co.jp/en/thchnology/pc-bridges.html BASED ON MATERIAL Arch Bridges Precast Segments Corrugated Steel Web (Oboro Ohasi Bridge) (Furukawa Viaduct) 33  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE https://www.midasbridge.com/en/blog/bridgeinsight/top-10-worlds-longest-prestressed-concrete-girder-bridges Agas – Agas Bridge BASED ON MATERIAL Shinbanpo Yangtze Bridge (Chongqing, China) Stolma Bridge (Årland, Norway) 34 BASED ON DECK LOCATION CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Deck Bridge bridge deck is located on top of, and directly supported by, the main structural elements commonly used for short to medium spans often seen in urban areas and highway overpasses 35  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Through Bridge BASED ON DECK LOCATION bridge deck is situated at the bottom main structural elements are located above the deck deck passes through the main supporting structure Chaotianmen Bridge provides unobstructed view through (China) the bridge often used for longer spans 36  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Half through type bridge BASED ON DECK LOCATION bridge deck is located above the main supports for part of its length passes through or between the supporting elements for the remainder often used for longer spans providing a balance between the structural efficiency of through Bayonee Bridge bridges and aesthetic of deck (New York) bridges 37  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖ Arches are the primary force resisting elements through compression ❖ Thrust is a major consideration ❖ have been widely used around the world because of their unique aesthetics ❖ used for long-span bridges after suspension and cable-stayed bridges 38  CLASSIFICATIONS ARCH BRIDGE of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Load is distributed along the arch towards the abutments into a horizontal thrust The ground around the abutments is squeezed and pushes back on the abutments The resisting force in the abutments is distributed back along the arch towards the keystone which supports the load 39  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Sydney Harbour Bridge over water 40  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE deck lies on top of the arch rib BASED ON STRUCTURE deck can be supported by spandrels made of several vertical columns or by solid spandrel walls cathedral arch bridge when the top of the arch rib Deck Arch Bridge directly supports the deck https://resource.midasuser.com/en/solution/arch-bridge 41  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Base is at or below the deck (passing through the arch) supported by vertical hangers(suspenders) Through Arch Bridge arch rib is supported by the abutments/supports at each end https://resource.midasuser.com/en/solution/arch-bridge 42  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ends of the arch rib are ARCH BRIDGE connected by ties where the BASED ON STRUCTURE deck serves as the primary support one end of the support of a serves as a hinged whereas the other end of the support serves as a roller this allows for Tied- Arch Bridge longitudinal movement https://resource.midasuser.com/en/solution/arch-bridge 43  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Parts 44  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Spandrels https://www.snyder-associates.com Constructionheadline.com 45  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE Other types: BASED ON STRUCTURE Corbel does not function in the same way as true arch bridges Do not convey forces across arch Kompong Krei http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/arch-bridges/ 46  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE Other types: BASED ON STRUCTURE Aqueducts and canal Viaducts series of supports connected with stone arches several layers that could reach impressive heights. http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/arch-bridges/ 47  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BEAM/GIRDER BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖ Supported by abutments or piers in between ❖ Consist of vertical piers and horizontal beams 48  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BEAM/GIRDER BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖ BEAM bridge ❖ Has longitudinal support below the deck ❖ GIRDER bridge ❖ Has both longitudinal and transverse structural members under the deck ❖ Girders are the primary force resisting elements ❖ Forces are resisted through bending 49  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BEAM/ GIRDER BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Railroad Steel Girder Bridge SLAB-ON-STRINGER (T- GIRDER BRIDGE) SPANNING FROM 10 TO 25 METERS (33 TO 82 FT.) 50  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE BEAM/ GIRDER BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Agas-Agas bridge, Leyte, Ph Prestressed concrete beam bridge Manchac Swamp Bridge, Louisiana, USA 51  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Longest bridge in PH at 39.2 km Skyway (MMSS) Connects NLEX and SLEX BASED ON STRUCTURE Huangshi Yangtze River Bridge Box girder bridge, Prestressed concrete 52  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE SLAB BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖ Simplest type and least expensive structures that can be for small spans up to 12 m ❖ Monolithic flat concrete beams with twisted or roughened reinforcing steel rods concentrated in the lower Hynds Landspan Deck Slab portion and at either end of the Bridge slab, where tensile forces and sheer are the greatest. 53  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE RIGID-FRAME BRIDGES ❑ Also known as RAHMEN bridges BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ Consist of superstructure supported on vertical or slanted monolithic legs (columns), in which superstructure and substructure are rigidly connected to act as a unit ❑ economical for moderate medium span lengths ❑ The connections between the superstructure and substructure are rigid connections which transfer bending moment, axial forces and shear forces 54  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE RIGID-FRAME BRIDGES ❑ Also known as RAHMEN bridges BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ Superstructure – substructure integral structures with the superstructure can be considered as girders ❑ include ❑ braced rigid-frame bridges, ❑ V-leg rigid-frame bridges, and ❑ viaducts in urban areas 55  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE RIGID-FRAME BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURE Nagano Prefecture Continuous V- leg Rigid Frame Bridge Tochigi Prefecture, Japan Continuous Rigid Frame Girder Bridge (Slanted Leg) https://www.ihi.co.jp/iis/en/products/bridge/ rahmen/index.html 56  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE RIGID-FRAME BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURE Agas-Agas Bridge Richmond Hill Bridge, Colorado 57  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE RIGID-FRAME BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURE Batter-Post Bridge, Finland Toyosu Bridge, Tokyo Japan 58  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ Are kept strong by the stiffness of the structure ❑ All beams/members work together to spread out the load ❖ Rods are the primary force resisting elements ❖ Forces are resisted through tension and compression 59  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE characterized by the location of its traffic deck ❑ Deck truss ❑ least common ❑ carries deck and traffic entirely on top of truss structure 60  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE characterized by the location of its traffic deck ❑ Pony Truss ❑ Travel surface passes along bottom chords standing to either side ❑ not connected to top ❑ designed for lighter loads 61  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE characterized by the location of its traffic deck ❑ Through Truss ❑ Deck along bottom chord ❑ Trusses to either side are generally higher ❑ Connected by cross bracings at top ❑ for heavier loads and longer span 62  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ characterized by connection of structural members ❑ Pratt Truss ❑ Has vertical members between the upper and lower members and diagonal members sloping toward the center ❑ Howe truss similar to Pratt Truss, except that the diagonals face the opposite direction 63  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ characterized by connection of structural members ❑ Warren Truss ❑ uses equilateral triangles in the framework to spread out the load on the bridge 64  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ characterized by connection of structural members ❑ Parker Truss ❑ Pratt truss with a polygonal top chord 65  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ characterized by connection of structural members ❑ Camelback Truss ❑ Variation of the parker truss ❑ has a polygonal upper chord of exactly five slopes 66  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❑ characterized by connection of structural members ❑ Pennsylvania Truss ❑ Or petit truss ❑ Variant of Pratt truss with polygonal top chords and panels subdivided by ties and struts 67  TRUSS BRIDGE BUNTUN BRIDGE - found in Tuguegarao City BASED ON STRUCTURE - 2nd longest bridge in the Philippines - Longest river bridge in PH KEW RAILWAY BRIDGE -Lattice Truss Bridge -Spans over River Thames in London, England 68  TRUSS BRIDGE Victoria Bridge, Malaysia Railway truss bridge BASED ON STRUCTURE San Juanico Bridge Arch Truss Bridge connecting Leyte and Samar 69  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖ Allows the longest span for bridges ❖ The bed of bridge can be continuous and is held up by cables stretched between piers ❖ the load-bearing portion is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders a) cable stayed: cables are rigid and directly connected to the bridge deck b) suspension bridge hang vertically off another cable supported by piers 70  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖ Cables are the primary force resisting elements ❖ Forces are primarily transmitted through tension 71  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE BASED ON STRUCTURE Wheeling Suspension Bridge (1849) Still carries traffic up to now Wire cable suspension bridge by John A Roebling 72  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE Other bridges by Roebling BASED ON STRUCTURE Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge Cincinnati Suspension Bridge Brooklyn Bridge 73 BASED ON STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Magapit Suspension Bridge ©Christian Garcia Valdez (Facebook Grab) 74 BASED ON STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE 75  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CABLE - STAYED BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖consists of one or more columns (towers or pylons), with cables supporting the bridge deck Two types of design ❖HARP DESIGN ❖cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to various points on the tower ❖FAN DESIGN ❖cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower 76  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CABLE - STAYED BASED ON STRUCTURE ❖HARP DESIGN ❖FAN DESIGN 77  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CABLE – STAYED Marcelo Fernan BASED ON STRUCTURE Bridge connecting Cebu to Mactan Airport 78  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CABLE – STAYED CCLEX (Cebu –Cordova BASED ON STRUCTURE Link Expressway 1st expressway in central PH Longest and tallest Bridge over water (Php33B 8.5km) 79  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CABLE – STAYED Diosdado BASED ON STRUCTURE Macapagal Bridge Longest bridge in Mindanao 80  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE CABLE – STAYED Penang Bridge, Malaysia BASED ON STRUCTURE 13.5 km (Box Girder bridge) 81  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION ❖designed to move out of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic ❖powered by electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons (a)Bascule (b)Swing (c)Lift (vertical lift) 82  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION (a)Bascule spans that pivot upward utilizing gears, motors and counterweights DRAGON BRIDGE, RHYL WALES Portland Broadway Bridge 83  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION (b) swing a bridge over water that can be rotated horizontally to allow El Ferdan Railway Bridge ships through Egypt Newcastle Swing, River Tyne, England 84  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION (c) lift Or vertical lift bridge; Portage Lake Lift Bridge span rises vertically while remaining parallel with the deck PONT JACQUES CHABAN – DELMAS BORDEAUZ, FRANCE 85  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: Draw Bridge Variation of bascule bridge; also known as single leaf bascule bridge initially used for protection of castles and forts Slauerhoffbrug Drawbridge, Netherlands 86  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: folding bridge A three-segment bascule bridge that folds in the shape of an N Hörnbrücke (Hörn Bridge) 87  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: submerging bridge movable bridge that lowers the bridge deck below the water level to permit waterborne traffic to use the waterway Submersible bridge at the entrance of Corinth canal 88  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: tilting bridge rotates about fixed endpoints rather than lifting or bending, as with a drawbridge 89  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: transporter bridge also known as a ferry bridge or aerial transfer bridge, is a type of movable bridge that carries a segment of roadway across a river 90  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: rolling bridge OR curling bridge not hinged, and remains horizontal Heatherwick’s Rolling Bridge when it is rolled inside the gates of a fort 91  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE MOVEABLE BRIDGE BASED ON DECK POSITION special types: retractable bridge the deck can be rolled or slid backwards Modern versions of rolling to open a gap while traffic crosses bridge COPENHAGEN INNER HARBOUR 92  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE BASED ON PURPOSE/ USE ❖OR FOOT BRIDGE ❖ designed for the use of pedestrians only “stairway to heaven” EDSA footbridge RAILWAY BRIDGE ❖Used for the movement of trains ❖Steel bridges are widely used → Padre Zamora Bridge. Inquirer 2012 93  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE HIGHWAY BRIDGE BASED ON PURPOSE/ USE ❖designed for passage of highway vehicles and pedestrians ❖Designed for heavy rolling loads up to 0.8MN 94  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE PIPELINE BRIDGE BASED ON PURPOSE/ USE ❖Used for supporting pipeline on the deck slab of bridge ❖Used for oil, gas, water, communication etc. A pipeline bridge carrying Trans-Alaska Pipeline Pipeline Bridge over the Sernf River, Glarus Süd, Canton of Glarus, Switzerland 95  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE AQUEDUCT ❖Or water bridges BASED ON PURPOSE/ USE Pegões aqueduct Tomar, Portugal (flcker) ❖from latin, aqua (water) and ducere (to lead) ❖are bridges constructed to convey watercourses across gaps ❖system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and supporting structures Pont du Gard, Nimes, France 96  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE viaduct BASED ON PURPOSE/ USE ❖Provide passage for highways or railways ❖Via (road) ducere (to lead) ❖Supported by a series of piers (or arches) Morlaix France, Railway Patapat Viaduct Viaduct Ilocos Norte, Ph 97  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE (a)Straight (b)Skew (c)curve BASED ON GEOMETRY Or Square alignment Bridge is at some angle to the axis of the river Angle between bridge and Angles more than 20° river is almost 90° For curved: skew is different at each support 98 BASED ON GEOMETRY CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE str aig ht 99  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE Skew BASED ON GEOMETRY 100  CLASSIFICATIONS of BRIDGE curved BASED ON GEOMETRY 101