Bridge Engineering PDF

BRIDGE ENGINEERING ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK This field requires expertise in various areas, such as: BRIDGE ENGINEERING Bridge engineering is the STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS...

BRIDGE ENGINEERING ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK This field requires expertise in various areas, such as: BRIDGE ENGINEERING Bridge engineering is the STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Understanding forces and moments acting on bridge application of engineering components. principles and methods to create structures that span physical MATERIAL SCIENCE obstacles such as rivers, valleys, Choosing appropriate materials like steel, concrete, or or roads, ensuring stability, composites. safety, and durability under GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING various loads and conditions. Assessing ground conditions to ensure proper foundation support. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Mitigating environmental impact and adhering to regulations. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK The oldest and still existing bridge in the world is perhaps the Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei Province in China, originally constructed approximately in A.D. 600. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK Materials used in bridge construction have also changed noticeably through a good number of years, from mainly natural materials such as stones and wood then to mainly man-made materials such as steel and Portland cement concrete today. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK In 1866 Wayss and Koenen in Germany conducted a series of tests on reinforced concrete beams (Heins and Lawrie, 1984), which started the era of concrete for bridge construction. The first bridge using reinforced concrete in the world was credited to Monier in 1867 (Heins and Lawrie, 1984). With a length of 13.80 m and a width of 4.25 m, this bridge is the first reinforced concrete bridge in the world located at Chazelet, Touraine, France ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK The first bridges using steel are believed to be constructed in the United Kingdom and United States in the 1880s. The Eads bridge was the first bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis. It was a major engineering feat, the largest bridge built at that time and the very first steel bridge. Completed in 1874, it is the oldest bridge standing on the Mississippi River designed by ENGR. JM SEGUNDO James Buchanan Eads BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK The Philippines has many old bridges, including stone arch bridges, concrete bridges, and steel bridges. Malagonlong Bridge: A 445 ft (136 m) long stone arch bridge built during the Spanish colonial period in Tayabas, Quezon. It's considered one of the oldest bridges in the Philippines. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK The Philippines has many old bridges, including stone arch bridges, concrete bridges, and steel bridges. Puente Del Capricho: A famous ancient bridge in Majayjay, Laguna, built on the backs of Indios in 1851. It was never finished due to faulty engineering. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK The Philippines has many old bridges, including stone arch bridges, concrete bridges, and steel bridges. Forbes Bridge: An arched girder bridge built in 1909 in Iloilo City to replace the wooden Jaro Bridge. It's considered the oldest concrete bridge in the Philippines. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK The Philippines has many old bridges, including stone arch bridges, concrete bridges, and steel bridges. Ayala Bridge: Built in 1872 as two separate timber bridges, it became the first steel bridge in the Philippines in 1908. It is a steel truss bridge over the Pasig River in Manila, Philippines ENGR. JM SEGUNDO BRIDGE ENGINEERING and HIGHWAY BRIDGE NETWORK Planning and designing of bridges is part art and part compromise AESTHETIC APPEAL TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS Bridges are often iconic Bridge design is often a compromise because landmarks, so their appearance it involves balancing multiple, sometimes must harmonize with the conflicting factors such as: surrounding environment, Engineering Feasibility whether urban or natural. Material Limitations Designers aim to create visually Sustainability striking structures that can Regulatory Compliance become symbols of their locations Cost Constraints Construction Timelines Public Acceptance ENGR. JM SEGUNDO Cultural Significance ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BRIDGE The American Association of Highway bridges can be classified based on various State and Highway Transportation criteria, including their: Officials (AASHTO) design Structural Form specifications include the following definition for highway Material Used bridges: any structure having an Purpose opening not less than 20 ft that forms part of a highway or that Span Length is located over or under a Relative Position highway. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM BEAM BRIDGES Consist of horizontal beams supported at each end by piers or abutments. The load is transferred directly to the supports. Plate girder bridges, box girder bridges. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM ARCH BRIDGES Have curved structures that transfer loads to supports at either end via compression forces. The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a steel through arch bridge in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia The 1,149m-long, 48.8m-wide structure is the world’s tallest steel arch bridge – measuring 134m from the top to the water below. It’s also the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM ARCH BRIDGES Have curved structures that transfer loads to supports at either end via compression forces. The Pingnan Third Bridge is a concrete- filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge in Pingnan County, Guangxi, China. Length: 1,035 meters long Span: 575 meters, the longest span of any arch bridge in the world ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM TRUSS BRIDGES Composed of interconnected triangular elements, offering high strength and load distribution. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM SUSPENSION BRIDGES Use cables suspended from towers to support the deck, allowing long spans. The Golden Gate Bridge connects the San Francisco Peninsula and the Presidio to Marin County across the beautiful Golden Gate Strait The Golden Gate Bridge measures 8,981 ft in total length (or 2.7 kilometers) The bridge is 746 feet (228 meters) at its tallest point; the roadway’s height above the water clocks in at 220 feet (67 meters). ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM SUSPENSION BRIDGES Use cables suspended from towers to support the deck, allowing long spans. The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge is located in Japan. Considered to be the longest span suspension bridge in the world (1,991 meters) ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM SUSPENSION BRIDGES Use cables suspended from towers to support the deck, allowing long spans. Tsing Ma Bridge is a bridge in Hong Kong Considered to be the world's longest suspension bridge carrying both road and rail traffic. Main Span: 1,377 meters Total Length: 2,160 meters Deck Widht: 41 meters ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES The deck is supported by cables connected directly to towers, offering a balance between stiffness and flexibility. Millau Viaduct in France in the world’s tallest bridge with a tower height of 343 meters. Main Span: 342 meters Total Length: 2460 meters ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES The deck is supported by cables connected directly to towers, offering a balance between stiffness and flexibility. The longest cable-stayed span bridge in the world is the Russky Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia It boasts an impressive main span of 1,104 meters ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES The deck is supported by cables connected directly to towers, offering a balance between stiffness and flexibility. Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX) Connects Cebu City and the municipality of Cordova on Mactan Island. Currently the longest cable-stayed bridge in the Philippines, designed to withstand high winds prevalent in the region. It enhances connectivity between Cebu and Mactan Island, facilitating economic growth and easing traffic congestion. Main Span: 390 meters ENGR. JM SEGUNDO Total Length: 650 meters TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM CANTILEVER BRIDGES Built using cantilevers extending from piers, supporting loads with balance. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORM CANTILEVER BRIDGES Built using cantilevers extending from piers, supporting loads with balance. The Quebec Bridge is located over the Saint Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada Currently holds the record for the longest cantilever span ever built. Main Span: 549 meters Total Length: 987 meters ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON MATERIALS USED CONCRETE BRIDGES Made of reinforced or prestressed concrete, providing durability and resistance to weather. Segmental bridges, box girder bridges ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON MATERIALS USED STEEL BRIDGES Built with steel components, offering high strength-to-weight ratio and flexibility. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON MATERIALS USED COMPOSITE BRIDGES Use a combination of materials, such as steel and concrete, to optimize strength and cost. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON MATERIALS USED TIMBER BRIDGES Constructed from wood, typically used for short spans in rural areas. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON PURPOSE/FUNCTION HIGHWAY BRIDGES Designed to carry vehicular traffic on roads and highways. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON PURPOSE/FUNCTION RAILWAY BRIDGES Designed to support railway loads, often using trusses for strength. Forth Bridge located in Scotland A UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous railway bridges in the world. Known for its distinctive red steel structure and cantilever design. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON PURPOSE/FUNCTION PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES Designed for foot traffic, commonly seen in urban areas and parks. The longest pedestrian bridge in the world is the Husseini Suspension Bridge in Pakistan with a length of 365 meters. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON PURPOSE/FUNCTION PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES Designed for foot traffic, commonly seen in urban areas and parks. The first-ever glass pedestrian bridge in the world is the Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. This bridge opened in 2016 and made global headlines for its daring design and engineering. Length: 430 meters ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON PURPOSE/FUNCTION AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Carry water over obstacles, such as valleys or roads. The Pont du Gard in France is a Roman aqueduct bridge and one of the best-preserved examples from antiquity. It was built in the 1st century AD to carry water over the Gardon River to the Roman city of Nîmes. This three-tiered bridge is not only an engineering marvel but also a UNESCO World Heritage site. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON BASED ON SPAN LENGTH SHORT-SPAN BRIDGES Lengths up to 15m Typically simple beam or slab structures. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON BASED ON SPAN LENGTH MEDIUM-SPAN BRIDGES Lengths up to 15m to 100m Include girder and arch bridges for longer road crossings. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON BASED ON SPAN LENGTH LONG-SPAN BRIDGES Lengths over100m Include cable-stayed and suspension bridges for large water crossings. The longest span bridge in the world is the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge in Qingdao, China having a total length of 26.4 km ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON BASED ON RELATIVE POSITION OVERPASS BRIDGE Is a type of bridge that allows one road or pathway to pass over another, typically without the need for a junction or intersection at ground level. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPES OF BRIDGES BASED ON BASED ON RELATIVE POSITION UNDERPASS BRIDGE The primary route (main road or railway) passes below another structure. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE There are two main parts of a bridge: SUPERSTRUCTURE SUBSTRUCTURE The portion of the bridge that carries The part of the bridge that supports the load of traffic and transmits it to the superstructure and transfers the substructure. loads to the foundation. Includes all components above the Includes all components below the bridge supports (piers and superstructure that hold up the abutments). bridge. Deck Piers Girders/Beams Abutment Slab Wing Walls Parapet/Railing Pile Cap Expansion Joint Foundation Bearings ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE DECK The deck is the topmost part of the Provides a stable and smooth surface bridge that directly supports and carries for traffic movement. vehicular, pedestrian, or railway traffic. Distributes loads to the supporting It consists of materials such as structural components. reinforced concrete, steel, or timber and often includes layers of Serves as a protective layer for waterproofing and surface treatment structural elements below. for durability and safety. Allows for the integration of utilities such as drainage, lighting, and signage. The deck is supported by underlying structural elements such as girders, stringers, and diaphragms. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE GIRDERS or BEAMS Girders are large horizontal beams made Provides primary support for the deck of steel or reinforced concrete that and transfers loads to the piers or support the bridge deck. They are placed abutments. longitudinally along the bridge Enhances the structural strength and load-bearing capacity of the bridge. Helps resist bending and shear forces acting on the bridge. Distributes loads evenly along the span. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE SLAB The slab is a flat, horizontal element of Supports traffic loads and transmits reinforced concrete placed directly on them to supporting elements below. girders or stringers. It forms the main Provides a level and continuous surface part of the deck and may include for vehicles or pedestrians. reinforcement bars or prestressing tendons for added strength. Protects structural components from environmental damage, such as water infiltration. Reduces deflections by distributing loads evenly. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE PARAPET (GUARDRAIL) A parapet is a protective barrier or railing Provides safety for pedestrians and installed along the edges of the bridge vehicles by preventing falls. deck. It is typically made from reinforced Acts as a visual guide for traffic along concrete, metal, or a combination of the edges of the bridge. both. Reduces the effects of wind forces on the bridge deck. Can incorporate noise barriers or decorative elements. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINT Expansion joints are flexible devices Prevents structural damage by placed at regular intervals along the absorbing expansion and contraction bridge deck to accommodate movements. movements caused by thermal Reduces the risk of cracking due to expansion, shrinkage, and other temperature changes. dynamic forces. Allows for smooth traffic flow without jolts or bumps. Ensures water tightness and prevents water ingress into structural components. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE ABUTMENTS Abutments are the end supports of a Transfers loads from the superstructure bridge that provide vertical and lateral to the foundation. support to the bridge superstructure and retain the embankment. Provides stability by resisting lateral earth pressure from the embankment. Anchors the bridge and connects it to the roadway. Prevents soil erosion around the bridge ends. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE PIERS Piers are vertical supports located Transfers the bridge's weight and loads between the abutments that provide to the ground. intermediate support for the bridge deck. Reduces the span length, improving structural efficiency. Provides stability against lateral forces such as wind and seismic activity. Acts as a support for both bending and shear forces. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE BEARINGS Bearings are mechanical devices Allows for thermal expansion and installed between the bridge deck and contraction of the bridge deck. piers or abutments to allow for controlled movement and rotation. Reduces stress concentrations by distributing loads evenly. Enhances bridge durability by preventing structural damage. Provides flexibility and accommodates seismic movements. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE PILE CAP A pile cap is a thick, reinforced concrete Ensures even distribution of loads slab or block that rests on top of a group across multiple piles, preventing of foundation piles, effectively tying overloading of individual piles. them together to distribute and transfer loads from the bridge superstructure. Helps prevent differential settlement by ensuring uniform load distribution to the The pile cap provides a stable platform soil. for piers or columns and helps evenly distribute the structural loads to the Helps resist bending moments, shear piles beneath it. forces, and horizontal loads transmitted from the superstructure, such as wind, seismic forces, and traffic loads. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS The part of the bridge that transfers Provides stability by spreading loads to a loads to the underlying soil or rock. larger area. Prevents settlement or tilting of the bridge. Enhances bridge durability by preventing structural damage. Ensures the bridge can support traffic loads without deformation. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO TYPICAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE WING WALLS Extensions of the abutments that Retains earth behind the abutments. prevent soil from spilling onto the bridge. Provides lateral stability. Prevents erosion and protects the embankments. ENGR. JM SEGUNDO ENGR. JM SEGUNDO