Budget_Accessing Nutritional Status.pdf

The Federal Budget Process Mandatory spending a. For entitlements – programs that require payments of benefits to anyone who is eligible b. What are examples of entitlement programs? - Social Security (affects food purchasing ability) - SNAP Program (school nutrition programs) -Medicaid/Medicare...

The Federal Budget Process Mandatory spending a. For entitlements – programs that require payments of benefits to anyone who is eligible b. What are examples of entitlement programs? - Social Security (affects food purchasing ability) - SNAP Program (school nutrition programs) -Medicaid/Medicare ● Discretionary spending ● Choices made in defense, energy assistance, nutrition assistance Nutrition example: WIC (women/children nutritional help) ● President’s budget is provided annually to Congress to consider ● Budget authorization – establishes programs ○ sets a ceiling on spending ○ does not provide money Budget appropriation – provides money for programs ○ may be for a single year, specified period of years (multi-year appropriations), or an indefinite number of years (no-year appropriations) ■ Continuing resolutions may be needed during vote ● What is a continuing resolution? - continuation of funds Strategies for Influencing the Political Process ● ● Political Action Committees (PACs) ● “political arm” of interest group ● raises money to support candidates whose views are favorably aligned with the group’s missions and goals Lobbying = Marketing ● ● provide technical information to policymakers to help pass legislation Building coalitions (networks and other alliances) ● join with smaller groups to influence political system Examples of agencies for information and partnerships ● ● Federal ● ______: Food and Nutrition Services (USDA) ● _____: FDA, NIH, CDC Professional ● ● SNEB, AND, or APHA Voluntary health agencies ● ACS, AHA ● Companies ● Non-profits ● AARP, United Way Community Assessment (Aka Asset Mapping) ● ● Measurement = assigning numbers to concepts (add to this) Assessment = 1. measuring the way things are (baseline) 2. determining should be 3. calculating the difference Assess Why? ● determine level of care needed ● respond to a crisis, demand, or opportunity ● **MUST have baseline to determine effectiveness Assess What? 1. Define target population ● 2. Who is the community? Describe target population 3. ● demographics: ● Age ● Sex ● SES ● Ethnicity ● Education What are the perceived health needs? ● 4. 5. how will you know? What is the health and nutritional status? ● statistics: IMR, LBW, causes of death and disability… ● check with community agencies ● survey nutrition-related habits, dietary intakes, food supply… (NNMRR system) What resources are available to meet needs? ● Men, Minutes, Money, Materials Assessing Nutritional Status ● ● Before data collection ● Review the purpose, goals, and objectives ● Develop a set of questions ● Select a method to obtain answers Methods of data collection Food Diary/Record, 24-hour recall, FFQ’s, Dietary History Anthropometric Measurements: EX: measures height, weight, BMI Biochemical (laboratory): EX: taste acuity to test for zinc status Composition (of the body): EX: skinfold thickness, lean body mass vs body fat Dietary Assessment: EX: recording food consumption, 24 hr recall, weighing food ● Selecting a Method ● Issues to consider: - ● Program objectives ● Study population ● Financial issues ● Implementation requirements ● Analysis requirements ● Actual data collection issues Practical issues Scientific issues Sensitivity vs. specificity Sensitivity - is a test's ability to accurately identify individuals or situations with a specific trait or condition, prioritizing reducing false negatives and identifying all true situations, especially when genuine opportunities may be missed. Specificity - A test's specificity measures its ability to exclude individuals or cases without the desired characteristic, minimizing false positives and identifying cases with the desired condition, ensuring specificity to prevent unnecessary interventions or treatments. Validity vs. reliability Validity - is the accuracy and appropriateness of a measurement in capturing the intended construct or concept, such as a questionnaire measuring depression but actually measuring anxiety, indicating its validity. Reliability - is the consistency and stability of a measurement or test over time and across different conditions, ensuring the same measurement yields similar results if administered repeatedly or by different individuals, as in a reliable weight scale. - Cultural issues