Exploring Risks and Reforms in U

To enhance the ability to fight disease, avoid hospitalization, and expensive treatments.

To attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

Determining the extent of the hazard and identifying who faces the hazard.

A course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem.

Because they can help keep employees healthy and are manageable and easy-to-document.

A movement away from treatment-based care and emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention.

To promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all.

Little 'p' policy and Big 'P' policy

Little 'p' policy is implemented at the department or agency level, while Big 'P' policy requires legislative and executive approval

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

To administer the laws

To make the laws

To interpret the laws

Define Health Problems & Agenda Setting, Formulation of Alternatives, Policy Adoption, Policy Implementation, Policy Evaluation, Policy Termination

Through mechanisms such as food labels (e.g., Calories now in bold letters) that can change people's consumption behavior

The key steps involved in the process of policymaking are: defining health problems and agenda setting, formulation of alternatives, policy adoption, policy implementation, policy evaluation, and policy termination.

The purpose of legitimizing policy is to establish it as a recognized and accepted authority, ensuring that it has the power and credibility to influence the health behavior of the general public.

Big 'P' policy refers to national or state policy that requires legislative and executive approval, while Little 'p' policy is implemented at the department or agency level and addresses organizational practices.

The branches of the U.S. Government are the Executive branch, which administers the laws; the Legislative branch, which makes the laws; and the Judicial branch, which interprets the laws.

The lobbying opportunities include proposing a bill, agenda setting within Congress, taking action at the appropriate committee, and encouraging the President to sign or veto a bill.

A grassroots coalition plays a role in developing effective policy by garnering support from various stakeholders in the community, mobilizing public opinion, and advocating for the policy change.

The tools or instruments used in policy adoption may include regulations, expenditures, partnerships, programs, or a combination thereof.

Policy evaluation is important to assess the impact of the policy and the effectiveness of the tools used in its implementation. It helps determine if the policy is achieving its intended goals and if any adjustments or improvements are needed.

Policy termination may occur due to loss of support, failure to achieve goals, or excessive costs associated with the policy.

Food labeling, such as highlighting calorie content, can influence the health behavior of the general public by providing transparent information about the nutritional content of food, enabling individuals to make informed choices and potentially impacting their consumption patterns.

The purpose of risk assessment is to determine the extent of the hazard and identify who faces the hazard.

Including nutrition services in health care benefits is important because it is relatively inexpensive compared to treatment, helps keep employees healthy, is manageable and easy-to-document, enhances the ability to fight disease and avoid expensive treatments, and promotes patient recovery.

The overarching goal of Healthy People 2030 Vision is to attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

The five overarching goals of Healthy People 2030 Vision are to eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all, create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all, promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages, and engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all.

Public policy is the course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem, which is the gap between reality and the desired situation.

Big 'P' policy refers to formal policies that are enacted by government bodies, while Little 'p' policy refers to the informal actions and decisions made by individuals and organizations that influence public outcomes.

Policies need public and legislative support to be implemented effectively and to ensure they align with public values and priorities.

The potential future reform in U.S. health care mentioned in the text includes a movement away from treatment-based care, emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention, and effective provision and allocation of resources for preventive care, especially nutrition services.

The role of the Executive branch of the U.S. Government is to implement and enforce laws, manage the day-to-day operations of the government, and lead the nation's response to domestic and international issues.

The role of the Legislative branch of the U.S. Government is to make and pass laws, represent the interests of the people, and provide a system of checks and balances on the other branches of government.

WIC

To provide money for programs

To raise money for interest groups

USDA

Voluntary health agency

To measure the way things are

Measurement assigns numbers to concepts, while assessment measures the way things are

To influence the passage of legislation

FDA

Social Security, SNAP Program, Medicaid/Medicare

Physical examination

To prioritize reducing false negatives

Validity measures the accuracy and appropriateness of a measurement, while reliability measures the consistency and stability of a measurement

Social Economic Status

To understand the population's perception of their health needs

To capture the intended construct or concept in a culturally appropriate manner

To determine the availability of resources to meet the needs

To exclude individuals or cases without the desired characteristic

To align data collection with the intended outcomes

To understand the baseline health and nutritional status