Plumbing System Lecture Notes PDF

01/09/2023 DEFINITION: The work or business of installing in...

01/09/2023 DEFINITION: The work or business of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes PLUMBING SYSTEM Lecture 01 - WATER SUPPLY Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez 1 2 PARTS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SYSTEM: The essential component is the FIXTURES: without SUPPLY - the piping that brings the water to its them there is no need for the others. points of use The chief criteria for designing a plumbing FIXTURES - point-of-use receptacles that system are its number of fixtures, number of receive the supply water and discharge the fixture units, supply main flow rate, and water waterborne wastes pressure at the highest fixture. WASTE - the piping and venting that convey the wastes and any associated gases from its points of use to outside the building 3 4 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY: SYSTEM: SURFACE SOURCES: Providing water and drainage for sanitation and potable water needs Lakes, Streams, Rivers Reservoirs, Run-off from roofs & paved areas Disposal of precipitation falling on the building. This system is referred to as the stormwater system 5 6 1  01/09/2023 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY: GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER: UNDERGROUND SOURCES: Alkalinity Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Artesian Wells, Artesian Springs, Land Springs Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide components. Testing for these components of water’s alkalinity is a key to determining which treatments to use 7 8 GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER: Hardness pH Hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps A measure of the water’s hydrogen ion and detergents, and it deposits scale on the concentration, as well as its relative acidity inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, or alkalinity. thus wasting heating fuel and making utensils unusable. Hardness, which is caused by calcium and magnesium salts, can be classified as temporary (carbonate) or permanent (noncarbonate) 9 10 below 7 indicate increasing acidity and corrosiveness The pH value is the starting point water in its natural state can have for determining treatments for a pH as low as 5.5, with 0 being the corrosion control, chemical ultimate acidity dosages, and disinfection. higher than 7 indicate increasing alkalinity, with 14 representing the ultimate alkalinity 11 12 2  01/09/2023 WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION: Rainwater - carbon dioxide, sulphur, and nitro oxides (from air) Surface & Substrata Water Sources – inorganic materials such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium. These are responsible for water hardness Organic matter from decaying vegetation, animals, & untreated waste can provide bacteria contamination causing typhoid, cholera, & dysentery 13 14 Water Treatment Facilities of Water Companies WATER CONTAMINATION: Storage Tank Storage Tank 1 1 Pump Pump House 2 House 2 Impounding Impounding Reservoir Reservoir Chlorinating Chlorinating House House 500,000 50,000 500 To Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Zero Street Main per liter per liter per liter Bacteria per liter 15 16 WATER CONTAMINATION: BOARD EXAM QUESTION: What is the use of chlorine? a. Water Disinfectant b. Water Purifier c. d. 17 18 3  01/09/2023 WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION: Chlorination is the process used to destroy any Sterilisation by injection bacterial microbes before general distribution to water mains adding 0.1-0.3 ppm of chlorine after the filtration process to destroy organic matter 19 20 WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: Gravitational Distribution Gravitational Distribution – the water from upland gathering grounds is impounded in a Pumped Distribution reservoir. There are no pumping costs with this system 21 22 WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: Pumped Distribution – water extracted from a Ring Main Distribution – a preferred distribution river is pumped into a settlement tank, as sections can be isolated with minimal subsequently filtered & chlorinated. disruption & more opportunity for water to maintain a flow 23 24 4  01/09/2023 WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: Stop Valve (globe type) Valves used in controlling or isolating distribution section: Used to control the flow of water at high Stop Valve (globe type) pressure. Gate or Sluice Valve To close the flow of water the crutch head Drain Valve handle is rotated slowly in a clockwise direction gradually reducing the flow 25 26 WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION: Gate or Sluice Valve Drain Valve Used to control the Installed at the flow of water on low lowest point in pressure pipe systems, installations. The boilers, and wheel head is storage vessels rotated clockwise to control the flow of water 27 28 CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: SERVICE PIPE SUPPLY PIPE DISTRIBUTING PIPE M SERVICE PIPE 30 31 5  01/09/2023 CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: Service Pipe connection that is made to the main and is run to a stop valve near to the site boundary of the building; maintenance is M the responsibility of the water company. SERVICE PIPE Pressure is usually between 50-70psi PNEUMATIC DISTRIBUTING TANK PIPE 32 33 CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: SERVICE PIPE SUPPLY PIPE The pipe that run from stop valve to, and into, the building. Maintenance is the responsibility of the building owner 34 35 CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: DISTRIBUTING PIPE STATIC PRESSURE any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe) that conveys water from a storage cistern or The pressure exerted at the bottom of a from hot water apparatus stationary “head” of water is related directly to its height. 36 37 6  01/09/2023 STATIC PRESSURE STATIC PRESSURE Which has the One cubic foot of water greater pressure? weighs 62.4 lb. Consider a “cube” of water 1 ft A or B square and 1 ft high. Its weight (62.4 lb) rests on a bottom area of 1 ft² (144 in²). The static pressure at the bottom is 62.4/144 = 0.433 psi (3 kPa). 38 39 STATIC PRESSURE For 144feet and 1 inch² diameter pipe. The static pressure at the bottom is 62.4/1 = 62.4 psi 40 41 Cold Water CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe) that conveys water from a storage cistern or from hot water apparatus TYPES OF SYSTEMS USED: Cold Water Supply System Hot Water Supply System 42 43 7  01/09/2023 Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System INDIRECT SYSTEM – from a cold storage cistern DIRECT SYSTEM – from the mains water pressure 44 45 BOARD EXAM QUESTION: INDIRECT SYSTEM for Multi- Which is an illegal thing to do………. storey Buildings a. Booster pump directly getting water Suction Tank or Break Tank directly from water main then distributed is used to provide an to the Townhouse units additional buffer between the street mains and the b. Tap directly from water main then pumps that replenish the directly to the fixture units depleted water in the storage tanks c. Provide a cistern then provide water to the townhouse units 47 48 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System INDIRECT SYSTEM: Advantages INDIRECT SYSTEM: Disadvantages The reserve of water in the cistern that may be The considerable weight of a filled cistern has called on against interruption of supply to to be supported at high level provide regular flow The inconvenience of access to the cistern for The air gap between the supply pipe and the inspection and maintenance water level in the cistern acts as an effective barrier to backflow into the mains supply, The possibility of the cistern overflowing which can cause contamination Animals and insects may enter the cistern and contaminate the water held in the open cistern 49 50 8  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System GENERAL CATEGORIES: GENERAL CATEGORIES: Storage (Tank-type) Storage (Tank-type) Gas Water Heater Electric Water Heater consists of an insulated Solar Water Heater water-storage tank and a heating means, which Instantaneous (Tankless) heats the fixed quantity In-line Type of water in the tank & Point-of-Use Type stores it until it is needed Multi-point Single-point 54 55 Gas Water Heater Electric Water Heater 56 57 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System GENERAL CATEGORIES: GENERAL CATEGORIES: Instantaneous (Tankless) Instantaneous In-line Type Point-of-use or local type instantly heat water as it self-contained units that passes through on the are located close to the way to the hot water fixture or fixtures requiring fixture hot waters 58 59 9  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Water Meter Water Meter Valves Water System Valves Installed in buildings where Tank Valves water use is measured Pumps 60 61 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories BOARD EXAM QUESTION: Water Meter What is used to shut off flow of water during Valves maintenance? Water System Valves Tank Valves a. Angle Valve Pumps b. Gate Valve c. Check Valve 62 63 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Valves Valves Water System Valves Gate Valve 64 65 10  01/09/2023 Gate Valve Gate Valve operates by raising or sometimes referred to as lowering a metal gate a fullway gate valve as into, or out of, the line when it is fully open it of the pipework as the does not restrict flow spindle is screwed along the pipeline, down or up unlike the globe valve gate valve is used where there is low pressure flow in the pipeline, such as that from cistern feed systems 66 67 Valves Globe Valve Water System Valves control or shut flow through a disc that is Globe Valve lowered slowly by turning a screwdown spindle to a seating (they are also described as screw down valves) commonly used in high pressure and hot water pipework 68 69 Valves Valves Water System Valves Water System Valves Check Valve Angle Valve An automatic valve A valve for controlling which permits liquid the flow of a liquid or to flow in only one air; the fluid leaves at direction right angles to the direction in which it enters the valve 70 71 11  01/09/2023 Valves Valves Water System Valves Water System Valves Ball Valve Drain-and-Waste Valve A valve for regulating a valve used to drain the flow of fluids by a water or other liquid movable ball which from a pipework fits in a spherical seat installation 72 73 Valves Valves Water System Valves Water System Valves Fixture Shutoff Valve Bib Tap a simple water tap for filling or emptying vessels etc. whose nozzle is bent downwards 74 75 Valves DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Water System Valves Water Meter Bib Tap Valves Water System Valves Tank Valves Pumps 76 77 12  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Valves Valves Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves) Automatic flow control Types: devices fitted to cisterns to Diaphragm maintain an appropriate Portsmouth volume of water Croydon 78 79 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves) Diaphragm type Portsmouth type The least noisy as there is less friction between Have a piston moving horizontally moving parts 80 81 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Tank Valves (Float valves) Water Meter Valves Croydon type Water System Valves Tank Valves Have a piston moving Pumps vertically Likely to be found in very old installations 82 83 13  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories Pumps PUMPS a mechanical device for providing the force to move mass materials in liquid, granular or Centrifugal gaseous form, or to compress gases Types: Centrifugal Jet [Ejector] Best for moving large volumes of water at low- Rotary Sump to-medium pressures Reciprocating Booster Submersible Jockey good for steady flows, low-to-high discharge Positive Displacement Turbine pressures, and dirty, abrasive, or partly solid Helical Rotor liquids. 84 85 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories PUMPS PUMPS: Centrifugal Positive Displacement A type of pump that displace a set volume of water with each turn of the pump Use as construction pump Types: Rotary & Reciprocating 86 87 PUMPS PUMPS Rotary Reciprocating Best for moving viscous Good for high or high-pressure liquids; discharge pressures and small capacities, good for steady flows, clean and clear medium discharge liquids, and pulsing pressures, and small-to- flows medium capacities Not good where Not good for abrasive pulsing flows are liquids undesirable. 88 89 14  01/09/2023 PUMPS PUMPS Submersible Submersible consists of one or more pump stages driven by a closely coupled motor designed for submerged operation useful in dewatering tunnels, foundation pits, trenches, and similar locations useful in dewatering tunnels, foundation pits, trenches, and similar locations 90 91 PUMPS PUMPS Helical Rotor Jet [Ejector] consists of a spiral rotor that rotates in a sleeve. As the spiral rotor turns, it traps water between the rotor and the sleeve, forcing it to the outlet end of the sleeve Jet pumps are actually a combination of centrifugal and ejector pumps are economical for low volume facilities, and are commonly used in wells 92 93 PUMPS PUMPS Jet [Ejector] Sump a pump (as in a basement) to remove accumulations of liquid (such as rainwater) from a sump pit 94 95 15  01/09/2023 PUMPS PUMPS Sump Booster A pump which is used where pressure is low and needs to be increased. 96 97 PUMPS PUMPS Booster Jockey Jockey pumps are small, motor driven pumps used in conjunction with main fire pumps to compensate for minor leaks in the fire protection system and automatically maintain stand-by pressure. 98 99 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials PUMPS Turbine PIPING Turbine pumps consist of Consists of pipe or tubing and fittings one or more centrifugal pump stages driven by a vertical shaft, connecting Types: the pumping assembly to a motor mounted at the Copper Piping surface Plastic Piping Used as a “Fire Pump” Steel Piping 100 101 16  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Piping Copper Piping Has strong resistance to corrosion Called as “copper tubing” because of its thin wall 102 103 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Copper Piping Copper Piping Fittings are soldered to the tubing and called Solder Types: as “sweat joints” 29% tin + 71% lead @ 210ºC (traditional application, prohibited) 63% tin + 37% lead @ 185ºC (for electrical application) 99% tin + 1% copper @ 235ºC (lead-free for water system) 104 105 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Union Drop-ear Elbows Plastic Piping Reducer Threaded Adapters the pipes & fittings are produced from synthetic 90º Elbow Caps resins derived from fossil fuels, such as coal & petroleum Reducing Elbow like copper, plastic piping does not present 45º Elbow corrosion problems T-fittings Copper Fittings Reducing T-fittings 107 108 17  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Plastic Piping Plastic Piping PVC (polyvinyl chloride) lightweight a rigid white pipe that is strong & economical cheaper than copper it resists most acids & alkalis but not chlorinated Types: hydrocarbons & certain solvents PVC LDPE cPVC PB Typical diameters are 11/4, 11/2, 2, 21/2, 3, 4, uPVC PE and 6 inches PPR ABS HDPE 109 110 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Plastic Piping PVC (polyvinyl chloride) Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F Maximum temperature for nonpressure use = 180˚F Used for cold water supply, drain, waste, vent, and some process piping 111 112 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Plastic Piping : cPVC [Chlorinated PolyVinyl Plastic Piping Chloride] CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) a cream-colored rigid pipe that is very strong and has a chemical resistance similar to PVC Common diameters are 1/2 and 3/4 inches Maximum Pressure = 100 psi at 180˚F Used for hot and cold water supply as well as Heat-fusion Machine process piping 113 114 18  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Plastic Piping : uPVC [Unplasticized PolyVinyl Chloride] Plastic Piping PB (polybutane) a flexible tubing that can also be snaked through walls and around corners Connections are usually compression type; it cannot be solvent-welded Typical diameters are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 2 inches Heat-fusion Machine Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 180˚F 115 116 117 118 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Plastic Piping Plastic Piping PE (polyethylene) PE (polyethylene) a flexible tubing that can be snaked through Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F walls and around corners Maximum Temperature for nonpressure use = can bend without breaking when buried in 180˚F settling soil, and is highly resistant to unusual soil conditions Used for low-pressure cold water underground services Typical diameters are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 2 inches 119 120 19  01/09/2023 121 122 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Plastic Piping : PPR [Polypropylene Random Plastic Piping Copolymer Pipe] ABS (acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene) a rigid black pipe that is fairly strong and economical Typical diameters are 11/4, 11/2, 2, 21/2, 3, 4, and 6 inches Maximum pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F Heat-fusion Machine most common plastic piping for drains & vents 123 124 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Union Drop-ear Elbows Steel Piping Reducer Threaded Adapters available in 90º Elbow Caps galvanized or black types in standard Reducing Elbow (the most common), extra heavy, & 45º Elbow double extra heavy weights T-fittings Plastic Fittings Reducing T-fittings 125 126 20  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Steel Piping Steel Piping Galvanized pipe resists rust better, but black is Connections are threaded the finest piping if it is to be exposed to fire or high temperatures Common diameters are 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 11/4, 1-1/2, 2, 2-1/2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches 127 128 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Steel Piping: Advantages Steel Piping: Disadvantages Best for high temperatures, pressures, and Expensive velocities Heavy Lowest coefficient of expansion Brittle in very cold temperatures The strongest piping; thus its lengths require the least support 129 130 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials Steel Piping: Fittings Steel Piping: Fittings Coupling Plug Nipple Cap Reducer Tee Union/Bushing 131 132 21  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Piping Requirement Steel Piping: Fittings Thermal Expansion: Elbow 45º Elbow Deformation of pipe shapes subjected to thermal expansion 133 134 3/8” Ø 9.5 mm ¾” Ø ½” Ø 3/8” Ø ½” Ø 3/8” Ø 19mm 13mm 9.5 mm 13mm 9.5 mm 135 136 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture Cold Water Cold Water Supply Supply Hot Water Hot Water Supply Supply Sanitary Sanitary KITCHEN Piping Piping SINK LAVATORY 137 138 22  01/09/2023 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture Cold Water Supply Hot Water Hot Water Supply SINGLE Supply POINT Sanitary WATER Piping Cold Water SHOWER HEATER Supply 139 140 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture Cold Water Supply Cold Water Supply Hot Water Supply Sanitary Sanitary WATER Piping Piping CLOSET BATHTUB 141 142 DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture Cold Water Supply Cold Water Supply Hot Water Supply Hot Water Supply Sanitary Sanitary WASHING Piping Piping BIDET MACHINE 143 144 23  01/09/2023 BOARD EXAM QUESTION: Centralized Filtration Systems: What do you call liquid waste (without urine, feces, or industrial waste) discharges into the sewer? a. Gray Water b. Storm Water c. Black Water d. Ground Water 145 146 Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings: Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings: Potable water (usually treated, suitable for Dark graywater (from washing machines with dirty drinking) diaper loads, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers; usually prohibited for reuse) Rainwater Clearwater (backwash water from reverse Graywater (wastewater not from toilets or urinals) osmosis water treatment; condensation from a cooling coil) Blackwater (water containing toilet or urinal waste) 147 148 Plumbing Symbols: 149 150 24  01/09/2023 QUIZ: QUIZ: 151 152 25