Brown and Green Scrapbook Art History Presentation PDF

MULTIPERSPECTIVITY Presented by Ana Jane Edullan, Ianwell Destriza, Earl Losloso, Jarelle Mercado, Nicole Fernandez, and Raizen Oria  OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: Employ multiperspectivity in analyzing historical interpretations...

MULTIPERSPECTIVITY Presented by Ana Jane Edullan, Ianwell Destriza, Earl Losloso, Jarelle Mercado, Nicole Fernandez, and Raizen Oria  OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: Employ multiperspectivity in analyzing historical interpretations Compare and contrast the prevailing perspectives of an event's primary accounts Assess the authenticity of conflicting and competing accounts of an event Identify and evaluate different interpretations of historical events Develop critical thinking skills and historical analysis  Introduction Multiperspectivity is the idea of looking at historical events from different points of view. It helps us understand that people can see the same event in different ways, based on their experiences and beliefs. The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was a short rebellion by Filipino soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal against Spanish rule. Although the mutiny was quickly stopped, it played a big role in inspiring future movements for Philippine independence. From one point of view, the mutiny happened because Filipinos were unhappy with their unfair treatment and bad working conditions. From another point of view, the Spanish saw it as a threat to their power and blamed Filipino leaders for causing it. The execution of three Filipino priests, GomBurZa (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora), after the mutiny made them heroes in the eyes of many Filipinos, sparking more anger against Spanish rule. Looking at the mutiny from different angles helps us understand its importance in the fight for independence. What is Multiperspectivity? Is a way of looking of historical events personalities development cultures and societies from different perspective true drawing and procedures and processes which are fundamental to history as a discipline.  Examples of some of the ways historians fail in their inference, description, and interpretation 1. Historians decide on what sources to use, what interpretation to make more apparent, depending on what their agenda is. 2. Historians may misinterpret evidence, attending those that suggest that a particular event happened, and then ignoring the rest that goes against the evidence. 3. Historians may omit significant facts about their subject, which makes the interpretation unbalanced. 4. Historians may impose a specific ideology on their subject, which may not be appropriate to the period the subject belonged. 5. Historians may also provide a single cause for an event without considering other possible causal explanation of said event. The three cases in this lesson are essential events in philippine history that could be seen through different vantage points. 1. The cavite in 1872 paved the way of the Philippine revolution. 2. The cry of the rebellion in 1896 mark the revolutionary events that led to Philippine independence in 1898. 3. The philippine american war from 1899 to 1902 is the continuation of the revolution against spain, now focused against the United States. In all these events we see two distinct sides. a.The filipino versus the colonizers b. Spain and the United States  TheCavite The Cavite Mutiny Mutiny The Cavite Mutiny The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite on 20 January 1872. Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising The Cavite Mutiny It describes the uprising of the Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal due to the removal of the privileges: EXEMPTION FROM THE TRIBUTE EXEMPTION FROM FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning Philippines nationalist movement.  The Two Major Events Happened in 1872 First , was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny Second , was the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA) which is the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos. Differing Accounts 1872 CAVITE MUTINY: SPANISH PERSPECTIVE RESPONSE TO INJUSTICE: THE FILIPINO VERSION OF THE INCIDENT Spanish accounts of the mutiny MONTERO'S ACCOUNT OF CAVITE MUTINY Jose Montero Y Vidal, a prolific spanish historian documented the event and highlighted that, the Cavite Mutiny is an aim of natives to get rid of the Spanish government in the Philippines, due to the removal of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal such as exemptionfrom the tribute and forced labor. The democratic and republican books and pamphlets, the speeches and preaching of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain and the outburst of the American publicists and the cruel policies of the insensitive governor whom the reigning government sent to govern the country. Filipinos putinto action these ideas where the occurring conditions which gaverise to the idea of achieving their independence. Spanish accounts of the mutiny ACCOUNT OF GOVERNOR-GENERAL RAFAEL IZQUIERDO Y GUTIÉRREZ The mutiny was stimulated and prepared by the native clergy, mestizos and lawyers as a signal of objection against the injustices of the government such as not paying provinces for tobacco crops, pay tribute and rendering of forced labor. It is not clearly identified if Indios planned to inaugurate a monarchy or a republic because they don't have a word in their own language to describe this different form of government, whose leader in Filipino would be called "hari". However, it turned out that they would set at the supreme of the government a priest—that the leader selected would be Jose Burgos or Jacinto Zamora which is the plan of the rebels who guided them, and the means they counted upon its realization PADRO DE TAVERA'S ACCOUNT OF CAVITE MUTINY The event is just a simple mutiny since up to that time the Filipinos have no intention of separation from Spain but only secure materials and education advancements in the country. However, the mutiny was used at a powerful level. Also, in thistime, the central government deprived friars of the powers of involvement in civil government and in governing and handling universities. Therefore, the friars—afraid that their leverage in the Philippines would be a thing of the past—took advantage of the mutiny and reported it to the Spanish government as a broad conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of abolishing Spanish sovereignty. The Madrid government without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged revolution reported by Izquierdo and the friars believed the scheme was true.  EDMUND PLACHUT'S ACCOUNT French writer Complemented Tavera's account and analyze the motivation of the 1872 Cavite mutiny He traced the immediate cause to a peremptory order from the governor, Izquierdo, exacting personal taxes from the Filipino laborers in the engineering and artillery corps in the Cavite arsenal, and requiring them to perform forced labor like ordinary subjects. Until then, these workers in the arsenal had been enjoying exemptions from both taxes and forced labor. January 20, the day of the revolt, was payday and the laborers found the amount of taxes as well as the corresponding fee in lieu of the forced labor deducted from their pay envelopes. It was the last straw.  Different accounts in the Cavite mutiny also highlighted other probable causes of the "revolution" Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, "conspired and supported" the rebels and enemies of Spain. In addition, accounts of the mutiny suggest that the Spanish Revolution in Spain during that time added more determination to the natives to overthrow the current colonial Spanish government. TheCry The Cryofofthe the Rebellion Rebellion  The Cry of the Rebellion The Cry of the Rebellion The Cry of Balintawak was a key event in the Philippine Revolution in August 1896, when the Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, started their fight against Spanish rule. The revolutionaries symbolically tore their cedulas (tax certificates) as an act of defiance. This marked the beginning of the armed struggle for Philippine independence. The event is seen as one of the most important moments in the country's history. THE ACCOUNTS OF THE CRY Guillermo Masangkay was a Filipino revolutionary involved in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. He was a member of the Katipunan, a secret society that led the uprising. Masangkay participated in the Cry of Balintawak in August 1896, an event marking the start of the revolution. During this meeting, Filipino revolutionaries, including Andres Bonifacio, tore up their cedulas (tax certificates) as a symbol of defiance against Spanish rule. Though not as famous as some other leaders, Masangkay played an important role in the fight for Philippine independence. THE ACCOUNTS OF THE CRY Pio Valenzuela was a Filipino revolutionary and a member of the Katipunan, the group that fought for Philippine independence from Spanish rule. He played a key role in the Cry of Balintawak in 1896, which marked the start of the revolution. Valenzuela also tried to gain the support of José Rizal for the revolution but was unsuccessful. He continued to support the independence movement and became an important figure in the early years of the Philippine Republic. THE ACCOUNTS OF THE CRY Santiago Álvarez was a Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for independence from Spain during the Philippine Revolution. He played a key role in organizing military actions in Cavite and worked closely with Emilio Aguinaldo. Álvarez also fought against American forces in the Philippine-American War and later became involved in the early years of the Philippine Republic. He is known for documenting his experiences during the revolution. THE ACCOUNTS OF THE CRY Santiago Álvarez was a Filipino revolutionary leader who fought for independence from Spain during the Philippine Revolution. He played a key role in organizing military actions in Cavite and worked closely with Emilio Aguinaldo. Álvarez also fought against American forces in the Philippine-American War and later became involved in the early years of the Philippine Republic. He is known for documenting his experiences during the revolution.  The revolution against the Spanish government in the Philippines was debated on August 29, 1896. The Katipuneros, led by Santiago Alvarez, gathered at the house of Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong and gathered at Bahay Toro. The Supremo Andres Bonifacio assigned guards and three hundred men, including Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo, Pantelaon Torres, Francisco Carreon, Vicente Fernandez, and Teodoro Plata, to protect the people's freedom. The meeting approved an uprising to defend the people's freedom, alert the Katipunan forces in case of a disadvantage, and focus on capturing Manila. The immediate objective was to secure their freedom. The meeting adjourned at twelve noon, and eyewitness accounts show disagreement among historical witnesses on the location and time of the Cry. Four sites have been identified using primary and secondary sources: Balintawak, San Juan, San Juan, and Bahay Toro. Philippine American War are Insurrection- Balintawak: The Cry for a Nationwide Revolution, an article by Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion, and Ramon Villegas, explores the Filipino nationwide revolution in the Philippines. The Philippines was a target of the Philippine-American War, which continued the struggle for independence against Spain. In 1898, the United States invaded the Philippines, leading to the establishment of General Emilio Aguinaldo's government and control of much of Luzon. The Philippines was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, and fighting broke out between Aguinaldo's forces and U.S. troops in Manila. McKinley's Decision on the Philippines When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know what to do with them. I sought counsel from all sides— Democrats as well as Republicans but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. And one night late it came to me this way—I don't know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could"not give them back to Spain- that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) we could not turn them over to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) That we could not leave them to themselves—-they were unfit for self- government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain's was; and (4) That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God's chaist dis the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom And then I went to bed and went to sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the War Department (our map- maker), and I toid him to put the Philippines on the map of the United States (pointing to a large map on the wall of his office), and there they are and there they will stay while I am President!  Excerpts of "Aguinaldo's Case Against the United States by a Filipino" We Filipinos have all along believed that if the American nation at large knew exactly, as we do, what is daily happening in the Philippine Islands, they would rise en masse, and demand that this barbaric war should stop. There are other methods of securing sovereignty-the true and lasting sovereignty that has its foundation in the hearts of the people...And, did America recognize this fact, she would cease to be the laughing stock of other civilized nations, as she became when she abandoned her traditions and set up a double standard of government— government by consent in America, government by force in the Philippine Islands.. You have been deceived all along the line. You have been greatly deceived in the personality of my countrymen. You went to the Philippines under the impression that their inhabitants were ignorant savages, whom Spain had kept in subjection at the bayonet's point. The Filipinos have been described in serious American journals as akin to the hordes of the Khalifa; and the idea has prevailed that it required only some unknown American Kitchener to march triumphantly from north to south to make the military occupation complete. We have been represented by your popular press as if we were Africans or Mohawk Indians. We smile, and deplore the want of ethnological knowledge on the part of our literary friends. We are none of these. We are simply Filipinos. You know us now in part: you will know us better, I hope, by and by. THANK YOU!