03_Handout_1(5)-combined.pdf

GE1712 Inconsistency - a state where two facts don’t match. Information also may be incoherent in investigations. Controversy - a discussion marked by expression of opposing views. It is also a...

GE1712 Inconsistency - a state where two facts don’t match. Information also may be incoherent in investigations. Controversy - a discussion marked by expression of opposing views. It is also a result of inconsistent information. History is not perfect, and the historian is only retelling the story based on the pieces of evidence left for him/her to use. It can be riddled with trivial information because of several reasons: human memory manipulation of artifacts personal bias These inconsistent facts will become a controversy when left unresolved. Case Examples of Different Viewpoints in Historical Events 1. Viewpoints on Ferdinand Magellan’s Arrival a. Magellan arrived and set foot on March 16, 1521, but the early Filipinos said that there were “others like him” who’ve been in the country before. He took an unknown route, now known as the Pacific, because the Indian route was under Portugal. b. Ferdinand Magellan was a European navigator who was hailed as the “first man to reach the Philippines.” He didn’t complete his circumnavigation due to his death at Mactan. 2. Viewpoints on the 1899 Battle of Manila a. The incident happened at the San Juan Bridge in 1899, where Pvt. William Grayson, an Englishman, shot and killed Anastacio Felix, a Filipino lieutenant. b. The incident, which led to the Filipino-American War, actually broke out from the intersection of Sociego and Silencio Streets. The initial bout eventually reached San Juan Bridge. 3. Viewpoints on the introduction of Philippine Public School System a. Spain installed various schools to educate the natives at the time due to the Educational Decree Act of 1863, creating separate public schools for boys and girls. Manuel Luis Quezon attested this. b. The Philippine Public School system was introduced by the American military, with its teachers imported from the US riding aboard USS Thomas. From the several examples of historical events with opposing information, history has difficulties in changing the already established knowledge because there is information that has been tried and verified, but it is not impossible. By using the historical method, historians have been able to find these inconsistencies, researched them, and finally discovered new insights that could support or debunk already existing knowledge, which could improve history. 03 Handout 1 *Property of STI Page 1 of 1  GE1712 THE VARIOUS CASES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY First Case: The Site of the First Mass Important Dates March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday = day of the First Mass March 28 - April 4, 1521 = date of Magellan's stay in the then-unnamed Philippines 1324 = year when Fr. Odorico reached Bolinao, Pangasinan after a storm Important People Pedro de Valderrama - priest who celebrated the Mass Antonio Pigafetta - Magellan's chronicler; important source of circumnavigation Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese explorer sponsored by Spain to circumnavigate the world in search of alternative routes to Moluccas Jacques N. Bellin - French cartographer who copied Fr. Murillo's chart in 1734; used by Amoretti in his translations Pedro Murillo Velarde - priest whose cartography skills have been replicated by others due to its beauty and detail during his tenure Gines de Mafra - the only member of the Armada to have successfully revisited Mazaua Giovanni Battista Ramusio - Italian scholar who misattributed Gatighan with Mazaua, and named the port where the Armada left as Buthuan Carlo Amoretti - Italian scholar famous for making bold claims in his translations; responsible for several blunders known today, such as naming Ramusio's Mazaua as Limasawa Francisco Colin - priest who gave the name of Dimasaua to Ramusio's Mazaua, eventually misread and misattributed by Amoretti as Limasawa Francisco Combes - priest who wrote Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Jolo, y sus adyacentes (History of the Mindanao Islands, Jolo, and their adjacent); used several sources to determine that Buthuan was the port where Magellan left (as dictated by Ramusio) Odoric of Pordenone - Italian priest who came earlier than Magellan, and celebrated the First Mass himself Important Locations "Mazaua" - the location Pigafetta noted to where they have landed and celebrated the Mass, located at 9° 40' North of equator (Pigafetta), 9° 20' North (Albo), 9° North (Genoese Pilot) "Gatighan" - the historically "lost" island Pigafetta allegedly mentioned in his Armada de Molucca (i.e. his journal), where the Armada (i.e. Magellan's group) traversed after leaving Mazaua on April 4, 1521 Dimasawa (Dimasaua or Dimazaua) - name proposed by Fr. Colin to denote that Ramusio's Mazaua was wrong Limasawa (historically, Limasaua) - island in southern Leyte officially recognized as the Site of the First Mass, located at 9° 56' North, name was invented due to the other chroniclers never wrote it in their journals/maps Masao, Butuan - city in Agusan del Norte where they contested Limasawa's claim Bolinao - city in Pangasinan where the earliest Mass has been celebrated (1324) Second Case: The Cavite Mutiny Important Dates January 20, 1872 - date when the Cavite Mutiny began January 27, 1872 - Izquierdo approved the detah sentence of the mutineers February 17, 1872 - the day the GomBurZa were executed on Bagumbayan Important People Carlos Maria de la Torre y Navacerrada - governor-general of the Philippines who was welcomed by the Filipinos due to his openness and liberal thinking; had a liberal-thinking mistress, but was left childless Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutierrez - governor-general of the Philippines who assumed position after de la Torre resigned; submitted a biased report to the Spanish Government about the events of the Cavite Mutiny, as persuaded by Montero Jose Montero y Vidal - Spanish historian who wrote the book Historia General de Filipinas as the Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872; narrated the Cavite episode and speaks as a Spaniard bet on perverting the facts at his pleasure and is mischievously partial; exaggerated the mutiny of a few 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 6  GE1712 disgruntled native soldiers and laborers into a revolt to overthrow the Spanish rule despite of unsupported by documentary evidence Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera - Filipino doctor who submitted a version of the Cavite Mutiny who aimed for a fairer treatment of the case The Seculars - Filipino priests who openly remarked on fairer treatment of localized priesthood against the Regulars (i.e. the Six Religious Orders) o Jose Burgos - the youngest of the three martyrs of GomBurZa o Mariano Gomez - the oldest of the GomBurZa o Jacinto Zamora - the priest who went mad with grief over his execution; believed by many to be a victim of mistaken identity o Jose Zamora - priest said to openly fight the friars, and the one who was in the Wanted list of the Guardia Civil (labeled as J. Zamora) Fernando La Madrid - Spanish mestizo who declared the small uprising in Cavite Jaerel Brent Pedro - La Madrid's second-in-command Felipe Ginoves - Spanish official who led the capture of the mutineers in Cavite Francisco Zaldua (sometimes as Saldua) - Filipino who stood as witness for the friars, believing that he would be protected; the first to be executed before the GomBurZa Important Locations Sampaloc, Manila - the place where the feast of La Nuestra Señora de Loreto (Our Lady of Loreto), whose fireworks display were mistaken by La Madrid as a signal for Manila's cooperation with his uprising Fort San Felipe, Cavite - site of the mutiny Third Case: Jose Rizal's Retraction Important Dates May 18, 1935 - the day Fr. Garcia discovered the "original" text of Rizal's retraction December 30, 1896 - Rizal's execution at Bagumbayan Important People Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - the National Hero; an ilustrado who sought for reformations in the Spanish rule Josephine Bracken - Rizal's estranged wife Vicente Balaguer - priest who urged Rizal to retract his statements for his safety Manuel Garcia - archivist who found Rizal's "original" letter containing his retraction statement The Witnesses - Filipino witnesses who stood by Rizal during his composition of his retraction o Mariano Martinez Gallegos - former lieutenant of the Infantry o Juan del Fresno o Eloy Moure Fourth Case: The Katipunan's Cry Important Dates August 23, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Valenzuela's second account August 24, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Alvarez's account August 25, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Oriang's and Diaz's accounts August 26, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Valenzuela's first account and Masangkay's account Important People Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco - granted amnesty to the revolutionists The Katipunan (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) - the revolutionary group who openly opposed Spanish rule and sought to overthrow it o Andres Bonifacio ▪ Leader of the Katipunan ▪ Bourgeois (middle class) ▪ Former bodeguerro (warehouse worker) ▪ Hobbies include hat weaving ▪ Always wears an open coat and dress shirt with tie 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 6  GE1712 o Procopio Bonifacio o Emilio Jacinto – died of malaria o Teodoro Plata o Aguedo del Rosario o Briccio Pantas o Alejandro Santiago o Ramon Bernardo o Enrique Cipriano o Alfonso Pacheco o Tomas Remigio o Sinforoso San Pedro o Francisco Carreon o Apolonio Samson - the Katipunero who offered his lodging as temporary meeting place o Juan Ramos - the son of Melchora Aquino o Melchora Aquino - the old woman who was a strong supporter of the Katipunan; interrogated by the Guardia Civil to no avail; deported to Guam o Guillermo Masangkay - a general of the Katipunan who was Bonifacio's childhood friend o Santiago Alvarez - Andres Bonifacio's best friend, who diligently wrote down his version of Bonifacio's life; not an eyewitness to the Cry itself o Gregoria de Jesus (aka Oriang) - wife of the Supremo, and Alvarez's relative, who wrote her own version of the Cry, which happened "somewhere in Caloocan" o Dr. Pio Valenzuela - a Katipunan member who wrote two (2) testimonials regarding the location and day of the Katipunan's rebellion (due to senescence) ▪ Version 1 stated that the Katipunan's Cry happened at Balintawak on August 26, 1896 ▪ Version 2 stated that the Katipunan's Cry happened at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896 Olegario Diaz - Spanish Guardia Civil who made his version of the Grito de Balintawak based on his incident report Isabelo delos Reyes - writer and founder of the Aglipayan Church, wrote his own version of the Katipunan's Cry Important Locations Balintawak (stylized as Balintanac in one report) - the first location where the Katipunan held their meeting; located in present-day Caloocan divided by Quezon City into two (2) portions Bahay Toro - the location Alvarez mentioned where the meeting took place, in which the Katipuneros cheered at noontime; currently a barangay in Quezon City Samson residence - the meeting place of the Katipunan according to Masangkay 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 6  GE1712 Graphic of the Members (Source: Wikipedia) 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 6  GE1712 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 5 of 6  GE1712 03 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 6 of 6