Body Fluids and Electrolytes PDF

Body fluids and Electrolytes What is body fluid? Basically, body fluid is all types of liquid excreted and secreted from the human body. Human body is consist of many different types of fluids. These fluids have their own important roles in maintaining the body functions. The examples of body fluids...

Body fluids and Electrolytes What is body fluid? Basically, body fluid is all types of liquid excreted and secreted from the human body. Human body is consist of many different types of fluids. These fluids have their own important roles in maintaining the body functions. The examples of body fluids are: blood plasma (carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones and others) urine (waste product secreted by the kidney) interstitial fluid (fluid that are located in between cells) cerebrospinal fluid (fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) saliva and intestinal fluid (aid the process of digestion) 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 2 Total amount of fluid in the human body is approximately 70% of body weight Body fluid has been divided into two compartments – – Intracellular fluid (ICF) Inside the cells 55% of total body water – Extracellular fluid Outside the cells 45% of total body water 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 3 Body Fluid Compartments 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 4 Body Fluid Compartments Extracellular fluid includes Interstitial fluid » Present between the cells » Approximately 80% of ECF Plasma » Present in blood » Approximately 20% of ECF Also includes » » » » 18/01/2024 Lymph synovial fluid aqueous humor (is the clear liquid inside the front part of the eye) cerebrospinal fluid Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 5 1) Extracellular fluids: Interstitial Fluid: Is fluid between the cells of multi-cellular organisms which delivers materials to the cells, intercellular communication, and removal of metabolic waste. - it represents the largest portion of the ECF compartment. - Interstitial fluid consists of a water solvent containing amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, as well as waste products from the cells. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 6 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 7 - This fluid presents as gellike extracellular matrix. - The plasma and the interstitial fluid integrate through pores in the blood capillaries which allow water and most dissolved substances except protein to diffuse. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 8 - oxygen, nutrients, and regulatory molecules travelling in the blood must first pass into the interstitial fluid before reaching the body cells., waste products and hormone secretions from the cells must first pass into the interstitial fluid before reaching the blood plasma. - The exchange of material across the capillaries occurs at high rate by diffusion in both directions. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 9 The composition of tissue fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the biological tissue and the blood. This means that tissue fluid has a different composition in different tissues and in different areas of the body acting as a media for intercellular communication. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 10 2)Blood plasma: -It is the fluid portion of the blood. - The blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs. - Blood also transports nutrients derived from food in the intestine to the body cells., other nutrients between organs 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 11 3.Lymph Clear and colorless fluid 96% water and 4% solids Solids – – Proteins 2-6% of solids albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, clotting factors, antibodies, enzymes – Lipids 5-15% Chylomicrons (transport of fat from the intestinal lumen to the liver) Lipoproteins – Carbohydrates Glucose mainly – NPN: Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) Urea and creatinine – Electrolytes Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonates 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 12 Functions of Lymph Return protein from tissue spaces into blood Redistribution of fluid Removal of bacteria, toxins and other foreign bodies from tissues Maintain structural and functional integrity of tissue Route for intestinal fat absorption Transport lymphocytes 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 13 2)Intracellular Fluid: The cytosol or intracellular fluid is the liquid found inside the cells. Physiological Function : The cytosol has no single function and instead it is the site of multiple cell processes including metabolic processes (such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis). It is also involved in signal transduction from the cell membrane to sites within the cell. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 14 The body fluid composition of tissue varies by Tissue type: lean tissues (Fat-free tissue) have higher fluid content than fat tissues. Gender: males have more lean tissue and therefore more body fluid. Age: lean tissue is lost with age and body fluid is lost with it. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 15 Body fluid composition: a) water b) dissolved solutes organic substances (e.g protein) e.g glucose inorganic substances (e.g electrolytes) e.g Na+, K+ - Since water passes freely across cell membrane, the volume of the various fluid compartments are determined by unique solutes that are confined (restricted) to each space. - For the total extracellular fluid compartment it is sodium and for the intracellular space, it is potassium. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 16 Composition of body fluids Organic substances  Inorganic substances  Glucose Amino acids Fatty acids Hormones Enzymes       18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Phophate Sulphate 18 Electrolytes of the body fluids: Electrolytes are salts and minerals that can conduct electrical impulses in the body. - Common human electrolytes are sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate. - Electrolytes in body fluids are charged , It can be: Cation - positively charged electrolyte, e.g.Na+, k+,Ca+2 Anion - negatively charged electrolyte, e.g, Cl- , HCO3- po4-3 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 19 The chief extracellular cation is Na+ The chief intracellular cations are k+ - Cl- is the predominant anion outside cells whereas phosphates constitute the bulk of intracellular anions. - Electrolytes: Control the fluid balance of the body important - in muscle contraction - in energy generation - and almost every major biochemical reaction in the body. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 20 Sodium Na+ – Most abundant ion in ECF – 90% of extracellular cations – Plays pivotal role in fluid and electrolyte balance as it accounts for half of the osmolarity of ECF 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 21 Chloride Cl– Most prevalent anion in ECF – Moves easily between ECF and ICF because most plasma membranes contain Cl- leakage channels and transporters – Can help balance levels of anions in different fluids 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 22 Bicarbonate HCO3– Second most prevalent extracellular anion – Concentration increases in blood passing through systemic capillaries picking up carbon dioxide – Chloride shift helps maintain correct balance of anions in ECF and ICF 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 23 Potassium K+ – Most abundant cation in ICF – Establish resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers (resting potential) – Maintains normal ICF fluid volume – Helps regulate pH of body fluids when exchanged for H+ 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 24 Magnesium – Mg2+ in ICF (45%) or ECF (1%) – Second most common intracellular cation – Cofactor for certain enzymes and sodium- potassium pump – Essential for synaptic transmission, normal neuromuscular activity and myocardial function 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 25 Specialized Fluids of the Body Lymph Milk Cerebrospinal fluid Amniotic fluid Aqueous humor Sweat Tears 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 26 Milk Secreted by mammary glands Complete natural food 83-87% water and 13-17% solids Solids – Carbohydrates Lactose – Lipids Triacylglyerols Palmitic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, butyric acid,oleic acid – Proteins Caesin (80%), Lactalbumin Enzymes (proteases, xanthine oxidase,lysozyme), immunoglobulins – Minerals Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl – Vitamins Fat and water soluble vitamins except Vit - C 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 27 Functions of Milk Milk sugar provides galactose, a structural unit for growing infant. In intestine, it gets metabolized to lactic acid which eliminates harmful bacteria. Source of protein, mineral and vitamins 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 28 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Clear, colorless liquid formed within the cavities of brain and around spinal cord %500ml CSF is formed everyday At any given time, there is 120-150ml CSF in the system CSF is completely replaced about three times a day.  Functions Hydrolic shock absorber Regulation of intracranial pressure Influences the hunger sensation and eating behaviors 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 29 Amniotic Fluid Liquid produced by membranes and fetus Volume of fluid increases with gestational age Clear with some desquamated fetal cell (desquamated is epithelial cells in fetus stages) and a little lipid.  Gestational age is the common term used during pregnancy to describe how far along the pregnancy is. Functions Physical protection to the fetus Medium for exchange of various chemical 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 30 Movement of body fluids: Membrane transport processes: 1) passive transport it is the movement of substances across a membrane from higher to lower concentration (down a concentration gradient) - it does not require metabolic energy. Passive transport simple diffusion facilitated diffusion. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 31 1). passive transport: a) simple diffusion: It is the movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Generally, simple diffusion of water, gases, and other small uncharged molecules across plasma membranes can occur in the absence of transport proteins. b) Facilitated diffusion: It is a transport of substances across a biological membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by a carrier proteins. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 32 2) Active transport: It is the movement of substances across a membrane against gradient (from low concentration to high concentration). -Active transport requires energy and involves specific carrier proteins. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 33 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 34 Movement of fluids due to 1) Hydrostatic pressure 2) Osmotic pressure 1) Hydrostatic pressure: It is physiological processes that regulate fluids intake & output as well as movement of water & substances dissolved in it between the body compartments 2) Osmotic pressure: The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane separating two solutions with different conc. of solute 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 35 Osmosis: It is diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Osmotic pressure: It is pressure which forces the water to move from where there is little dissolved solute to where there is lots dissolved solutes. Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 18/01/2024 36 It is determined by the number of particles per unit volume of fluids The amount of osmotic pressure exerted by a solute is proportional to the number of molecules or ions. Osmoles is the unit used to express the concentration in term of numbers of particles. 18/01/2024 Dr. Mahmoud Abushhewa 37