BEPH_Lesson02.pdf

Lesson 2 Demography Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Prof. Eugenia García Zaragozá, PhD Bachelor in Dentistry ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 TABLE ÍNDICE OF CONTENTS CONTENIDOS 1. Terminology 2. Static demography Ratio. Proportion and percentage. Reason. Rate Sources of information. Cens...

Lesson 2 Demography Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Prof. Eugenia García Zaragozá, PhD Bachelor in Dentistry ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 TABLE ÍNDICE OF CONTENTS CONTENIDOS 1. Terminology 2. Static demography Ratio. Proportion and percentage. Reason. Rate Sources of information. Census. Surveys. Populational pyramid 3. Dynamic demography Fertility. Mortality. Mmigrations.Population growth. Demographic transition 2 1. Terminology Individual, population and sample Population Sample Individual: Population unit Individual Population: A set of individuals that are grouped together in a given geographic area, and that are subject to changes occurring at a given time. They must have a common characteristic (definition criteria) Sample: Subset of elements of a population in which each individual has all the properties of the population and on which we actually make measurements. 3 1. Terminology Demography A scientific study of human populations ✓ OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA: ✓ Size or volume ✓ Composition or structure ✓ Distribution in space ✓ CHANGES IN TIME ✓ Fertility ✓ Mortality ✓ Migration 4 1. Terminology Demography ✓ STATIC DEMOGRAPHY: ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Population structure Descriptive of a population Slice in a period Size and structure Variables (sex, age, scholarity, work…) ✓ DYNAMIC DEMOGRAPHY ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Population trends Changes in a population Evolution Mechanism of change Interpretation and prediction 5 Ratio 6 Proportion and percentage 7 Reason 8 Rate 9 2. Static demography Sources of information Numerical data Categorical data ✓ NUMERATORS: ✓ Administrative records ✓ Sanitary records ✓ DENOMINATORS (census) ✓ Homes ✓ Inhabitants ✓ COMPLEMENTARY INFO ✓ Surveys 10 2. Static demography Numerators ✓ NATURAL MOVEMENTS OF POPULATION: ✓ Fertility ✓ Mortality ✓ Migration ✓ SANITARY RECORDS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Hospital records Primary attention Specific records (cancer, HIV..) EDOs system 11 2. Static demography Denominators: Census Set of processes aimed at gathering, summarizing, analyzing and publishing all the demographic, economic and social data of all the inhabitants of a country or delimited territory, corresponding to a given time. In Spain, Population and Households Census are carried out every 10 years by law. 12 2. Static demography Characteristics of Census ✓ Individual. ✓ Universal ✓ Simultaneous ✓ Periodic ✓ Mandatory ✓ Confidential 13 2. Static demography Objectives of Censuses ✓ Count the population ✓ Know the structure of the population ✓ Know the evolution of the population ✓ Allow demograpic analysis 14 2. Static demography Information obtained from Censuses ✓ ID and personal information ✓ Marital status ✓ Ethnic origin ✓ Country of birth ✓ Education ✓ Employment ✓ Fecundity ✓ Household 15 2. Static demography Conclusions derived from Censuses ✓ How many of us there are and how we are distributed ✓ How households are structured (forms of cohabitation) ✓ Number of people working, unemployed, seeking employment or studying ✓ Number of daily trips and means of transport used. ✓ Characteristics, deficiencies and environment of the dwellings and buildings ✓ Availability of second homes Enables to plan and evaluate the results of demographic, health, educational, welfare, environmental policies.. 16 2. Static demography Surveys Obtaining information from a small sample representative of the population and then generalizing or inferring the results in the total population ✓ Periodicity?? ✓ Ad hoc design. Flexibility ✓ State or private sponsorship ✓ Sampling errors but reduced costs ✓ Used to test instruments or to show preliminary results of census 17 2. Static demography Populational pyramid Double histogram of age and gender distribution of a population ✓ Intervals of 5 years of age ✓ Males on the left ✓ Females on the right ✓ Bottom-up order ✓ Last interval is open 18 2. Static demography Populational pyramid 19 2. Static demography Populational pyramid 20 2. Static demography Burgdöfer index 21 3.Dynamic demography 22 3.Dynamic demography Factors ✓ NATURAL POPULATION MOVEMENTS ✓ Fertility ✓ Mortality ✓ MIGRATORY POPULATION MOVEMENTS. ✓ Migrations 23 3.Dynamic demography Fertility. Definitions 24 3.Dynamic demography Fertility. Definitions 25 3.Dynamic demography Fertility. Sources of data 26 3.Dynamic demography Fertility. Indexes ✓ CRUDE INDICATORS OF FERTILITY ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Child-woman ratio Crude Birth rate General fertility rate Age specific fertility rate Total fertility rate ✓ AGE ADJUSTED INDICATORS OF FERTILITY. ✓ INDICATORS OF REPRODUCTION ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ General marital fertility rate Total marital fertility rate Gross reproduction rate Net reproduction rate 27 28 3.Dynamic demography Fertility 29 3.Dynamic demography Fertility live 30 3.Dynamic demography Fertility 31 3.Dynamic demography Fertility 32 3.Dynamic demography Fertility The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Fertility rates page, 2023 https://data.oecd.org/pop/fertility-rates.htm 33 3.Dynamic demography Mortality 34 3.Dynamic demography Migration 35 3.Dynamic demography Population growth 36 3.Dynamic demography Population growth 37 3.Dynamic demography Population growth 38 3.Dynamic demography Population growth 39 3.Dynamic demography Population growth https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth 40 Demographic transition Historical process of change in fertility and mortality rate levels of a population 41 3.Dynamic demography Reason 42 3.Dynamic demography Reason 43 Remember • • • • • Statistic demography studies the structure and characteristics of a population at a given time. Data are obtained from censuses and surveys Dynamic demography studies the changes over time in the structure of populations due to fertility, mortality and migration, in order to be able to make future projections. Data are obtained from vital registration (births and deaths ) Population pyramid is a histogram of the age and gender distribution of a population. Depending on the age structure of the population the shape of the pyramid changes (pyramid, bell, barrel or inverted pyramid) Population growth is the resul of adding births plus immigrants and substracting deaths and emigrants As the population develops, people become healthier and birth and death rates change (demographic transition). This changes are closely related to the improvements in urban planning, productive systems, labor conditions, infrastructure and basic supplies, nutrition, environment, education, gender relations and development of health care systems. 44 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -Gordis L., Epidemiology, 4th Edition. 2009. Saunders Elsevier -Somerville M., Kumaran K., Anderson R. Public Health and Epidemiology at a Glance, First Edition. 2012. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - Deter R., Gulliford M., Karim Q.A, Tam C.C. Global Public Health. Sixth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2015. 45 Prof. Eugenia García Zaragozá, PhD [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © © UCAM UCAM