Vital Statistics/Biostatistics PDF

VITAL STATISTICS pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. Vital Statistics/Biostatistics FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR) - Measures - Pertains to BIRTH and DEATH records...

VITAL STATISTICS pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. Vital Statistics/Biostatistics FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR) - Measures - Pertains to BIRTH and DEATH records in general pregnancy wastage. - The Science and Analysis of Vital on Population INCIDENCE RATE (IR) - Measures the frequency with particular reference to Birth, Marriage, of occurrence of the phenomenon during a given Morbidity and Mortality period of time. Deals only with new cases. - are the information maintained by a government, - Measures the development of disease in a group - These data are used by public health programs to exposed to the risk of the disease in a period of evaluate how effective their programs are. They are time. the cornerstone of public health systems today. INFANT MORTALITY/DEATH - The death of an - Useful by-products of birth and death registration infant under one year of age. are official certificates of those events. These INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) - Measures the certificates serve as primary evidence of that event. risk of dying during the 1st year of life. VITAL - pertains to life or concerning BIRTHS, - the number of deaths among infants under one MARRIAGES, DEATHS, and ILLNESSES. year of age (per 1000 live births in the same period) Statistics - study of the collection, organization, GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) - More analysis, and interpretation of data. specific rate than the crude birth rate Statistician - Someone who is particularly well LATE FETAL DEATH - The death of a fetus with 28 versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the or more completed weeks of gestation. successful application of statistical analysis and LIVE BIRTH - The complete expulsion or extraction working in any of a wide number of fields.\ from its mother of a product of conception, each BIrth Certificate - contains the date and place of product of such birth is considered liveborn. birth, the name and sex of the child; the name, age, MATERNAL MORTALITY/DEATH - The death of a race, birthplace and residence of the parents; and woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the occupation of the father. termination of pregnancy, CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR) - The proportion of MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) - It cases which end up fatality. measures the risk of dying from causes related to CAUSE-OF-DEATH RATE OR MORTALITY RATE pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. FROM SPECIFIC DISEASES OR CONDITIONS - MORBIDITY STATISTICS - The statistics of Gives the rate of dying secondary to specific disease causes. MORTALITY STATISTICS - Concerned with death Census - official count of a population and the causes of death, CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) - A measure of one NEONATAL DEATH - The death among live births characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a during the first 28 completed days of life. population. NEONATAL DEATH RATE (NDR) - Measures the - Measures how fast people are added to the risk of dying during the 1st month of life. population through births. PLACE OF OCCURRENCE - Refers to the place CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) - A measure of one where the vital event took place. mortality from all causes which may result in a PREVALENCE RATE (PR) - Measures the decrease of population. proportion of the population which exhibits a - Gives the speed with which mortality occurs in a particular disease at a particular time. given population. PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY (PM) - Shows CRUDE or GENERAL RATES - These rates are the numerical relationship between deaths from a referred to the total living population. cause (or groups of causes), age (or groups of age) DEATH - Is the permanent disappearance of all etc. and the total number of deaths from all causes evidence of life in all ages taken together. Not a measure of risk DEATH CERTIFICATES - Death certificates are of dying. required by the Law. They include as to name, RATE - shows the relationship between a vital usual residence, age, race, nativity, conjugal event and those persons exposed to the condition, occupation and date of death of the occurrence of said event, within a given area and deceased. during a specified unit of time. FETAL DEATH - The death prior to the complete RATIO - It is used to describe the relationship expulsion or extraction of a product of conception between two (2) numerical quantities or measures from its mother, irrespective of the duration of of events without taking particular considerations to pregnancy; the time or place. - the death is indicated by the fact that after such separation the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, SPECIFIC DEATH RATE/ SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATES - Describes more accurately the risk of exposure of certain classes or groups to particular diseases. - Show rates of dying in specific population groups. SPECIFIC RATE - The relationship is for a specific population class or group. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR) - Refers to the number of children a woman would have by the time she reaches age 50 under a given fixed fertility schedule. - It is sometimes referred to as completed family size. It is the average number of births per 100 females aged 15-49 years. USUAL RESIDENCE - Refers to the place where the person/deceased habitually or permanently resides. Vital events - refer to marriages, births, deaths, fetal deaths, Recording of these events in the civil register is known as vital or civil registration. SOURCES OF VITAL STATISTICS DATA 1. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) 2. PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY (PSA) (RA 10625) - RA 3753 Law on Registry of Civil Status 3. City or Municipal Civil Registry Office 4. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (DOH) - Epidemiology Bureau 1. Applied Epidemiology Health Management Division 2. Public Health Surveillance Division 3. Survey, Monitoring and Evaluation Division POPULATION PROJECTION/ESTIMATION ARITHMETIC METHOD – it is assumed that the actual increase in population per year is constant. GEOMETRIC METHOD – it is assumed that the rate of increase in population per year as a percent of the previous population is constant.  CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Pandemic Diseases - Disease that is OCCURRING IN EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS IN Epidemiology - Is the study of FACTORS that MANY COUNTRIES SIMULTANEOUSLY – determine the frequency, distribution, and sometimes worldwide. Affects large number of determinants of diseases in human populations, people at the same time and TRANSCENDS and ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases COMMUNITY BOUNDARIES in populations. - This includes HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Pathology - Is the study of the STRUCTURAL # Communicable disease is a result of the AND FUNCTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS OF interaction of the AGENT, HOST and the DISEASE and involves diagnosing of diseases in ENVIRONMENT individuals. Agent/Infectious Agent - Microorganisms capable - It is the study of the ESSENTIAL NATURE OF of producing infectious disease DISEASES and especially of the structural and HOST - A person or other living organisms that can functional changes produced by them. be infected by an infectious agent under natural Infectious Disease - (Infection) is a disease that is conditions CAUSED BY A PATHOGENIC ENVIRONMENT - Refers to the ecological MICROORGANISMS, such as bacteria, viruses, conditions that favor the interaction of host and parasites or fungi. agent Communicable Disease - An infectious disease Disease – causing Microorganisms that is TRANSMISSIBLE FROM ONE PERSON TO MICROBES ANOTHER. CELLULAR ACELLULAR Contagious Disease - A communicable disease (Microorganisms) (Infectious Particles) that is EASILY TRANSMITTED FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER ALL BACTERIA VIRUSES Zoonotic Disease/Zoonoses - Infectious disease ALL ARCHAEA PRIONS that human ACQUIRES FROM ANIMAL SOME ALGAE ALL PROTOZOA SOURCES SOME FUNGI Sporadic Diseases - Disease that OCCURS ONLY OCCASIONALLY (sporadically) within the population of a particular geographic area. - In USA, sporadic diseases includes botulism, PATHOGENS NON PATHOGENS cholera, gas gangrene, plague, tetanus and typhoid (Disease-causing (Do not cause disease) fever. microorganisms) - In the Philippines, sporadic diseases includes Microbial Allies Microbial Enemies Pellegra, Elephantiasis and Myelitis Endemic Diseases - Disease that are ALWAYS PRESENT within the population of a particular CHAIN OF INFECTION geographic area. The number of cases may Agent - germs fluctuate over time, but the disease never dies out Reservoir - where germs live completely. Portal of exit - how germs get out - Endemic diseases in USA includes TB, STDs Mode of transmission - how germs get around such as gonorrhea and syphilis, common colds, Portal of entry - How germs get in influenza, chickenpox and mumps. Susceptible host - next sick person - In the Philippines, this includes Chronic Diarrhea, Typhoid and Dysentery INDIGENEOUS MICROFLORA - Microbes that Epidemic Diseases - Diseases that OCCUR IN A lives on and in the human body GREATER THAN USUAL NUMBER OF CASES IN - Estimated to be 500 – 1000 species A PARTICULAR REGION, and usually occur within OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS - Do not cause a relatively short period of time.is the incidence of a disease under ordinary conditions, but have communicable disease among a number of people potential to cause disease should the opportunity to an extent that is recognized statistically as being present itself well beyond the normal expectancy for the disease - Colonizes or inhabits our body in a community in a different period of time. DECOMPOSERS or SAPROPHYTES - Involved in - In the Philippines, this includes Dengue Fever, the decomposition of dead organisms and the German Measles, waste products of living organisms and Cholera. Recently Measles (2019) and Microbiology – The study of microbes Leptospirosis (2018) were also considered as an Bacteriology – The study of structure, functions epidemic disease in some areas in the Philippines. and activities of Bacteria Phycology - The study of Algae Protozoology – The study of Protozoa and their Icosahedron Bacteriophages: Almost spherical in activities shape, w/ 20 triangular facets; the smallest are Mycology – The study of Fungi about 25nm Virology – The study of Viruses and their effects Filamentous Bacteriophages: Long Tube formed on living cells of all types by capsid proteins assembled into a helical Archaea or Cyanobacteria – First microbes on structure; they can be up to about 900nm long Earth Complex Bacteriophages: Icosahedral heads Bacteria and Protozoa – The First microbes to be attached to helical tails; may also possess base observed by humans plates and tail fibers Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Father of VIRULENT BACTERIOPHAGES - Always cause Microbiology; Father of Bacteriology; Father of lytic cycle which ends with the destruction (lysis) of Protozoology; First to see live bacteria and the bacterial cell protozoa #Acellular microbes that are smaller than bacteria; Obligate intracellular parasites; Referred to as Infectious particles rather than microbes They are not composed of cells. Viruses are not alive. To replicate, viruses must invade a live host cells. No type of organism is safe from viral infections: viruses infect humans, animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, algae and bacterial cells. Many human diseases are caused by viruses ANIMAL VIRUS - Viruses that collectively infect VIRIONS - Complete virus particles that are very humans and animals small and simple in structure Viroids are infectious RNA molecules that cause variety of plant diseases. Prions are infectious molecules that cause variety of animal and human diseases. ONCOGENIC VIRUS - Viruses that cause cancer MIMI VIRUS - An extremely large double – stranded DNA virus that has been recovered from amoeba. It mimics the bacteria BACTERIOPHAGES - Viruses that infects bacteria. They are obligate intracellular pathogens, in that they must enter a bacterial cell to replicate. BACTERIA - These are prokaryotic microscopic single celled organisms. - The domain bacteria contains 23 phyla, 32 classes, 5 sub classes, 77 orders, 14 sub orders, 182 families, 871 genera and 5 007 species. - Divided into three phenotypic categories: Gram – negative and have a cell wall, Gram o positive and have a cell wall, and those that lack a cell wall. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission There are three basic shapes of bacteria cocci (coccus) - ROUND OR SPHERICAL in shape. - diplococci – pairs of cocci - streptococci – chains of cocci - staphylococci – clusters of cocci Example of Medically important cocci: - Enterococcus spp. - Neisseria spp. - Staphylococcus spp. - Streptococcus spp. bacilli (bacillus) - RECTANGULAR OR ROD shaped. May be short or long, thick or thin, and pointed or w/ curved or blunt ends - diplobacilli – pairs of bacilli - streptobacilli – chains of bacilli - coccobacilli – short and resembling elongated cocci (Ex. Listeria monocytogenes and Haemophilus influenzae) Example of Medically important cocci: - Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., and Clostridium spp. Spirilla - CURVED and SPIRAL in shape Example of Medically important cocci: - Vibrio cholerae - Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pleomorphic – Bacteria that exist in a variety of shapes Pleomorphism – The ability to exist in a variety of shapes. Mycoplasma – bacteria that do not have cell wall and are resistant to antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis PROTOZOA - Single – celled free living microorganisms - Paramecium and Vorticella spp. are examples of free – living pond protozoa A typical protozoan life cycle consists of two stages: a motile TROPHOZOITE STAGE and a nonmotile CYST STAGE TROPHOZOITE - The motile, feeding, dividing stage in a protozoan’s life cycle CYST - The nonmotile, dormant, survival stage. Cysts are like bacterial spores  Reservoir - is any site or the habitat where pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host. It may be Living Reservoir (Human and animal) or Environmental Reservoir (materials and inanimate objects) LIVING RESERVOIRS - Includes humans, household pets, farm animals, wild animals, certain insects and certain arachnids (ticks and mites). HUMAN AS RESERVOIR/HUMAN CARRIER - The most important reservoirs of human infectious PARASITES - Organism that lived on or in other diseases living organisms, at whose expense they gain some CARRIER - A person who is colonized with a advantage particular pathogen, but the pathogen is not ECTOPARASITES - Parasites that live outside the currently causing disease in that person host’s body - A person without apparent disease who harbors a ENDOPARASITES - Parasites that live inside the specific infectious agent and is capable of host’s body transmitting the agent to others FACULTATIVE PARASITES - Can be parasitic but are also capable of free living existence OBLIGATE PARASITES - To survive, they must be parasites (needs a host) PARASITOLOGY - The study of parasites. It can be divided into the study of parasitic protozoa, helminths and arthropods HELMINTHS - Means parasitic worms. The helminths that infect humans are always Zoonotic Disease or Zoonoses are infectious endoparasites. Helminths are multi cellular, diseases that humans acquire from animal source. eukaryotic organisms - There are over 200 known zoonoses that can be transmitted from animals to human - This may include dog, cats, bats, birds, monkey, wild rodents, arthropods and others FUNGI - Eukaryotic, non photosynthetic microorganism. That can be either saprophytic or parasitic. It includes yeast, moulds and mushrooms. Considered as “Garbage Disposers” of Nature – the “vultures” of microbial world, the “original recyclers” Hyphae - Fungi that grows as filaments Mycelium - A mass of intertwined fungi YEASTS - Microscopic, single – celled organisms that usually reproduce by budding Examples are Candida albicans, Candida neoformans MOULDS - Microscopic, multicellular organisms FLESHY FUNGI - Mushrooms, toadstool and bracket of fungi, collectively. These are fungi that are not microorganisms  Mechanical Vector – such as flies can pick up infectious agents on the outside of their bodies and transmit them through physical contact. PORTAL OF ENTRY - The manner of entry is similar with the mode of exit from the reservoir. The most important portals of entry are: - Skin - Mucous Membrane - Respiratory Track - Gastrointestinal Tract - Urinary Tract - Reproductive System - Conjunctiva - Placenta Channels of Infection – Means through which the body becomes infected by disease producing agents. This may be the Respiratory Tract, Digestive Tract and Exterior Surfaces of the Body SUSCEPTIBLE HOST - A person or animal not possessing sufficient resistance against a particular PORTAL OF EXIT - Before the infectious agent can pathogenic agent and for that person liable to attack a new host, it must have a way of escape contact a disease if or when expose from the reservoir of infection, like man, animals, plants, soil and others. The most frequent portals of exit in man are: - Skin through open lesions or w/ the aid of insects or hypodermic needles - Respiratory Tract - Gastrointestinal Tract - Eyes/Ears There are five principal modes by which transmission of pathogens occur are: - Contact Transmission Direct Transmission –The immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct physical contact Indirect Transmission –The transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by fomites - Droplet Transmission Involves the transfer of pathogens via infectious droplets. Droplets may be generated by coughing, sneezing and even talking - Airborne Transmission - Vehicular Transmission Involves contaminated inanimate objects (“vehicles”) such as food, water, dust, and fomites. - Vector Transmission Involves the various types of biting insects and arachnids Biological Vector – such as mosquitoes and ticks may carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts, usually by biting. Examples are Ticks, Flea, Louse, Mite  PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE The prefix path comes from the Greek word “pathos” meaning disease. Pathogen – Microbe capable of causing disease Pathology – The study of the structural and functional manifestations of disease Pathologist – A physician who has specialized in pathology Pathogenic – The ability to cause disease Pathogenesis – The steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease Four Periods or Phases In The Course of An Infectious Disease 1. INCUBATION PERIOD - The time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and the onset of symptoms. The length of the incubation period is influenced by many factors, including the overall health and nutritional status of the host, the immune status of the host, the virulence of the pathogen, and the number of pathogens that enter the body 2. PRODROMAL PERIOD - The time during which the patient feels “out of sorts’ but is not yet Steps in the Pathogenesis of Infectious experiencing actual symptoms of the disease Diseases The patients may feel like they are “coming down 1. Entry with something” but are not yet sure what it is. 2. Attachment PERIOD OF ILLNESS - The time during which the 3. Multiplication patient experiences the typical symptoms 4. Invasion or Spread of Pathogen associated with that particular disease. 5. Evasion of Host Defenses Communicable diseases are most easily 6. Damage to Host Tissue(s) transmitted during this third period. CONVALESCENT PERIOD - The time during which the patient recovers. For certain infectious diseases, especially viral respiratory diseases, the convalescent period can be quite long. Although the patient may recover from the illness itself, permanent damage may be caused destruction of tissues in the affected areas.  OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES MAPPLE BARK DISEASE Source: Moldy Mapple Bark/Mapple Bark Strippers BAGASSOSIS Causative Agent: Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus Source: Moldy Sugarcane Fiber fumigatus Causative Agent: Thermoactinomyces sacchari, MOLLUSK SHELL HYPERSENSITIVITY Thermophilic actinomycetes Source: Shell Dust BYSSINOSIS (Brown Lung Disease/Monday Causative Agent/ Fever) Major Antigen: Sea snail shell Source: Textile, Yarn, Fabric Manufacturing SUBEROSIS Causative Agent/ Source: Moldy Cork Dust Major Antigen: Textile Fiber Dust, Cotton Dust Causative Agent: Fungus (Penicillum frequentas) BIRD’S FANCIER LUNG (Bird Breeder’s Lung) ASBESTOSIS (White Lung Disease) Source: Pigeons, Parakeets, Fowl, Rodents Source: Causative Agent: Avian or Animal Protein Causative Agent/ Remarks: A type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis Major Antigen: Asbestos Fibers caused by birds droppings. BARITOSIS Source: Barium Handling Industry CHEESEWORKER’S LUNG Causative Agent: Barium Dust Source: Cheese Mold BERYLLIOSIS Causative Agent/ Source: Aerosspace Manufacturing, Beryllium Major Antigen: Penicillium casei, Penicellium Mining or manufacturing of fluorescent light bulbs roqueforti Causative Agent/ ESPARTO GRASS HYPERSENSITIVITY Major Antigen: Beryllium Dust PNEUMONITIS BAUXITE (Shaver’s Disease) Source: Moldy esparto used to produced ropes, Source: Alumina abrasive manufacturing canvas, sandals, mats, baskets and paper paste Causative Agent: Bauxite Fumes Causative Agent: Fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus) CALCICOSIS FARMER”S LUNG DISEASE Source: Source: Moldy Hay Causative Agent/ Causative Agent/ Major Antigen: Limestone Dust Major Antigen: Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, CHALICOSIS (Flint Disease) Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Source: Stonecutting/ Masonry Works Thermoactinomyces viridis and Causative Agent: Fine Particles of Stone Thermoactinomyces sacchari COAL WORKERS’ PNEUMOCONIOSIS (Black GRAIN HANDLER’S LUNG Lung Disease) Source: Moldy Grain Source: Causative Agent: S. Rectivirgula, T. Vulgaris Causative Agent/ HUMIDIFIER/AIRCONDITIONER LUNG Major Antigen: Dust from coal, graphite Source: Contaminated Forced air SIDEROSIS systems, heated water reservoir Source: Metal Grinding Works Causative Agent/ Causative Agent: Iron Particles Major Antigen: Rectivirgula, T. Vulgaris SILICOSIS JAPANESE SUMMER TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY Source: Silica exposure PNEUMONITIS Causative Agent/ Source: Damp wood and mats Major Antigen: Silica Dust Causative Agent: Fungus (Trichosporon cutaneum) MALT WORKER’S LUNG Source: Moldy Malt Causative Agent/ Major Antigen: Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus fumigatus MUSHOOM PICKER’S LUNG Source: Mushroom Causative Agent: Trichophyton vulgaris SEQUOIOSIS Source: Moldy Redwood bark Causative Agent/ Major Antigen: Spores of Pullularia pullulans  INSECTS AND VERMIN CONTROL 6 to 9 mm long (1/4 inch) No biting mouthparts INSECTS - Six-legged animal - Air breathing invertebrate animal arthropod Why are housefly harmful? Acts as mechanical vector of many human disease The most important breeding places of the housefly are: VERMIN - A group of insects or small animals - human excreta which are vectors of diseases - Fresh horse manure - like flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, lice, bedbugs, - Manure of other animals mice and rats - garbage VECTORS – Arthropods or other invertebrates Flies live in filth: in feces, garbage, and dead which transmit infection by innoculation, biting, animals. deposit Germs are carried on fly’s feet DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED BY VECTORS Flies land on food and dishes EITHER: Flies eat organisms in feces, garbage and meat MECHANICALLY - The causative organism is Flies leave droppings on their food. carried in or on the body of the insect. Droppings contain organisms that cause disease. -The insect plays no part in the metabolism, or It may then transmit pathogenic bacteria to human physiological changes in the nature of organism. food from its mouth parts, by vomitus, and from its BIOLOGICALLY - The body of the insect furnishes sticky foot pads and body and legs hairs. an essential link in the series of biological changes Disease known to have been so transmitted are which occur in the development of the organism typhoid fever, cholera, bacillary and amoebic BASIC METHODS IN THE CONTROL OF dysentery, etc. INSECTS AND RODENTS How do we control Housefly? 1. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL - Use of ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL mechanical devices or physical forces o Elimination of Food Sources 2. CHEMICAL - Chemical applications are o Elimination of Breeding Places rapid and effective means to reduce vector Cleaning and removal of decaying population density. Constraints: vegetables, animal matter, garbage, manure - Behavioral resistance piles, etc. Such materials shall never be - Insecticide persistence allowed to remain for more than 4 days. 3. BIOLOGICAL - Considering of limiting proper refuse storage and disposal. factors that affect their growth and proper food storage. reproduction. proper excreta disposal. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL - Removal of breeding MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL places and attractants. CONTROL 5. HEALTH EDUCATION CAMPAIGN - o Screens Understand and appreciate the importance o Electric Fans of control measures and therefore motivate o Other Physical Control Measures Such as them to change their habits, practices, and Swatting Use of Fly Sticker, Flame Throwers, attitudes, which promote the survival and Flooding Of Breeding Grounds. multiplication of pests. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL HOUSEFLY - (musca domestica) Release of sterile flies – when female fly mate with Adult look like: sterile male whose pupa which expose to gamma Large eyes rays from radioactive cobalt, large number of sterile 2 wings eggs are produced. Released of sterile flies Small antennae (feelers) continued until the population falls to an extremely 3 pairs of legs and fat body low level. - The sterile males compete with wild males to They Prefer Starchy Materials Such As Bakery mate with the females. Females that mate with a Good, Cereals And Book Bindings But Will Also sterile male produce no offspring, thus reducing the Feed Upon Leather, Wallpaper, And Dead Animals. next generation's population. HOW DO WE CONTROL COCKROACHES? CHEMICAL CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL – Residual spray – for long lasting control. When o All areas must be kept clean applied, the chlorinated hydrocarbons and organic o Frequent cleaning of the building will help remove phosphorous insecticide will leave a film of crystals the eggs that will kill some insects for weeks or months o The building should always be in good repair. thereafter. o All windows and doors should be tight-fitting. – Space spraying – ultra low volume and thermal CHEMICAL CONTROL fog application – economical and fast. Putting a o Use of insecticides very fine mist or aerosol into areas where flies are HEALTH EDUCATION CAMPAIGN abundant, for killing a large number of adults. To control fly quickly from distance away. MOSQUITOES - Culex pipiens Quinquefasciatus – Larvicidal Treatment – for control of maggots. It is - Aedes Aegypti directed towards the elimination of breeding media of larval habitats. HEALTH EDUCATION CAMPAIGN COCKROACH(blattella germanica) Life Cycle of Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus Adult are strong: o A female lays about 100 – 300 eggs. They can live 2 weeks w/o water. o Eggs form a raft which floats on water. They can live 3 weeks w/o food. o Eggs hatch in 1 to 2 days. They eat almost anything: food, leather, glue, hair, o Larva and pupa stages take 8-10 days paper, wallpaper, paste, and each other. o It takes 9-13 days to change from egg to adult o An adult lives for 10-12 days o Females need blood to lay eggs o An egg hatches in 10-20 minutes o A larva lives in water for 7-9 days o It is pupa for 1-2 days o It becomes an adult on day 11 o An egg can live for a year or more w/0 water. Why are Mosquitoes harmful? o They cause annoyance and discomfort to people. o They bite and make skin itch o They carry organism that cause disease. WHY ARE COCKROACH HARMFUL? They can carry organisms that cause disease. They can make skin itch and eyelids swell. They can spoil food. HABITS OF COCKROACH They Are Active At Night They Hide During The Day In The Kitchen And Furniture And Almost Everywhere They Fit Narrow Spaces They Live In Group HOW DO WE CONTROL MOSQUITOES? LIFE CYCLE: Attained its sexual maturity 1 1⁄2 months or 45 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL days and the average gestation period is 90 days o Source elimination Frequent range of travel is 100-150 ft. from their CHEMICAL CONTROL harborage o Space spraying Length of life is about one year o Oils PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF DOMESTIC o Repellants RATS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL RESERVOIR OF HUMAN DISEASES o Iarvivorous fish eat mosquito larvae Murine Typhus Fever o Dragonfly eat mosquito eggs, wriggles and Plague tumblers Rat Bite Fever o Toads and frogs eat adult mosquitoes Weil’s Disease or leptospirosis o Lizard eat adult mosquitoes Salmonellosis MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL CONTROL Ricketsialpox o Use netting or screens over windows, beds and HOST FOR ECTOPARASITE especially cribs FLEAS: Plague, Murine typhus HEALTH EDUCATION CAMPAIGN ECONOMIC LOSS AND DAMAGE Contaminating foodstuff Destroying properties LOST OF MANPOWER EFFICIENCY Loss of sleep Inconvenience WHAT ARE THEIR HABITS? REACTION TO STRANGE OBJECTS CLIMBING JUMPING SWIMMING NESTING AND HARBORAGE GNAWING FEEDING HABITS SENSES NORWAY RATS - Rattus norvegicus TOUCH Most common and largest of the domestic rats VISION Called brown rat or sewer rat SMELL Burrowing animal TASTE LIFE CYCLE: HEARING Attained its sexual maturity 3-5 months and the BALANCE average gestation period is 22 days COMPETITION Frequent range of travel is 100-150 ft. from their HOW DO WE CONTROL RATS AND MICE? harborage ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL Length of life is about one year o Rodent Starvation ROOF RAT - Rattus rattus CHEMICAL CONTROL Also known as black rat, climbing rat, ship rat, o Fumigation house rat, Alexandrine rat, old English rat. o Stomach Poisons Prefers hollow spaces in walls, or rubbish boxes, o Ectoparasites Control barrels, and other containers, attics, or upper BIOLOGICAL CONTROL stories and trees. o Predatory animals Can climb pipes, ropes, wires, wooded uprights. o Use of sterile males Less prolific than the brown rat, producing fewer MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL CONTROL rats per litter. o Rodent Stoppage HOUSE MOUSE - Mus musculus o Use traps The smallest of the domestic rodents o Shooting with bullets Small and slender and is covered with dusky gray o Catching with bare hand Has a long tail o electrocution Ears is moderately large and prominent HEALTH EDUCATION CAMPAIGN Lives in any convenient place such as walls, REGULATORY – QUARANTINE LAWS cabinets, and furniture.