Safety at Work Article Analysis (PDF)

i An update to this article is included at the end Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Accident Analysis and Prevention journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aap Safety climate: Systematic literature network analysis of 38 years (19802018) of research T Umesh Kumar Bamela, Ritesh Pandeyb, Amit Guptaa a b IIM Amritsar, PTU Capmus, 143105, Amritsar, Punjab, India Assistant Professor, Finance Area, IMT Ghaziabad, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Safety climate Bibliometric analysis Systematic literature network analysis cocitation networks Keywords co-occurrence network Accident analysis and prevention The objective of this paper is to examine the safety climate knowledge epistemology using bibliometric and systematic literature network analysis. For this purpose, bibliometric information of research article published on safety climate topic was retrieved from Scopus databases. In total, 494 articles published between 1980 and 2018 were retrieved. These articles cover 1373 authors, 203 journals and 2511 keywords. Information collected was analyzed employing bibliometric and network analysis approach using an open source computer program R and VOSviewer. The main findings of the study reveal the publication trends in safety climate literature since 1980 to present, identifies most productive authors, and most influential research work. Our findings suggest that Haung and Zohar are the top publishing authors in safety climate domain. Zohar’s work has the highest citations. The most influential articles have been published in Journals such as Accident Analysis and Prevention, Journal of Applied Psychology, Safety Science and Journal of Safety Research. Network analysis of these articles yielded co-citation networks of most influential works, bibliographical coupling network and keywords co-occurrence network. These networks yielded the structure of safety climate knowledge. Findings of our research have theoretical and practical implications in the area of safety climate. 1. Introduction In recent years, there has been a surge in research on safety climate; almost twenty-five percent of all scholarly articles on the construct have appeared since 2016 (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, the concept has been in vogue from 1980s, and has been gaining scholarly attention since Zohar (1980); as a matter of fact, it is in its fourth decade of examination today. Unlike other organizational constructs, safety climate is possibly one construct, which has successfully brought together scholarly attention from diverse disciplines; be it health professional (Nielsen et al., 2016); engineering (Huang et al., 2018); construction (Zhang et al., 2018); social science (Neal and Griffin, 2006); and business management (Zohar and Luria, 2005); among many others. The migration of the construct across disciplines may possibly be attributed to the universal focus on safety in all workplace activities; its impact on safety performance (DeJoy et al., 2017); employee compliance with safety standards (Andersen et al., 2018), safety behavior (Bronkhorst et al., 2018), prevention of work related accidents and promotion of safety performance (Chan et al., 2017a,b). This rapid growth of safety climate literature has resulted in a number of comprehensive literature review, for example between the relationship between patient safety climate and standard precaution adherence (Hessels and Larson, 2016); defining and measuring safety climate in the construction industry (Schwatka et al., 2016); among others. Additionally, numerous meta-analytic reviews as book chapters have covered the relationship between safety climate and safety performance (Clarke, 2006); roles of person and situational factors in workplace safety (Christian et al., 2009); an integrative model of safety climate (Clarke, 2010); trends and direction in safety climate intervention literature (Lee et al., 2018); comparison of universal vs. industry-specific safety climate predictive validity (Jiang et al., 2018); and safety climate and supervisory based intervention (Luria, 2016). Although these reviews are helpful in offering useful insights through structuring and consolidating extant safety climate research, they are limited to specific topics within safety climate literature; for instance, safety climate-safety performance, safety climate predictive validity and so on. Also, the scope of these reviews is restricted to some specific aspects/context of safety climate research. In a recent review by Lee et al. (2018) for instance, they considered only 19 article on safety climate. Moreover, most of these reviews tended to solely employ a conventional approach of literature review (i.e., either offering a critique, or a synthesis, meta-analysis, etc.). They have failed to apply E-mail address: [email protected] (U.K. Bamel). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105387 Received 12 March 2019; Received in revised form 23 November 2019; Accepted 26 November 2019 Available online 12 December 2019 0001-4575/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. Fig. 1. Publishing Trends in Safety Climate Research. some of the more contemporary and recent approaches like the bibliometric and structured network analysis (Mishra et al., 2018). Bibliometric and structured network analysis has gained prominence in the recent past as being a prominent literature review approach, and is being used extensively across various knowledge domains (Mishra et al., 2018; Rey-Martí et al., 2016). Bibliometric review offers insights about research themes with maximum output in a domain (Merigó et al., 2016); identifies influential and leading scholars, institutes/universities, publication sources and countries, considering their output and citations. Additionally, bibliometric and network analysis approaches offer a more thorough evaluation of literature in terms of publication trends and patterns, and identifies established and emerging themes in a domain (Martínez-López et al., 2018). The present research is designed to map scientific literature on safety climate using bibliometric and systematic literature network analysis (SLNA) approach (Strozzi and Colicchia, 2012). The present paper primarily looks to address three key questions by reviewing 494 articles published over the last four decades in the area of safety climate research (1980–2018). Post a brief summary on historical progression of safety climate research, the first question addressed is: who are the most productive authors in safety climate research? Second, what are most influential individual works? Third, what are the most robust areas of research in safety climate and what is the structure and periodic progression of safety climate research. Cocitation based network identifies the robust areas of research in a knowledge domain, while bibliographic coupling is a promising way of analyzing recent trends and changes over time in a knowledge network (Zhao and Strotmann, 2008). By addressing these questions, we seek to contribute to the area of safety climate research, in multiple ways. First, the present analysis presents a viewpoint different from conventional reviews, and visualizes the safety climate knowledge epistemology using the SLNA approach. Second, construction of networks and clusters (using co-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling) reveal interesting patterns and themes in safety climate research, and possibly furthers theoretical, conceptual, empirical development of the field, the possibility of relating the construct of safety climate to other constructs, and its migration to other domains where the construct of safety climate might be relevant. Third, this type of analysis is necessary, as it provides an understanding of the ideas and influential forces that direct knowledge production within a domain (Belhassen and Caton, 2009). The analysis presented in this paper would develop a shared understanding of how knowledge in safety climate unfolded over a period of time. Next, we look to contribute to the existing understanding about most productive authors and most influential individual works; this could possibly help corporate and practitioners in harnessing benefits from the most productive and influential scholars of the field. We feel that bibliometric and network analysis approach has the possibility to make significant contributions to the extant safety climate literature. In the following sections, we review safety climate literature briefly, followed by research methodology and analysis. Results and discussion section is followed by conclusion, and future direction of this research. 2. Literature review The concept of safety climate had emerged from the roots of organizational climate almost 40 years ago when Zohar (1980) constructed and validated a measure of organizational climate for safety in an industrial organization context. Organizational climate is primarily understood as molar perceptions that organizational members share about their work environment that serve as a frame of reference for guiding appropriate workplace behaviors (Schneider, 1975). Organizational climate thus influences employee motivation to achieve performance (Brown and Leigh, 1996). Organizational climate is largely thought of as a general evaluation of the work environment whereas safety climate is considered as specific to the domain of safety (Bamel et al., 2013; Neal et al., 2000). Basing on the theoretical assumption of organizational climate, safety climate may be defined as the shared perceptions of organizational members towards safety and how members of an organization prioritize safety (Zohar, 1980). Effectively, it refers to employees’ perception of organization’s policies, procedures, and practices regarding workplace safety (Andersen et al., 2018). Past research suggests that safety climate predicts safety behavior and safety performance at workplace (Andersen et al., 2018). A range of studies including meta-analysis studies of safety climate concur with the view above that there is a positive linkage between safety climate and employee safety compliance and safety participation (Clarke, 2010). Given the growing importance of this construct within the last two decades, scientific publications in safety climate have multiplied rapidly (Andersen et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2018). It is evident from literature analysis (Fig. 1) that from 1980 to 2018, the number of scientific publications related to safety climate have grown at the rate of almost 11 percent annually. Moreover, scholars are using new methods to examine safety climate, such as longitudinal analysis (Naveh and Katz-Navon, 2015), mediation and moderation analysis (Zhang et al., 2018), and multilevel analysis (Haung et al., 2017), among others. In terms of theoretical advances, research on safety climate has been linked to other dominant paradigms such as job demand resource perspective (Nielsen et al., 2011), psychological capital (Chen 2 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. et al., 2017) etc.; and extended to multiple contexts such as construction, oil and gas, road safety, industrial safety, among others. The present paper is an effort to consolidate and elucidate the knowledge structure of safety climate based on the systematic literature network analysis (SLNA) approach. Table 1 Descriptive Information about Scientific Papers. Source: bibliographic information obtained from Scopus on December 18, 2018. 3. Research method The objective of this paper is to understand the knowledge epistemology, and identify trends and characteristics of safety climate research over the last 40 years. In this study, we apply SLNA (bibliometric and citation network analysis) to understand knowledge structures, highlight the boundaries, and qualitative and quantitative changes in safety climate literature (Fahimnia et al., 2015; Ruhanen et al., 2015; López-Fernández et al., 2016; Feng et al., 2017; Rey-Martí et al., 2016); (Rey-Martí et al., 2016). The advantage of using SLNA is that it is a quantitative approach which examines the published literature in a field based on objective measures and algorithms to develop a knowledge map of the domain. This analysis involves applications of statistical methods to identify the qualitative and quantitative changes in a research domain (De Bakker et al., 2005). SLNA helps in understanding the growth of knowledge in a domain through identification of trends, evolutionary trajectories and key issues thus acting as a guide to scholars and practitioners working in that domain (Oliva et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2018). Data for this study was extracted from Scopus database as it has a wide coverage of scholarly journals and is more comprehensive than other data bases such as Web of science (Fahimnia et al., 2015; ReyMartí et al., 2016). We did not consider Google Scholar, which is otherwise the most comprehensive database, as it does not provide the amount of detailed information demanded by network analysis (Benckendorff and Zehrer, 2013). Total number of articles extracted 494 Sources (Journals, Books, etc.) Keywords Plus (ID) Author's Keywords (DE) Period Average citations per documents Authors Author Appearances Authors of single-authored documents Authors of multi-authored documents Single-authored documents Documents per Author Authors per Document Co-Authors per Documents Collaboration Index Article Article in Press Review 203 2511 961 1980 -2019 36.74 1373 1936 31 1342 40 0.359 2.77 3.76 2.83 459 11 24 package (Aria and Cuccurullo, 2017). Although a number of tools are available for bibliometric analysis like Bibexcel, Gephi (Fahimnia et al., 2015), and GraphPad Prism software (Pu et al., 2017) among others, we preferred to use the R package over other packages since it provides users with a higher degree of control in modifying and adjusting the input as well output data (Aria and Cuccurullo, 2017). Bibliometric analysis provides information such as the top cited authors, sources of publications, affiliation, geography/country wise contribution, etc. Next, the bibliographic citation network analysis was conducted. It offers insights about co-citation network, bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence network of top ranked authors, top ranked papers, keywords co-occurrence etc. Bibliographic networks have become an important tool for visualizing relationships of various kinds in a scholarly area. We used a freely available software program called VOSviewer, which is a sophisticated tool for producing bibliographic networks. Data on 494 articles on safety climate extracted from the Scopus database was fed into the VOSviewer (van Eck and Waltman, 2010) to generate the bibliometric networks. The VOS (visualization of similarities) mapping method was used to generate networks in a two dimensional map (van Nunen et al., 2018). 3.1. Key terms, data search and refinement The Scopus database was searched using key terms like ‘safety climate’ in the ‘title’ field. The results of this search included journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, books, notes and letters (editorials were excluded). The search was performed on December 20, 2018, and yielded a list of 1472 documents. Next, using the ‘subject’field, certain subjects like chemical engineering, computer science, energy, biochemistry, mathematics, pharmacology, earth and planetary science, environmental science, material science, multidisciplinary, neuroscience, immunology, and physics were excluded, resulting in a total of 1035 documents. As a next step inclusion criteria were added. These were that the articles needed to be original; they could be reviews, in journals source type with English as their primary language. This further reduced the total count of articles to 996. One of the authors read these 996 article titles and abstracts. Articles which did not primarily deal with workplace safety climate, for example articles that dealt with psychological safety climate, were discarded. This screening process yielded a total of 494 articles which were used for final analysis. The oldest paper in our search dated back to 1980, authored by Dov Zohar. Since Zohar (1980), 1373 authors have produced 494 articles in various domain such as manufacturing, construction, medicine, social sciences, health care, etc. Out of 494 articles, 31 works are single author publications. The collaboration index among authors who work on safety climate was 2.8 (Table 1). 4. Results & discussion 4.1. Publication trends in safety climate A detailed content analysis of the chosen articles was conducted to understand the evolution, themes and trends in safety climate research. Fig. 1 shows the trends in the publication quantity on yearly basis. The oldest article in the field of safety climate dates back to 1980 and appeared in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Interestingly, this was the first scientific paper (Zohar, 1980) that dealt with the theoretical aspects, gave a scale to measure safety climate and validated the scale by measuring safety climate in 20 industrial organizations. Subsequently, Brown and Holmes (1986) confirmed the validity of Zohar’s safety climate measure on an American sample in a production set up (in the 18th Volume of the Journal of Accident Analysis & Prevention). Steiner (1987) and later Cantarella (1990) again examined safety climate in a production setup, thereby publishing in the area of safety climate which saw very few articles published till 1997 (Fig. 1). A detailed analysis of papers from 1980 to 1990 revealed that the inquires on safety climate were limited only to development and validation of safety climate measures within production and industrial setups. The number of papers published per year in the area of safety climate was very low till 2002. The focus in terms of research context 3.2. Data analysis Given the purpose of the paper, data analysis was done in two parts i.e. bibliometric analysis and citation network analysis (Fahimnia et al., 2015). The bibliometric analysis was done on dataset using a programing language called R. The specific R package used was the Bibliometrix 3 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. started diversifying from production set up to construction (Dedobbeleer and Béland, 1991, in Journal of Safety Research), road safety (Niskanen, 1994) and service organizations (Coyle et al., 1995). The theme of these examinations was again limited to analysis and assessment of safety climate. After 2002, safety climate seemed to have caught the attention of scholars and the quantity of scientific research output increased significantly. Along with increase in number of articles, the context of safety climate research expanded to offshore installations (Mearns et al., 1998) and medicine and health sector (Anderson et al., 2000; Basen-Engquist et al., 1998) domains. One important observation is that around the period 1997–2000, scholars began examining safety climate as an antecedent to other work place related constructs such as levels of safety activities (Cheyne et al., 1998) and emotional reactions (Østvik et al., 1997), among others. The period of 2002–2010 witnessed another spurt in academic interest in safety climate with a steady rise in publications with 2010 seeing 37 publications. The inquiries during this period continued to address issues such as development and validation of safety climate measures (Silva et al., 2004; Seo et al., 2004), and safety climate as an antecedent of safety performance, safety behavior, employee engagement (DeJoy et al., 2004; Neal and Griffin, 2006; Hofmann and Mark, 2006). By 2010, scholars also started examining mediation and moderation in safety climate research (Chowdhury and Endres, 2010). As the concept was now three decades old, a few review papers also begun consolidating extant domain knowledge (Zohar, 2010). In terms of contexts, safety climate was examined in production, transportation, oil and gas, medicine and health, construction and infrastructure sectors. The period of 2011–2018 saw a steady rise in the number of articles published with the number of articles published in 2017 alone being about 61, which is almost equal to the total number of articles published during the period 1980–2007 (28 years since its conception). Just to put things in perspective, from 1980 to 2018, the number of publications has risen at an annual growth rate of almost 11 percent. This trend goes to show how the field has been growing, whereby safety climate still remains a contemporary and relevant concept. During the period 2011–2018, in addition to the validation and cross validation of safety climate measures in various set context, many new themes of examination were also explored. For example, leadership (Thompson et al., 2011; Kapp, 2012; Nielsen et al., 2013; Tucker et al., 2016; Farag et al., 2017); psychological contract (Newaz et al., 2019a, 2019b); wellbeing (Idris and Dollard, 2014), psychological capital (Bergheim et al., 2013; Hystad et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017), and safety climate strength (Vogus, 2016; Ginsburg and Oore, 2016). Additionally, safety climate research also matured methodologically, as papers appeared using multilevel measurements (Brondino et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2017), longitudinal survey research (Benn et al., 2012; Naveh and Katz-Navon, 2015); mediation models (Fugas et al., 2012; Zohar et al., 2014; Tu et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018); and moderation models (Wang and Yen, 2015; Lee and Dalal, 2016; Wishart et al., 2017). In conclusion, this section briefs the chronological progression of safety climate literature i.e., from conceptualization to measurement issues, integration with other constructs, and its conceptual and methodological diversification. The above review also reveals the increased linkages of safety climate research with other constructs such as leadership, wellbeing, with safety climate being a mediating and moderator variable. significantly shaped the scholarly discourse around safety climate. It is evident from Table 2 that Y. H. Huang has topped the list with maximum number of publications followed by D. Zohar, J. Lee, and L. A. Murphy. It is interesting to note that these scholars addressed a variety of themes, such as safety performance, workplace injuries, job satisfaction and turn over, methodological and theoretical issues, among others. For example, Y. H. Huang is ranked one in terms of most productive authors and her scholarly work extended the scope of safety climate research from an industrial organization context (primarily Zohar’s focus area) to transportation and trucking context, thus extending the applicability of the construct across contexts. Additionally, by considering the factors such as supervisory safety communication, job satisfaction, and employee engagement her research contribution to linking safety climate with other constructs and highlighted the role of safety behaviors and safety-performance relationships. Huang’s work has examined safety climate from other theoretical paradigms such as motivation theories and social exchange theory. One important observation is that almost half of the top publishing authors have been affiliated to universities in the USA, followed by UK, Australia, Israel, and Norway. The major journals for publishing and propagating safety climate research are Accident Analysis and Prevention, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Safety Science, Journal of Safety Research, Applied Ergonomics, BMJ Quality and Safety, Medical Care, Journal of Organizational Behavior, and Journal of Applied Psychology. Awareness about the journals that publish safety climate research will help scholars in field to follow a particular journal and also to publish their research related to safety climate in those journals. 4.3. Most influential works While an analysis of the most productive authors provides important information about individual contributions and their influence in the evolution of a field of research, it is equally important to identify most influential/cited research articles that have shaped the knowledge structure of a domain. Table 3 lists top 15 research articles in terms of their citations in the area of safety climate. Our analysis found that Zohar (1980, 2000, 2002, 2010) has significantly influenced safety climate research by his seminal work in the area. His contribution has shaped the safety climate knowledge structure from a theoretical perspective (proposition and validation of construct), as well as from a methodological perspective (addressing measurement issues in safety climate at various level of measurement). For example, measuring safety climate at various level of analysis has long been a topic of debate among scholars (Kuenzi and Schminke, 2009), and many efforts have been made to address this issue. However, it was Zohar (2000); Zohar and Luria (2005), who addressed this issue most comprehensively and substantiated the robustness of the construct he first wrote about in 1980. In addition, Zohar (2002) extended the linkages of safety climate with other organizational behavior constructs and thus opened new vistas of scholarly inquiry. Following his work, scholars began addressing issues such as role of safety climate in worker engagement (Law et al., 2011), job satisfaction (Smith, 2018), substance abuse (Reynolds and Lehman, 2008), etc. Zohar (2010) consolidates thirty years of safety climate research and offers useful directions for further scholarly inquiries. The second most influential individual papers have been contributed by Griffin and Neal (2000) and Neal and Griffin (2006). Their work added an essential element of safety compliance and safety participation in safety climate-safety performance research. This proposition of safety performance considers an individual worker’s knowledge, motivation and behaviors that influences safety in the workplace (Griffin and Neal, 2000; Neal and Griffin, 2006) and thus links multiple 4.2. Most productive authors The most prolific authors in a field help identify individual scholars who have a major contribution to the growth and evolution of a research field. Knowing about the pioneers in a particular domain also helps in deciding who could possibly be approached for research, policy formulation and help with organizational issues in a specific field (ReyMartí et al., 2016). Table 2 lists the top publishing authors who have 4 5 CHAN APC EID J FANG D PAYNE SC 7 8 9 10 MURPHY LA 4 MEARNS K LEE J 3 6 ZOHAR D 2 ROBERTSON MM HUANG Y-H 1 5 Author Name S. No 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 14 19 No. of Publications Table 2 Most Productive Authors. Source: Authors analysis of Scopus data Safety Climate, Workplace Injuries, safety attitudes, safety outcomes indicators Positive organizational behaviour, leadership, Sleep, Health, safety motivation, safety performance, person organization fit Safety performance Safety performance, Leadership, safety performance, job satisfaction, motivation Safety climate, Job satisfaction, turnover, Employee engagement, work place injuries, safety performance, methodical and theoretical issues in Safety climate measurement Multilevel issues in safety climate, leadership, injuries, work ownership, safety performance, job satisfaction, Safety climate, Safety performance, Theme of studies School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Texas A & M University, Texas, USA The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong University of Bergen, Norway Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA Northeastern University, USA Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, USA Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Affiliation Mainly Industrial organizations Offshore oil industry, Seafarer/ sailor Construction management Construction engineering Health care, air traffic, hospitals Trucking/transportation, nursing and hospital, construction, healthcare Trucking industry, Trucking industry, Utility workers, Industrial organizations, trucking industry, healthcare and hospitals Transportation, trucking, Nursing Discipline/Context Accident Analysis and Prevention, Safety Science, Journal of Safety Research, International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, Quality and Safety in Health Care Safety Science, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Journal of Positive Psychology, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, Safety Science, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Safety Science, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Journal of Management in Engineering, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Journal of Business and Psychology, Journal of Management, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Applied Ergonomics, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Accident Analysis and Prevention, Journal of Applied Psychology, Applied Psychology, BMJ Quality and Safety, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Accident Analysis and Prevention, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour Applied Ergonomics, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Applied Ergonomics, Safety science, Publication Source U.K. Bamel, et al. Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 559 481 254 238 Zohar (1980) Zohar (2000) Griffin and Neal (2000) Zohar and Luria (2005) Hofmann et al. (2003) Neal and Griffin (2006) Mearns et al. (2003) Zohar (2002) Zohar (2010) Clarke, (2006) Cooper and Phillips (2004) Dedobbeleer and Béland (1991) Mohamed (2002) Glendon and Litherland (2001) Gillen et al. (2002) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 of of of of of levels of analysis. Other influential contributions in top fifteen list include Hofmann et al. (2003, safety climate as moderator of leader member exchange and citizenship); Mearns et al. (2003, safety performance in offshore environments); Dedobbeleer and Béland (1991, safety climate in construction site); Cooper and Phillips (2004, safety climate and safety behaviour relationships); Colla et al. (2005, review of patient safety climate survey); Mohamed (2002, safety climate in construction); and Glendon and Litherland (2001, Safety climate in road construction). The meta-analysis by Clarke (2006) that offered a holistic analysis of the strength in the relationships between safety climate, safety performance, and occupational accidents and injuries, has also been important and in top fifteen most cited work in safety climate domain. It is important to note that most of these works appear between 2000 and 2010, except Zohar (1980) and Dedobbeleer and Béland (1991). These works helped the concept attain theoretical and methodological maturity, as well as inter-disciplinary popularity. 4.4. Co-citation network of the most influential works Co-citation networks, frequently used in bibliometric network analysis, focus on relationships or interaction between two publications (van Nunen et al., 2018). Co-citation happens if two papers are cited in a third paper, the former being termed as ‘co-cited’. The co-citation relation between two papers becomes stronger as more papers appear that cite both of them (Li and Hale, 2015). Co-citation analysis reveals the structure and periodic progression of a domain (Chen et al., 2010). One of the research gap addressed in this paper was to understand the relationships between influential scholars and works in safety climate research by constructing a co-citation network (Fig. 2). This network provides spatial positions of most cited work in a network in the form of a diagram (Benckendorff and Zehrer, 2013). Fractional counting method was used to generate the co-citation network. “Fractional counting means that a co-authored publication is assigned fractionally to each of the co-authors, with the overall weight of the publication being equal to one. Hence, in the case of fractional counting, each publication has the same overall weight” (PerianesRodriguez et al., 2016, p. 1179). We put a criterion of 15 minimum citation of a reference among 504 documents. Out of 18,853 unique references 35 documents met the criteria of 15 minimum citations. When we put a criterion of 20 minimum citations, the number of documents reduced to 16, which was too low to generate a meaningful co-citation network. With a criterion of 10 minimum citations, the number of documents was 69. When we created a co-citation network of 69 documents, the program excluded some items that were not connected to each other in the network and created a network with 38 items that formed the largest set of connected items. Hence, in order to generate a meaningful and interpretable network, the criterion of 15 minimum citations was used. The result of co-citation analysis is presented in Fig. 2 and is described in Table 4. The size of the circle represents the number of citations, and the distance between two circles represents the degree of similarity between them; i.e., the circle positioned closely denote a higher degree of similarity, while the circles positioned far from each other denote a low degree of similarity (van Nunen et al., 2018). The results of co-citation network reveal three different clusters denoted by three different color, i.e., red, green, and blue. Each cluster represents a theme/field of study in safety climate research. As seen in Fig. 2, red is the largest cluster, followed by blue color cluster. It is also evident that the green and red color clusters are positioned close together, while the blue color cluster is positioned a little far from these two clusters. As is seen in Fig. 2, cluster one (i.e., red colored nodes on top) is the largest cluster among co-citation network and composed of 15 influential works. This cluster focusses on safety climate-safety performance relationship (Griffin and Neal, 2000; Zohar, 2002; Zohar and Luria, 2004); studies safety climate with other organizational behavior Safety climate factors, group differences and safety behaviour in road construction Perceived safety climate, job demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers 803 740 702 722 792 736 582 392 379 366 353 348 341 296 Safety Science Journal of Organizational Behavior Accident Analysis and Prevention Journal of Occupational Health Psychology Journal of Safety Research Journal of Safety Research Journal of Construction Engineering and Management Safety Science Journal of Safety Research 1040 512 Journal of Applied Psychology 2660 1516 1234 1093 1033 1172 722 587 569 533 Journal Journal Journal Journal Journal Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on micro-accidents in manufacturing jobs Perceptions of safety at work: a framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader-member exchange and content specific citizenship: Safety climate as an exemplar A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels Safety climate, safety management practice and safety performance in offshore environments The effects of leadership dimensions, safety climate, and assigned priorities on minor injuries in work groups Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: A meta-analytic review Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship A safety climate measure for construction sites Safety climate in construction site environments Applied Psychology Applied Psychology occupational Health Psychology Applied Psychology Applied Psychology TC1 Source Title Author S. No. Table 3 Most Influential Research Papers. Source: Author’s analysis of Scopus data; TC 1: Total Citation in 599 research documents retrieved from Scopus; TC 2 is total citation of the article retrieved from Google Scholar on December 22, 2018. TC2 U.K. Bamel, et al. 6 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. Fig. 2. Co-Citation Network of Most Cited Work. In conclusion, co-citation network of most influential individual works reveal the characteristics, structure, relationships, and the evolution of safety climate (Liao et al., 2018). constructs such as perceived organizational support (Hofmann and Morgeson, 1999), leadership style and supervisory practices (Zohar, 2002; Zohar and Luria, 2003). This cluster also included review articles (Zohar, 2010) and meta-analysis (Christian et al., 2009) that assimilate and consolidate safety climate research and provide future directions in this area of research. This cluster is rooted in Zohar (1980), which also links cluster one with cluster two (blue colored cluster). Effectively, cluster one addresses issues such as proposition of a construct, extending the scope of research from independent variable to mediating variable, and examining it in different contexts, thereby establishing its theoretical legitimacy and methodological maturity. In terms of the time frame, this cluster consists of publications since 1980s (Zohar, 1980) to 2010 (Zohar, 2010). Cluster 2 (blue colored nodes situated on bottom of the network) is medium sized among the three clusters appears very coherent, but it is situated a little further away from the other wo clusters. This cluster is composed of eleven influential works that discuss the conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues of safety climate. For example, theoretical and applied implications of safety climate (Zohar, 1980); measure of safety climate for construction sites (Dedobbeleer and Béland, 1991); safety climate (Coyle et al., 1995); exploratory analysis of safety climate (Cooper and Phillips, 2004); and addition of the new perspective of motivation and knowledge (Griffin and Neal, 2000) among others. Cluster 3 (green color nodes, situated in close proximity to cluster one) mainly revolves around cross-level examinations of safety climate (Hofmann and Stetzer, 1996); thematic review of safety climate measures (Flin et al., 2000); relationship between organizational climate and safety climate (Neal et al., 2000); and antecedents of safety climate (DeJoy et al., 2004). Thus, cluster 3 not only adds to the conceptual and theoretical maturity of the construct, but also extends the scope in terms of establishing safety climate as a predictor of safety performance. Cluster 3 is rooted in Flin et al. (2000) which also links cluster three with cluster one. Graphically, Hofmann and Stetzer (1996) in cluster three is a linkage with cluster one. 4.5. Bibliographical coupling network (author based) Bibliographic coupling is another extensively used approach to analyze and visualize knowledge networks in a domain (Zhao and Strotmann, 2008). Two publications are said to be coupled bibliographically if both cite a same third publication, i.e., there is a commonality in the reference list of publications, with a larger commonality of publication indicating a stronger coupling (Kessler, 1963; Van Eck and Waltman, 2014). Co-citation based network identifies robust areas of research in a knowledge domain, while bibliographic coupling is a promising way of analyzing recent trends and changes over time in an author’s knowledge network (Zhao and Strotmann, 2008). To construct a bibliographic coupling network, data from the top 50 productive authors was analyzed following the full counting method. Bibliographic coupling generated a network of five clusters (Fig. 3), details of which has been given in Table 5. The total link strength of the network is 177,319 with 1221 links. In other words, the top 50 authors who are considered for author based bibliographic network, co-occurred together 177,319 times. Bibliographic network is an oval shaped network with the size of the node is an indication of the strength of coupling of the author within the cluster, which means that their reference list has the highest commonality within the cluster. The clusters are named after the name of the authors with the largest node within the cluster. Cluster 1 (red color, Mearns, Eid, Fang cluster) is positioned on top of the network and cluster 4 (yellow color, Arcury cluster) is positioned at the bottom of the network. Cluster 2 (green color, Chan, Hon, Chen cluster) and cluster 3 (blue color, Zohar, Huang cluster) are positioned on the middle and slightly on the lower side of the network. Cluster 5 (violet color, Payne, Bergman cluster) is positioned closer to cluster one and is on the top-right side of the network. 7 Zohar, D. Cluster One (Red Nodes) 8 Zohar, D Johnson, S. E. Christian, M.S., Bradley, J.C. Wallace, J.C. Burke, M.J Neal, A. & Griffin, M. A. Clarke, S. Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions. A multilevel model of safety climate: crosslevel relationships between organization and group-level climates The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: a meta-analytic review. A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. The predictive validity of safety climate Workplace safety: a meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors Zohar, D., Luria, G. Zohar, D. Luria, G. Zohar, D. Luria, G. The effects of leadership dimensions, safety climate, and assigned priorities on minor injuries in work groups The use of supervisory practices as leverage to improve safety behavior: A cross-level intervention model Climate as a social-cognitive construction of supervisory safety practices: scripts as proxy of behavior patterns. Safety-Related Behavior as a Social Exchange: the Role of Perceived Organizational Support and LeaderMember Exchange Perceptions of safety at work: A framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs Development and test of a model linking safety-specific transformational leadership and occupational safety Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications On the etiology of climates Title of the work Zohar, D. Barling, J., Loughlin, C., Kelloway, E.K Zohar, D. Griffin, M.A. & Neal, A., Schneider, B. & Reichers, A.E. Hofmann, D.A. & Morgeson, F.P, Pioneers Cluster 2010 2007 2009 2006 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2002 2000 2000 1999 1983 1980 Year Established the predictive validity of the construct. Meta-analytic review of antecedents of safety performance. Identifies psychological safety climate and group level safety climate as important antecedents of safety performance. Consolidation of fragmented safety climate research. Suggest multilevel, conditional and motivation mechanism examination. Examines the criterion related validity of the linkage between safety climate, and safety performance thus enhances the robustness of the constructs. A multilevel examination which extends the safety climate research to another organizational construct i.e. motivation. Tested a mediated model of transformational leadership, safety climate and occupational injuries. Extended the scope of safety climate to leadership, and role related aspects. Established that leadership style (transformation and constructive) as a predictor of group safety behavior. Mediation and moderation analysis. Established the linkage between supervisory behavior and safety behavior of workers. Extended the scope of construct to other organizational constructs. Established safety climate as a motivational mechanism between supervisor safety practices and safety performance. Extends the scope of the constructs to leadership research. Multilevel analysis i.e. organization and unit level. Supervisory discretion conditioned the relationship. Group level model of safety climate was found to be associated with industrial accidents. Established safety climate as antecedents of safety performance. Conceptualization of the term safety climate. Development and validation of the safety climate measures. Concludes the conceptual and methodological progress in climate research including safety climate. Leadership, LMX, perceived organizational support related with safety commitment and accident. Group level examination. Summary of contribution to Safety climate research Conceptual, theoretical and methodological validation of the construct. Recent examinations extended the debate to leadership and other related constructs. Theme of the cluster (continued on next page) Examining the safety climate-desired workplace behavior /performance using multisource / multilevel data. More inquires considering safety climate as mediating and conditional variable and integrating it with popular contemporary phenomenon psychological. Future research suggestions Table 4 Highlights of Co-Citation Network Clusters (Barling et al. (2002); Fang et al. (2006); Flin et al. (2006); Guldenmund (2000); Johnson (2007); O’Connor et al. (2011); Schneider and Reichers (1983), Varonen and Mattila2000). Source: Author’s analysis of Scopus data. U.K. Bamel, et al. Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 Three (Green) Zohar, D. Cluster two (Blue Node) 9 2000 A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs Perceptions of safety at work: A framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation The safety climate and its relationship to safety practices, safety of the work environment and occupational accidents in eight wood-processing companies Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship A multilevel model of safety climate: crosslevel relationships between organization and group-level climates The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: a meta-analytic review. Workplace safety: a meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors Examines the criterion related validity of the linkage between safety climate, and safety performance thus enhances the robustness of the constructs. Meta-analytic review of antecedents of safety performance. Identifies psychological safety climate and group level safety climate as important antecedents of safety performance. Elucidation of the organization climate construct. Extends the application of construct from one geography to another in production firm context, adds in to the theoretical and practical legitimacy of the construct Extends the application of construct to construction context. Established the statistical legitimacy of safety climate measure Extends the theoretical and statistical legitimacy of the constructs to clerical and service organizations in Australia. Safety climate (along with group processes and role overload) is associated with frequency of unsafe behavior Offers a viz a viz comparison of safety culture and safety climate. Adds to the theoretical legitimacy of concept. Thematic review of safety climate measures that enhances the practical implications of the construct by contextualizing it. Extend the scope to energy sector in UK. Examined the role of general environment of the firm, safety policies and programs and organizational climate in constructing safety climate of a firm and how it affects the safety related outcomes in retail outlets. Extends the practical implications of the construct to offshore oil and gas installations. 2006 1995 1996 Safety climate A cross-level investigation of factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents The nature of safety culture: A review of theory and research Measuring safety climate: Identifying the common features Dejoy, D.M., Schaffer, B.S., Wilson, M.G., Vandenberg, R.J., Butts, M.M., Mearns, K., Whitaker, S.M., Flin, R., Flin, R., Mearns, K., O'Connor, P., 2004 2003 Creating safer workplaces: assessing the determinants and role of safety climate Safety climate, safety management practice and safety performance in offshore environments 2000 2000 1991 Coyle, I. R., Sleeman, S. D., & Adams, N. Hofmann, D.A., Stetzer, A Guldenmund, F.W Dedobbeleer, N., Béland, F. 1975 1986 Organizational climates: an essay The use of a factor-analytic procedure for assessing the validity of an employee safety climate model A safety climate measure for construction sites 2009 2005 2004 Empirically validates the role of fellow workers’ safety actions associated with workplace safety in predicting safety performance and occupational accidents in a wood processing establishments. Confirmed the legitimacy of a priori model of safety climate. Added the multilevel measurement of safety climate i.e. firm level and group level. Added new perspective of motivation and knowledge in safety climate research. Conceptualization of the term safety climate. Development and validation of the safety climate measures Extends the application of construct to construction context. Established the statistical legitimacy of safety climate measure. Established the conceptual legitimacy of a priori model of safety climate in Finnish National Road Administration. Extends the theoretical and statistical legitimacy of the constructs to clerical and service organizations in Australia. Group level model of safety climate was found to be associated with industrial accidents. Summary of contribution to Safety climate research 2000 2000 1995 1994 1991 1980 Year Safety climate Safety climate in the road administration Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications A safety climate measure for construction sites Title of the work Schneider, B Brown, R.L., Holmes, H. Christian,M.S., Bradley, J.C. Wallace, J.C. Burke, M.J Clarke, S. Cooper,M.D., Phillips, R.A., Zohar, D., Luria, G. Varonen, U., & Mattila, M. Griffin, M.A. Neal, A., Coyle, I. R., Sleeman, S. D., Adams, N. Zohar, D. Béland, F. Niskanen, T. Dedobbeleer, N., Pioneers Cluster Table 4 (continued) Primarily focuses on measurement of safety climate, identifying its features and determinants in various contexts. Extension of conceptual and theoretical legitimacy by comparing and contrasting with other constructs. Diversification of safety climate-safety performance relationship. Theme of the cluster An extension of research in similar context such as nuclear reactor, power generation establishments and on. Theoretical Validation of concept in various developing country context. Focus on small and medium establishments including farms, agro establishments and so on. Future research suggestions U.K. Bamel, et al. Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. Fig. 3. Bibliographic coupling network (author based). also examines the role of safety practices, safety control, safety policies, and supervisory support in safety performance. In terms of contributions to safety climate research, this cluster can be credited with conceptualizing and validating (theoretical and empirical) the construct of safety climate. In addition, this cluster has diversified the scope of safety climate research in terms of context and linkages with other organizational constructs. In terms of publications, Huang has maximum number of publications to her credit, followed by Zohar, Lee, Murphy, Robertson, Cheung and Garabet. In terms of citations, Zohar stands at the top with 3451 citations, followed by Huang with 426 citations to her credit. Cluster 4, (Arcury cluster, yellow color) is one of the smallest clusters and it is situated at the bottom of the network. This cluster includes authors such as Arcury, Chen, Grzywacz, and Quandt. The focus of this cluster is on job characteristics, safety behavior and occupational injuries of immigrant firms, migrants, and construction workers. In addition, this cluster also examines issue of employer, workfamily spillover and role of language and literacy in safety training. Within the cluster, Arcury and Quandt are positioned at close proximity to each other, with a significantly higher strength of linkages than Grzywacz. Most of the publications in his cluster are in 2013-2014. This is a comparatively new and growing cluster. This cluster mainly extends the safety climate construct in a niche context of migrant workers working in agriculture sector. Cluster 5 (Payne, Bergman cluster, violet color) is another small cluster positioned near cluster 1 (Mearns, Fang, Eid cluster, red color). This cluster is inter-connected with clusters 1 and 3 in the network. Thematically, this cluster focuses on the empirical relationships of safety climate and injuries, and climate strength. Payne has published the maximum number of articles in this cluster followed by Bergman, Luria and Beus. In terms of number of citations, Luria leads the cluster (with 690 citations), followed by Payne (with 246 citations). In conclusion, bibliographic network analysis has revealed five major (cluster) that represent research streams in safety climate and highlighted the contribution of each stream to safety climate literature. Cluster 1 (red color, Mearns, Eid, Fang cluster) is the largest cluster in the bibliographic network and is composed of 26 authors. The intracluster coherence of this cluster is low and it has a number of subclusters. Cluster one is mainly rooted in Mearns and Eid, Fang and Clarke, and Griffin. Studies in cluster 1 focuses on the hazardous sectors such as offshore and acute emergency clinics. They include studies on safety climate in offshore and hazardous industry (Mearns and colleagues, 2003). In addition, research in this cluster examines the link of organizational safety climate, job insecurity, safety knowledge, safety compliance (Probst, 2004); sleep problems, and health complaints (Nielsen et al., 2016). Majority of the research in this cluster had been done from 2006-07 (Mearns et al., 2003) to 2013-14 (Smith and deJoy, 2014). In terms of number of publications, Mearns has the highest number of publications followed by Fang and Eid. Cluster 2 (Chan, Hon, Chen cluster, green color nodes) is the second largest cluster in this network and includes authors such as Chan; Chen and Blismas and so on. This cluster is rooted in Chan and is located slightly underneath cluster 1 (Mearns, Eid, Fang cluster) (Fig. 3) and a little distantly positioned from other clusters. This cluster has a few similarities with cluster 1, in terms of the research context being another accident prone sector i.e., construction sector. Most of the publications of this cluster are in the time period of 2016-17, except for a few studies by Chen, Blimas and Cooke. Among the authors of this cluster, Chan has published maximum number of papers, followed by Hon and Lingard. An important insight from this cluster is that safety climate research in construction industry context is comparatively new and in growth phase. Cluster 3 (Zohar and Huang cluster, blue color nodes) includes authors such as Zohar, Huang, Murphy, Robertson and so on. This cluster is situated near to cluster 5, almost equally distant from cluster 1 and 2, and slightly far from cluster 4. In terms of publication years, cluster 3 has three major publication periods, i.e., before 2007 (mainly publications by Zohar); 2012-13 (mainly research contributions by Huang); and 2016-17 (publications by Cheung, Murphy, Lee and Robertson). The research in this cluster addresses issues related to development and validation of safety climate measures under various settings i.e. industrial organizations, truck drivers, utility workers etc. Additionally, it 10 Blismas, N.; Chan, A.P.C.; Chen, P.Y.; Cooke, T.; Gao, R.; Hon, C.K.H.; Lingard, H.; Utama, W.P.; Zahoor, H. Huang, Y.-H.; Zohar, D.; Lee, J.; Murphy, L.A.: Robertson, M.M.; Garabet, A.; Arcury, T.A.; Chen, H.; Grzywacz, J.G.; Quandt, S.A.; 2 (green color) 4, (yellow color) 5 (violet color) Bergman, M.E.; Beus, J.M.; Luria, G.; Payne, S.C. Ashcroft, D.M.; Bowie, P.;Cheyne, A.;Clarke, S.;Dejoy, D.M.;EID, J.; Fang, D.; Flin, R.; Fogarty, G.J.; Gaba, D.M.; Griffin, M.A.; Hystad, S.W.; Kines, P.; Lu, C.-S.; Mearns, K.; Neal, A.; Nilelsen, M.B.; o’Connor, P.;Oliver, A.; Olsen, E.; Pousette, A.; Probst, T.M.; Smith, T.D.; Torner, M.; Wu, C.; 1 (red color) 3, (blue color) Authors Cluster Development and validation of safety climate measure among truck drivers, utility workers and industrial establishments; safety control, safety policies, safety practices, and supervisory support; safety culture in nuclear power station, multilevel model of safety climate, social aspects of safety management, Safety behavior, occupational Injuries in migrant and immigrant workers (farm, poultry workers); work family spillover; language and literacy issues in safety and health training for worker Empirical relationships between safety climate and injuries; organizational tenure and safety climate strength; Research in this cluster mainly addressees the issue of safety climate in hazardous industry. Leadership, supervisory role, and demandresources perspective are used to explain the phenomenon of safety climate, employee safety behavior and performance. Development and validation of Safety climate measure in pharmacies; development of nosacq50; safety climate in construction, aviation, and repair and maintenance sector, safety climate in offshore; workers’ safety behavior in hospitals and pharmacies; safety motivation and attitude; burnout and safety performance; safety training; leadership and safety perception and safety behavior Safety climate and accident rates in construction supply chain; group level safety climate; Main findings of this cluster are how safety climate predicts subsequent safety behaviors in a cross cultural context mainly in farm works and allied profession. Apart from meta-analytic reviews this cluster examines safety climate as leading and lagging variable. This adds a new perspective to safety climate research This cluster has contributed significantly in safety climate research in terms of context, scope and application. For example: role of leadership and work ownership in driver safety performance. This cluster played a major role in popularizing safety climate research. Locus of control; cross culture measurement of safety climate, Summary of research Focus Table 5 Bibliographic Coupling Network Description. Source: Scopus data, n = 494, overlay visualization: average publishing year of paper that cite respective cluster. Medium High Medium High Low Degree of coherence within cluster 2010-2011 2012-2013 < 2007; 20122013 2016-2017 2016-2017 2007-08; 2013-14 Publication timelines U.K. Bamel, et al. Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 11 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. Fig. 4. Keyword Co-occurrence Map of Safety Climate Literature. sites, construction safety, manufacturing industry, workplace accidents, maintenance, and workplace safety. This analysis indicates that this cluster has publications that focus on safety climate research that focuses on occupational safety in the context of the construction and manufacturing industry. Another important inference from our analysis is this cluster has employed quantitative research approach while studying the safety climate as key words like questionnaire surveys, psychometric properties, regression, structural equation modeling, factor analysis both exploratory and confirmatory, validity, reliability form the basis of this cluster. Cluster 2 (green color) is the second largest cluster with 115 keywords such as safety management, safety climate surveys, safety climate, safety culture, safety attitude, surgical procedures, hospitals, health care quality, health care surveys, medical errors, hospital subdivisions, clinical trials, health care quality etc. This cluster has research publications that are mainly focused on the health, medical care, and hospital sectors. In terms of use of research methodology, this cluster also uses quantitative research approach with focus on the use of questionnaires with emphasis on psychometrics and cross-sectional clinical research. This cluster has very little overlap with other clusters of the network and has medium degree of coherence. Cluster 3 (pink color cluster) includes 44 keywords and situated towards right upper side of the network. This cluster has a very low degree of coherence and it overlaps to a large degree with cluster one. The main keywords in this cluster are safety climate, accident falls, traffic accidents, fatigue, automobile driving, motor transportation, psychological stress, truck drivers, traffic safety, young adults, middle aged, and driving schedule. It appears that this cluster focuses on the transportation sector with driving and road safety being an important concern. In addition to quantitative research approach, this cluster seems to have employed a qualitative research approach as a research methodology with keywords such as interviews, qualitative design, qualitative research appearing in this cluster. Cluster 4 (yellow color) is the smallest cluster with 24 keywords. This cluster is situated at the bottom of the network. This cluster also 4.6. Keyword co-occurrence network Keywords co-occurrence networks help in identifying important keywords used in publications within a knowledge domain and provide insights about the main research themes of the domain (Van Eck and Waltman, 2009). For the purposes of network analysis, keywords or key terms and their co-occurrences in multiple publications, may be extracted from the title, abstract, author provided keywords and indexed keywords (Van Eck and Waltman, 2014). We used VOSviewer to visualize display keyword co-occurrence maps. A total of 2690 keywords from our list of 494 safety climate publications were extracted. To qualify for keyword analysis only keywords which occurred at least five-times were considered. Out of 2690 keywords 382 keywords met this criterion. Thereafter, keyword with general meaning such as psychometric, survey, analysis and nouns were excluded from the analysis. This reduced the total number of keywords included in the analysis to 316. Fig. 4 illustrates the keyword network. Distance between circles provides information on relatedness of keywords and the size of the nodes represents the frequency of occurrence of a keyword (van Nunen et al., 2018). Overlap of nodes indicates the number of times those keywords occur together in the keyword network (Rodrigues et al., 2014). Additionally, the keyword map illustrates how the keywords of safety climate research publications are clustered together. Our analysis indicates that the keyword network has four distinct clusters: cluster one (red color, right side of the network), cluster two (green color, left side, horizontally opposite to cluster one), cluster three (pink color, right upper side) and cluster four (yellow color, bottom right of the network). The red cluster (cluster 1) is the largest and includes 133 keywords. The most common keywords in this cluster are safety climate, safety performance, safety factor, safety engineering, accident prevention, safety participation, safety compliance, construction, occupational accident, occupational risks, occupational safety, organizational safety climate, risk assessment, construction industry, buildings, construction 12 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. Fig. 5. Keyword Co-occurrence Map of Safety Climate Literature with time frame. In conclusion, a temporal visualization of the keywords reveals a pattern and migration of the safety climate research across contexts. A shift has been observed from industrial establishments to other organizations where creating a safety climate is paramount in functioning of the organization such as the healthcare, agriculture and allied sectors, oil and gas extraction, construction and road transportation sectors. In terms of research methodology, it appears (Fig. 4 and 5) that quantitative approaches are preferred over qualitative approaches. This is evident from the prevalence of keywords such as survey research, validity, structural equation modeling, factor analysis, regression across all the time periods, until recently where the key word qualitative research have started appearing (Fig. 5). has a low degree of coherence. The main keywords in this cluster are: Hispanic Americans, injury, North Carolina, protective clothing, occupational health, occupational injuries, protective devices, wound and injuries, agriculture, and farm. Research in this cluster appears to focus primarily on the agriculture and agro industry sector. Fig. 5 shows the keywords analysis of safety climate publications on a temporal dimension. The color of the node represents the average publication year of the keyword, while the size of the node represents the frequency of appearance of a keyword (Van Eck et al., 2013). Keywords that were used around/after 2016 appear in yellow, those that were used around 2014 appear in green and those used around and before 2010, appear in violet (Fig. 5). It is evident from Fig. 5 that keywords like occupational accidents, accident prevention, attitude to health, safety attitude, maintenance, trust, offshore, practice guideline, security systems, factor analysis, structural equation modeling, predictive validity, reliability, pilot study, and psychometric properties appeared around 2010. Much of the focus of safety climate research was on establishments in the offshore oil and gas extraction industry. Keywords that were used towards 2012 and 2014 included hospitals, medical errors, occupational diseases, safety climate, safety, pharmacist, protective clothing, occupational health, hospital injuries, factor analysis, regression analysis, structural equation modeling, survey questionnaire, and so on. In addition, a few other highly used keywords included supervisor, leadership and management. Most research around this period focused on safety climate in hospitals and health care organizations with a focus on the role of management in safety climate. Around 2016, safety climate research focused on road safety and accidents; safety and accidents specifically in the construction industry. The most prevalent keywords included construction safety, building industry, truck drivers, safety testing, statistical and numerical data, motor accidents, motor vehicle, survey questionnaire, safety testing, safety communications, protocol compliance, high-risk behavior, driving and accident prevention. 4.7. Implication: theoretical and managerial 4.7.1. Theoretical implications The objective of this paper was to explore the epistemological structure of safety climate research using bibliometric and structured network analysis approach. Scientific publications on safety climate from 1980 to 2018 were considered for analysis. Our analysis included 494 research papers titled on safety climate, covering 203 publications sources (journals) and 1373 authors. This paper contributes in safety climate research and theory by elucidating the evolution of safety climate research both theoretically and methodologically, its use in multiple contexts, and its linkages with other constructs. Broadly, the findings of this paper contribute to the epistemological discourse on safety climate knowledge by using bibliometric analysis by examining the most productive authors, most influential research work, how these researchers build on the knowledge of each other through co-citation, and how knowledge evolved and migrated both at a time period and temporally by examining the use of keywords. Specifically, an understanding of the contributions of the most productive and influential scholars and their influence on the development of safety climate theory and research helps other scholars build on their work by choosing and following a line of inquiry. For example, 13 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. Huang and Zohar (the two most productive scholars in this area) have focused largely on industrial organizations, transportation and trucking setups. Similarly, Chan, Eid and Fang studied safety climate in construction, oil and offshore context. These examinations have established the importance of safety climate across industries. Many of the constructs are used differently by different researchers, for example, safety communication is treated differently in different contexts, i.e., as an indicator of safety climate in construction industry (Chan et al., 2017a,b), and as a separate organizational construct which shapes safety climate in industrial settings (Huang, et al., 2018). Similarly, whereas one strand of research (Huang, et al., 2018; Zohar, 2010) considers leadership/ management/ supervisory practices as the most important antecedents of safety climate, another strand of research (Chan et al., 2017a,b) considers perceptions of safety rules, safety resources, safety risks and employee involvement as the main indicators of safety climate. A fruitful areas of future research is in understanding about the underlying assumptions of safety climate in various contexts and ascertaining context independent and context specific factors that might have an impact on safety climate. Second, our findings reveal gaps in research concerning implications of psychological capital (PsyCap) perspective in safety climate. PsyCap deals with an individual’s psychological state that deals with efficacy, optimism, hope and resilience (Avey, 2014). PsyCap may be important construct in research on the process of creating a shared perception of safety climate in an organization. Individual psychological states as represented by PsyCap may be important moderating or mediating variables between leadership/supervisory theories and creation of a safety climate in an organization (Zohar et al., 2013, Zohar et al., 2014; Thompson et al., 2011). Role of leadership in promoting safety climate has been well researched, however more research is required for identifying the specific mechanisms that intermediate between leadership roles and creation of safety climate and safety performance (Zohar, 2010). We posit that leader PsyCap which is defined as how followers/subordinate perceive a leader’s level of PsyCap (Avey, 2014; Rego et al., 2019) would augment the shared perception of safety climate among followers. Research evidence suggests that conveyed leader PsyCap carries a sense of positivity i.e. efficacy, optimism, hope and happiness to followers and this translates to “shared experience and demonstration of positive affect, cognitive arousal, and agentic behavior among followers in their joint pursuit of organizationally salient objectives” (Cole et al., 2012, p. 447). Organizationally salient objective in our case would be a vibrant safety climate in the organization. Most of the research on safety climate seems to have been carried out by authors who originate from or are affiliated to organizations from USA, UK, Israel, China and Norway. Most of the research has also been published in Journals originating from western countries that are culturally homogeneous. A fruitful area of research would be to link research on safety climate with work on cross-cultural dimensions identified by Hofstede (1980). We posit that the dimensions of individualism-collectivism and low vs. high power distance would be interesting dimensions to evaluate in relations with creation and operation of a safety climate. To conclude, present research offers multiple new opportunities for the theoretical and conceptual development of the field. research, research done in different industries, and current trends in safety related aspects. Organizations with high risk operations can draw upon this body of knowledge in designing their safety policies and procedures. For example, it is widely recognized that leaders/supervisors plays an important role in promoting safety climate (Zohar, 2010). Our quantitative analysis of safety climate literature supports this premises and suggest that organizations should take necessary actions to develop the PsyCap of leaders/supervisors and should train them in consistently conveying the criticality of safey climate to their followers/subordinates. Leaders who are perceived as being high on PsyCap and are able to convey this to their followers are found to energize their team and followers effectively (Rego et al., 2019). In the present case this would help supervisors/leaders in fostering the shared perception of safety climate among the team. Secondly, corporates can design effective systems, processes, crisis management and review mechanisms by identifying, engaging, and coopting domain experts in their pursuit of safety based on this study. Also, consultants who are working in safety performance and safety compliance domain may benefit from the trends and patterns in safety climate knowledge identified by this research. Additionally, policy makers and regulars may use the present research in determining factors critical in designing safety regulations and mandatory safety procedures for various workplaces. 4.7.2. Managerial implications The present study has important implications for managers and consultants of organizations with high risks of accident where creating a safety climate is critical, where errors of omission and commission might result in loss of life or assets. Workplace accidents due to poor safety processes, lack of safety training, lack of emphasis on safety by leadership, managers and employees, or attitudinal deficiencies causes loss of life, financial loss, litigation, and environmental damage. Our findings give a structure to safety climate knowledge by identifying the most productive and influential authors, most influential research work, the most important constructs that go to promote safety climate 5. Conclusion 4.7.3. Limitations The present paper is an effort to consolidate the epistemology of safety climate research by using bibliometric and structured network analysis. The findings of this study complement the existing subjective, evaluative and reflective literature reviews on safety climate research. Like all research papers, this paper is not free from certain limitations. The first limitation relates to the scope of structured network literature analysis (article inclusion or exclusion criteria) in terms of the time period (i.e. 10 years, 20 years or a longer period), source section, disciplines (business management, medicine etc.) and the nature of manuscripts (i.e. conference paper, book chapter, article, review etc.). In the present analysis, we considered research articles that have ‘safety climate’ or ‘psychological safety climate’ as keywords appearing in article titles and were published between 1980 and 2018. Given this, the present bibliometric network analysis has a specific scope. An extension of the present research would be to enhance the scope of the analysis (i.e., by including articles with other similar keywords such as organizational climate, safety culture; including book chapters, conference papers and other subject categories). Second, structured network analysis does not provide any sentiment analysis of cited works, nor does it tell us how many times a work has been cited in a paper (Benckendorff and Zehrer, 2013). While some works may have been extensively cited, a few others may have been sparsely cited. We thereby recommend subjective evaluation of literature along with bibliometric network analysis. Third, in the present research, co-citation network and bibliographic network are articles and authors based respectively. Another basis for network construction could be based on publication source and hence an extension of this work considering journals as a basis for network analysis perhaps would complement our research. This paper consolidates safety climate research by using quantitative techniques like bibliographic and structured network analysis to supplement existing evaluative and reflective literature reviews of safety climate. The findings of this paper have identified a number of prominent scholars, their affiliations, specific field of study, countries from where majority of research has originated and publication sources in safety climate research (Table 2). This analysis helped us in identifying who has influenced the growth and evolution of domain knowledge in the 14 Accident Analysis and Prevention 135 (2020) 105387 U.K. Bamel, et al. field of safety climate. Next, our analysis identified the most influential individual work in terms of the numbers of citations. This analysis revealed interesting information regarding authors who published maximum number influential papers, preferred outlets for publication of influential contributions and so on. Co-citation network analysis identified three clusters of the publications that are frequently cited together (Benckendorff and Zehrer, 2013). An author based bibliographic coupling network, visualizing knowledge networks in safety climate research (Fig. 3) yielded five clusters and revealed information about the linkages and grouping of research produced by various authors. This analysis gave us an understanding about changes over time and trends in authors based knowledge networks. Lastly, keywords co-occurrence network gave helpful insights about the main research themes in safety climate knowledge based on keywords. 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