Visual Arts Introduction PDF

Introduction o A general term describing buildings Integrity - The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, and other physical structures. It is o Artist...

Introduction o A general term describing buildings Integrity - The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, and other physical structures. It is o Artistic integrity is the ability to printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, the art and science of designing maintain an acceptable level of filmmaking, design, and architecture. buildings and some non-building opposing, disrupting, and corrupting - Many of these pieces of art are created to stimulate us structures. values that would otherwise alter an through a visual experience. Dance artist's original vision, violating their - Visual arts can also be subdivided into graphic arts o A performance art form consisting of own aesthetic standards and personal (those done on a flat surface) and plastic arts (e.g., sequences of movement, either values. sculpture). improvised or purposefully selected. Proportion/Consonance Film o Describes how the sizes of different Different Examples of Visual Arts o Also called a movie, motion picture, parts of a piece of art or design Visual Arts or moving picture, is a work of visual relate to each other. The proportions - The visual arts are art forms that create works art used to simulate experiences that of a composition affect its visual primarily visual in nature. communicate ideas, stories, appeal and can be used to draw Visual arts include the following: perceptions, feelings, beauty, or attention to particular areas. 2D/3D Art atmosphere through moving images. Radiance/Clarity o 2-dimensional art includes only the Literary o Signifies the luminosity emanating length and width of a flat object such o Concerned with or connected to the from a beautiful object, which initially as a drawing, print, or painting. writing, study, or appreciation of seizes the attention of the beholder. o 3-dimensional art includes the length, literature. Literature, as a form of width, and depth of an object such as art, organizes words to give pleasure The Subject of Arts a structure, building, or sculpture. and transform experience. To many, the appeal of most works of art lies in the Film (Digital Arts/Analog) Theater representation of familiar objects. Enjoyment o Digital art is an artistic work or o A collaborative form of performing comes not from perception but from recognizing practice that uses digital technology. art that uses live performers, the subject or understanding the narrative o Analog film is a plastic sheet with a usually actors or actresses, to content. photosensitive emulsion that comes in present the experience of a real or The subject of art refers to any person, object, various formats for still and video imagined event before a live audience. scene, or event described or represented in a work cameras. Applied Arts (Fashion/Furniture) of art. Performance Art o Refers to the application (and o Artworks that are created through resulting product) of artistic design Two Types of Subjects in Art actions performed by the artist or to utilitarian objects in everyday use, 1. Representational or Objective other participants, which may be live ranging from a teapot or chair to a - Represents objects or events in the real world, or recorded, spontaneous or computer mouse. usually looking easily recognizable. Examples include scripted. painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature, and theater Poetry-Performance Philosophical Importance of Arts arts. o Performance poetry is a type of Philosophy of Art 2. Non-Representational or Non-Objective poetry performed for an audience. - The study of the nature of art, including concepts - Refers to compositions that do not rely on The poetry can be written in advance such as interpretation, representation, and expression. It representation or mimesis. Abstract art, nonfigurative or spontaneously composed during the is closely related to aesthetics, the philosophical study art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are performance. of beauty and taste. related terms indicating a departure from reality in Architecture imagery.  o An outdoor view of nature such as - The meaning or message expressed by the artwork. Sources of Art Subject mountains, rivers, sky, or forests. Some Understanding the content involves various levels of Primary Sources landscapes may include people, animals, or meaning: o Provide first-hand testimony or direct buildings, but they are not the focal point. Factual Meaning evidence concerning a topic. They include Seascape Derived from identifiable or recognizable forms in autobiographies, memoirs, and oral o A scene at sea or including a portion of the the artwork. histories recorded later. sea. The water is the focal point or a Conventional Meaning Secondary Sources larger part of the scene. Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation using o Interpret and analyze primary sources. Cityscape motifs, signs, and symbols established through time. They provide historical context or critical o Includes city buildings, bridges, streets, Subjective Meaning perspectives and often include pictures, or traffic lights, and might also feature a Arises from the viewer’s circumstances, quotes, or graphics of primary sources. river or park surrounded by skyscrapers. experiences, and values. Meaning may be multiple Animal and varied. Some Sources of Art Subject o Represented by artists throughout history, Nature with some of the earliest paintings o Animals, people, landscapes are common depicting animals on cave walls. MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES OF ARTIST inspirations and subject matter for art. Portraits What is a medium? History o Paintings, drawings, or sculptures showing a 1. Medium of an artist o Artists reflect the events, dress, person or several people, usually focusing - A medium is the material used by an artist to houses, manner of living, and thoughts on the face and shoulders but can include express his/her feelings or thoughts. of a period in their work. part or all of the body. - Oftentimes, the matter of selecting the medium Greek and Roman Mythology Figures depends entirely on the artist himself. He normally o Focuses on deities and heroes. o Works with the human figure as the selects the materials that can be handled with ease, suit The Judeo-Christian Tradition primary subject, whether clothed or nude. his plan, and adequately bring out the qualities he wants o Includes religion, the Bible, Apocrypha, Everyday Life to show. and church rituals. o Artists depict people going about their - The artist must love, respect, and understand his Oriental Sacred Texts usual tasks and routines. medium to make it easier for him to expand his knowledge o Sacred texts from China, Japan, and India, History and Legend and improve his skill in his chosen area. particularly those of Hinduism and o History consists of verifiable facts, while 2. The medium of arts is classified into the visual arts Buddhism, inspire various forms of art. legends are unverifiable but often and auditory arts, or both. Other Works of Art accepted as true. The distinction between - Dimensional art or two-dimensional arts (2D): o Subjects taken directly from other works history and legend can be challenging to Includes painting, drawing, printmaking, and of art. discern. photography. Religion and Mythology - Three-dimensional arts (3D): Includes sculpture, Kinds of Subjects o Art aids worship, instructs, inspires architecture, landscape, industrial designs, and crafts Still Life devotion, and can impress or convert non- like furniture. o Depicts mostly inanimate subject matter, believers. - Auditory arts: Those mediums that can be heard and either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, Dreams and Fantasies expressed in time. plants) or man-made (drinking glasses, o Depicts dreams and subconscious fears - Both visual and auditory arts: Mediums that can be books, vases). or fantasies, often with surreal elements. seen and heard, existing in both space and time. Visual Landscape Content in Art arts are those whose mediums can be seen and which surface that does not peel when exposed to The Van Eyck brothers were credited with occupy space. Visual arts are grouped into two classes. moisture. perfecting the technique of oil painting, which As the paint must be applied to the wet they initially attempted to keep secret. Techniques of Artist! plaster, the amount of plaster that may be put Powdered colors are mixed with a fine oil. A Artists differ from one another in technique even if they down at a time is limited to what can be painted. solvent, traditionally turpentine, is also used to use the same medium. Often, lines can be seen in frescos around areas thin the colors as desired, so that the paint can 1. Encaustic that were worked on in one day. be applied to a prepared ground, usually a The medium for the powdered color is hot 4. Egg Tempera stretched canvas with a coating of neutral wax, which is painted onto a wood surface with In this method, the pigment is mixed with egg pigment. a brush. yolk or both the yolk and white of an egg. The earliest technique of oil painting involved It is then smoothed with a metal instrument It is thinned with water and applied to a building up layers of colors, moving from resembling a spoon, blended, and set over a gesso ground (plaster mixed with a binding) on a darker to lighter values. flame to soften and set the colors into the panel. This technique of applying oils lent itself to wood. It was also used on parchment or paper to more expressive, dramatic effects, in which 2. Fresco Secco illustrate or embellish books in the era before fine detail was less important than total In the dry plaster or “fresco secco” the 15th-century development of the printing effects. technique, pigments are usually mixed with press. Artists who worked in this way include water, although other substances might also be Examples of artists who worked in egg tempera Rembrandt (17th century); Monet (19th used. include Cimabue (14th century); Duccio (14th century); Cezanne (19th century); Willem de The paint is then applied to a dry plaster wall century); Andrew Wyeth (20th century). Kooning (20th century). which has been wetted down with water. Islamic and Medieval miniature paintings in 7. Water Color Since the plaster is relatively dry, it is non- books and manuscripts are another important Powdered pigments are mixed with gum- absorbent, and the pigment adheres to the class of egg tempera Celtic Book of Kells arabic or a similar substance that helps them surface of the plaster. paintings. The is a well-known early example, as adhere to a surface. The colors tend to flake off the surface of is the Book of Hours commissioned by the Duc The artist then mixes them with water and the plaster. du Berry in the 14th century. applies them to a ground, usually paper, with a The colors have a harder and more brilliant 5. Mosaic soft brush. appearance and tend to be lighter in value The design is created by small pieces of The final effect is that of translucent washes than those in true fresco. colored glass, stone, or ceramic (called of color. Example: The Egyptian mural. tesserae), embedded in wet mortar spread over This method was the most popular method of 3. Fresco the surface to be decorated. painting in China and Japan from an early date Also known as “Buon Fresco” or “True Fresco,” Their slightly irregular placement on a surface but did not become popular with European which entails painting on freshly spread, moist creates a very lively, reflective surface when artists until after the 16th century. plaster. viewed at a distance. Chinese and Japanese painting techniques have First, layers of plaster are applied to the This was often used to decorate walls, floors, had a great deal of influence on modern surface. and ceilings. watercolorists. While the final layer is still wet, the artist 6. Oil Paint Artists include Albrecht Durer (16th applies the colors, which are earth pigments Prior to the 15th century, oil paints were thick century); John Marin (20th century). mixed with water. and hard to control, so they were initially used 8. Acrylics The colors penetrate the wet plaster and only for utilitarian purposes. In the 15th Acrylics are artificial compounds developed in combine chemically with it, producing a painted century, turpentine was discovered to be an the 20th century. effective thinning agent.  The binder used includes water, and the paints - Relief prints are made by removing material from - The word “artist” is generally defined as an art can be thinned with water. Once the paints dry, the matrix, the surface the image has been carved into, practitioner, such as a painter, sculptor, choreographer, they have a glossy, permanent surface that which is often wood, linoleum, or metal. dancer, writer, poet, musician, etc. resembles the surface created by oils. - The remaining surface is covered with ink or - An “Artisan” is a craftsman, such as a carpenter, These paints can create most of the effects pigment and then pressed onto the surface, picking up carver, plumber, weaver, embroiderer, etc. accomplished in oils and have the advantage of the ink. - Elements of Art are the building blocks or ingredients not requiring the use of turpentine, which is - Letter Press is an example of the relief printing of art. toxic. process. - An artwork or art exhibition created by the activities 9. Collage 11.2 Intaglio Prints of the artist or other participants is known as The word “collage” comes from the French verb - They are made when a design is scratched into a performance art. “coller,” meaning to paste. matrix, usually a metal plate. - The various classifications of art include fine art, In this technique, photographs, news clippings, - Ink is wiped across the surface and collects in the visual art, plastic art, performance art, applied art, or other objects are pasted on the painting scratches. and decorative art. surface and may be combined with painted - Excess ink is wiped off, and paper is pressed onto areas. the plate, picking up the ink from the scratches. ARTISTS & ARTISANS The cuttings and objects may be selected for - Intaglio prints may also include texture. Artists their associative or representational values, 11.3 Stencil Prints or for the formal and textural qualities of the - They are made by passing inks through mesh or a The word “artist” is generally defined as an art result. porous fine matrix. practitioner, such as a painter, sculptor, 10. Drawing 11.4 Woodcut choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, musician, etc. The materials and methods of drawing are the - This technique involves printing designs from Artists create indirectly functional arts with aesthetic most basic tools of the artist and the planks of wood incised parallel to the vertical axis of value using imagination. designer. the wood’s grain. Work that is intended to be executed in almost - It is one of the oldest methods of making prints Artisans any material—paint, stone, steel, or fabric— from a relief surface, used in China to decorate textiles An “Artisan” is a craftsman, such as a carpenter, may first be envisioned in a drawing. since the 15th century. carver, plumber, weaver, embroiderer, etc. Artisans The materials are portable, typically a sketch 11.5 Engraving produce directly functional and decorative arts. pad and a pencil or pen. Drawing tends to have - In engraving, the design is cut into metal with a a kind of immediacy. graver or other instrument, and the surface is inked. ARTISTS 11. Printmaking - Engraving is a method used to create intricate, Fernando Cueto Amorsolo A print is anything printed on a surface that detailed designs and can be done in various metals, “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art” is a direct result of the duplicate process. including copper and steel. He was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine Ordinarily, a painting or graphic image done in Sure, here's the revised text with corrected lines and landscapes. He was the first-ever to be recognized as a black ink on white paper becomes the artist’s spacing: National Artist of the Philippines. plate. Masterpiece: Rice Planting (1951) The advantage of printmaking is the process of ARTISTS & ARTISANS making copies of the original drawing. Juan Luna Five Major Types of Print: ELEMENTS OF ART Juan Luna is regarded as one of the first internationally o Relief, Intaglio Prints, Stencil ARTS/PERFORMANCE ART renowned Filipino artists. Along with being an artist, he Prints, Woodcut, Engraving was also a widely known political activist during the 11.1 Relief INTRODUCTION Philippine Revolution of the late 19th century. Masterpiece: Spoliarium (1884)  Jose P. Alcantara was one of the few artists who used - FORM Jose Javier Reyes the Philippine classical wood carving tradition. He was Created by the formation of two or more shapes or as A Filipino writer, director, miscellaneous crew, and named “the last maestro of traditional wood carving in three-dimensional shapes. It may be enhanced by tone, actor. He won awards at the Gawad Award Metro Manila the country.” texture, and color. Film Festival and Filipino Star Awards for Movies. - VALUE Antonette Perez Defines how light or dark a given color or hue can be. Ginaw Bilog Antonette Perez created the Sierra Madre piece to - SPACE Ginaw Bilog was a Filipino poet who was recognized as a express her frustrations after the onslaught of Typhoon The distance or area between, around, above, below, or National Living Treasure by the Philippine government. Ulysses. within things. Bilog was a Hanunuo Mangyan native of Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro. He was known for his efforts in Ambalang Ausalin Arts / Performance Arts preserving the Mangyan poetry tradition of ambahan. Ambalang Ausalin, known as Apuh Ambalang to the Yakan An artwork or art exhibition created by the activities Masterpiece: Ambahan community in Lamitan, was declared Manlilikha ng Bayan of the artist or other participants is known as in 2016 for her exceptional skills and mastery of the performance art. It is typically presented to the public Alice Reyes tennun or woven Yakan textiles. in a fine art context using an interdisciplinary “The Mother Of Contemporary Dance” Masterpiece: Seputangon approach, whether it is seen live or through Alice Reyes is the visionary founder of Ballet documentation, spontaneously developed, or written. Philippines. As a dancer, choreographer, teacher, and Elements of Art Examples of Performance Art: director, her work has helped establish dance as a The Elements of Art are commonly used aspects of a - Acrobatics professional career path in the country. Her strong work for teaching and analysis. They are also called the - Opera passion for arts and dance earned her the title of building blocks or ingredients of art. - Ballet National Artist for Dance. - Tap Dance Masterpiece: Ballet Philippine’s Vision of Fire Seven (7) Elements of Art: - Circuits - LINE - Theatrical Dance ARTISANS A mark made by a pointed tool such as a brush, pen, or - Comedy Lang Dulay stick; a moving point. - Pop Music “Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan” Types of Line: Horizontal, Diagonal, Zigzag, Vertical, - Fashion Show Lang Dulay was a Filipino traditional weaver who received Curved - Dance the National Living Treasures Award. She is credited - SHAPE with preserving her people’s tradition of weaving T’nalak, An enclosed area defined and determined by other art Performance Art a dyed fabric made from refined abaca fiber. elements; 2-dimensional or 2D. Masterpiece: T’Nalak Products 2 Kinds of Shapes: Geometric and Organic shapes - Acrobatics - COLOR Performance of human feats of balance, agility, and Salinta Monon Consists of Hue (another word for color), Intensity motor coordination. Salinta Monon was a Filipino textile weaver and one of (brightness), and Value (lightness or darkness). - Opera the recipients of the National Living Treasures Award Types: Primary Colors, Secondary Colors, Tertiary A form of theatre in which music is a fundamental in 1998. She was known for her Bagobo-Tagabawa Colors component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. textiles and was recognized as the “last Bagobo - TEXTURE - Ballet weaver.” The quality of a surface or the way any work of art is A type of performance dance that originated during the Masterpiece: Inabal represented. It may be actual or implied. Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later Surface Quality: Smoothness, Roughness, Softness, etc. developed into a concert dance form in France and Jose P. Alcantara Russia. - Tap Dance Example of Fine Art: This classification refers to functional but ornamental An exciting, percussive, rhythmical dance form. The Ballerina by Teresa Bernard art forms, such as jewelry, ceramics, mosaic art, and - Circuses other embellished items by ornaments and other designs. Companies of performers who put on diverse Visual Art It also includes works in glass, clay, wood, metal, entertainment shows. The visual arts include all the fine arts, in addition to textile fabric, furniture, furnishings, stained glass, - Theatrical Dance the following: and tapestry art. Interior designers often use this art Intended primarily as a spectacle. - New Media – Digital art, computer graphics, computer form for home, commercial, and retail outlets, and office - Comedy animation, virtual art, Internet art, interactive art, video décor. Storytelling genre that uses laughter and humor to games, computer robotics, 3D printing, and art as entertain and amuse. biotechnology - Pop Music - Photography A body of music which is distinguishable from popular, - Environmental Art PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN jazz, and folk music. - Contemporary Forms of Expression – Assemblage, The principles of design describe the ways that artists - Fashion Show collage, conceptual, installation use the elements of art in a work of art. An event put on by a fashion designer to showcase their Example of Visual Art: upcoming line of clothing and/or accessories during a Digital Art 1. BALANCE fashion week. Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of - Dance Plastic Art objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design were Performing art and an emerging sport. The term plastic art includes artworks that are molded a scale, these elements should be balanced to make the and not necessarily plastic objects. This category design feel stable. Creating art means being creative. Live artistic consists of three-dimensional works like clay, plaster, SYMMETRICAL expression in front of an audience is referred to as stone, metals, wood, and paper (origami). o The elements used on one side of the performing. This has a time-and-space component, and a design are similar to those on the other performance is particular, ephemeral, and fleeting. Performance Art side. This classification consists of an art form that refers to ASYMMETRICAL What Are The Classifications Of Art? public performance events that occur mainly in the o The sides are different but still look The various classifications of art include fine art, visual theater. balanced. art, plastic art, performance art, applied art, and Performance arts include: RADIAL decorative art. - Traditional Performance Art – Theatre, opera, music, o In radial balance, the elements are and ballet arranged around a central point and may Fine Art - Contemporary Performance Art – Mime be similar. This category includes works of art that are created - Hyper-Modern Performance Art – Happenings primarily for aesthetic reasons. 2. EMPHASIS Fine Art Includes: Applied Art It is the part of the design that catches the viewer's - Drawing – Charcoal, chalk, crayon, pastel, pencil, or pen This category encompasses the application of aesthetic attention. Usually, the artist will make one area stand out and ink designs to everyday functional objects. Applied arts by contrasting it with other areas. The area could be - Painting – Oils, watercolor, gouache, acrylics, ink and are intended for the use of a career. It includes different in size, color, texture, shape, etc. wash, tempera, or encaustic paints architecture, computer art, photography, industrial - Printmaking – Woodcuts, stencils, engraving, etching, design, graphic design, fashion design, and interior 3. RHYTHM lithography, screen-printing, foil imaging, or giclee prints design. It is created when one or more elements of design are - Sculpture – Bronze, stone, marble, wood, or clay used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized - Calligraphy – Beautiful and stylized handwriting Decorative Art movement. Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing. THE RULE OF THIRDS CAN BE RELATED TO THE FOUR PLANES OF ANALYSIS To keep rhythm exciting and active, variety is essential. "GOLDEN RATIO" 1. BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE The "Golden Ratio," also known as "divine proportion," - It is the study of "signs". It consists of the "signifier" 4. MOVEMENT has been around for some time and has influenced many or its material/physical aspect and its "signified" or non- It is the path the viewer's eye takes through the work areas of life, including architecture, math, design, and, of material aspect as concept and value. of art, often to focal areas. Such movement can be course, art. - Semiotics is concerned with everything that can be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color within the taken as a sign. The elements of visual arts derive their work of art. WHO IS ALICE GUILLERMO? meaning from human psychophysical experiences and the - She was born in Manila on January 6, 1938. socio-cultural conventions of a particular society and 5. PATTERN - She received a BA in Education degree (magna cum period. It is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the laude) in 1957 from the College of Holy Spirit, - Common examples of semiotics include traffic signs, work of art. formerly the College of Holy Ghost. emojis, and emoticons used in electronic communication, - She is a recipient of Palanca Awards. and logos and brands used by international corporations 6. PROPORTION - She is a renowned writer, researcher, art critic, and to sell products. It is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, professor. EXAMPLE OF BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE ANALYSIS amounts, or numbers) relate well with each other. - She is best known for her extensive body of art Romeo and Juliet When drawing the human figure, proportion can refer to criticism and academic texts on Philippine art, The movie depicts situations inside the Renaissance the size of the head compared to the rest of the body. significantly informing the writing of both art history and period and is based on Shakespeare's recreation of the art theory in Southeast Asia. novel "Romeo and Juliet" from the late 1500s. It 7. VARIETY Guillermo's essay is very important because it provides represents a love story between two teenagers from It is the use of several elements of design to hold the guidelines for analyzing or interpreting images, whether feuding families. The movie, like its stage play version, viewer's attention and to guide the viewer's eye through from ads, paintings, or any text. She said that art should provides a work of art through its settings and costumes, and around the work of art. be placed in the context of society and history because ultimately leaving the audience with a weary and these two always have a connection. According to disappointing feeling. 8. UNITY Guillermo, the basic documentary information of an 2. ICONIC PLANE Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of artwork includes: - The iconic plane focuses on the image itself, including the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness. 1. Title of the Work its material elements and specific features. It deals with 2. Artist the choice of subject, which may bear social and political THE RULE OF THIRDS 3. Medium and Technique implications, and the positioning of figures (frontal, in WHAT IS "THE RULE OF THIRDS"? 4. Dimensions/Measurement profile, three-fourths, etc.) that contributes to the The Rule of Thirds is a guideline for both artists and 5. Date of the Work meaning of the work. photographers. It helps produce a more pleasing 6. Provenance EXAMPLE OF ICONIC PLANE ANALYSIS arrangement and layout for your compositions. We can Example of Basic Documentary Information of an Romeo and Juliet say "The Rule of Thirds" is more like a "technique," Artwork The movie provides a glimpse into the political changes rather than a "rule." - Title of the Work: Spoliarium of the society through the scenarios between the If you divide your canvas into 3 by 3, it will look like this: - Artist: Juan N. Luna feuding families. It includes elements like bountiful - The intersections are where the focal area should be - Medium and Technique: Oil Painting on Poplar harvests and political battles, reflecting on the time's placed or located. - Dimensions/Measurement: 4.26m x 7.72m governance and social conditions. - What is a "focal area/focal point"? It's simply where - Date of the Work: 1883-1884 3. CONTEXTUAL PLANE the attention of the audience is drawn. - Provenance: Madrid, Spain (currently in National - In the Contextual Plane, you place the work in its Museum of the Philippines) societal context and relationship to history. Knowledge of society's history, economic, political, and cultural conditions, national and world art and literatures, mythologies, philosophies, and different cultures enhances this analysis. Art derives its creativity and power from its social environment and serves as a cultural force for transformation. EXAMPLE OF CONTEXTUAL PLANE ANALYSIS This sculpture is significant to Filipinos as it represents freedom and democracy over a dictatorship. The creator expressed feelings about a tragic period in the country, demonstrating how faith, unity, and courage led to overcoming oppression. 4. EVALUATIVE PLANE - This plane concerns analyzing a work's values. It often encompasses both form and content. The semiotic analysis includes basic semiotic, iconic, and contextual planes, demonstrating how meaning is generated by the connections between material traits and concepts/values. EXAMPLE OF EVALUATIVE PLANE ANALYSIS Banaue Rice Terraces Made by ancient Filipinos with minimal equipment, it represents the Ifugao tribe's culture and devotion to agriculture. Recognized as one of the wonders of the world, it reflects the wisdom and knowledge of ancestors, preserved by the tribe for future generations.