Art Application Guide PDF

Module 1 Arts: Essence; Functions; Subjects; Media; Elements and Organizations; and Principles of Design Art - Is derived from latin word, “Ars” means skill and from greek word, techne denotes craft Function of Arts Economic Function Political Funct...

Module 1 Arts: Essence; Functions; Subjects; Media; Elements and Organizations; and Principles of Design Art - Is derived from latin word, “Ars” means skill and from greek word, techne denotes craft Function of Arts Economic Function Political Function Historical Function Cultural Function Religious Function Aesthetic Function Personal Function - It is a mean (vehicle) for the artist’s expression of their feelings and thoughts Social Function - It seeks to influence collective behavior. It is created to be used primarily in public situations. It describes or collective aspect of existence Physical Function - It serves as tools that lighten work. It is used in architectural design and community planning Subjects of Art Subject (Substance) Dream and Fantasy Event (Everyday life, History and Legend) Nature (Animals, Plants, Mountains, Seas and Rivers, Forests) Object (Things, Gadgets, Entity, Figures, Still Life) Person (Portrait) Scene (Landscapes, Topography, Terrain, Panorama) Classification of Subject Objective Art (Representational) Ways of Presenting the Subject Realism refers to the movement or style of representing familiar things as they actually are. Subject appears naturally and it replicates reality. Abstraction refers to art that does not attempt to represent external reality, but seeks to achieve its effect using shapes, forms, colors, and textures. It refers to the process of simplifying or organizing the objects according to the demand of artistic expression Distortion refers to the art of twisting, stretching, or deforming the natural shape of the object. Medium of Art: Visual Art Acrylic is a medium in painting which uses paints. Drawing refers to the initial or fundamental sketch of painting. Encaustic refers to the application of a mixture of hot beeswax, resin, and ground pigment to any porous surface followed by heat application. Engraving refers to the process of decorating metal artwork with the use of burin. Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal Fresco refers to the application of earth pigments mixing with water in a plaster wall. Intaglio refers to scratch, engrave, or etch into metal plate. Mosaic refers to a wall or floor decoration made of small cubes or irregular cut pieces of colored stone or glass. Painting refers to the process of applying pigments (colors) on the smooth surface (paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster). Printmaking refers to a graphic image that results from a duplicating process. Stained glass refers to window decoration made of irregular cut pieces of colored glass Tempera refers to the application of a mixture of egg yolk and white, and earth and mineral pigment. Watercolor refers to a tempera paint made of pure Sculpture - is a three-dimensional form constructed to represent a natural or imaginary shape. It is the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster. - Sculpture can be produced in two process such as Subtractive process (carving in hard materials) and Additive process (molding in soft materials) Carving - is a subtractive process that involves the removal of unwanted portions of the raw materials to reveal the form that the artist has visualized. Modeling - is an additive sculptural process in which malleable material is molded into three-dimensional form. Fabrication - is an additive process that employs the method of joining or fastening through nailing, stapling, soldering, and welding. Elements and Organization of Visual Arts Color gives quality to the pictorial field and has the ability to elevate sensation of pleasure (system of tonality). It creates mood and symbolizes ideas as well as expression of personal emotion. Lines are used by the artist to imitate or to represent objects and figure on the flat surface. Likewise, line depicts the feelings and thoughts of the artist. Shapes Space Texture Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (circa 1606-1669) - He was a Dutch painter and etcher who was considered as one the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history particularly in Dutch history. As a shadowist painter, he proved his skill in employing chiaroscuro in his work The Night Watch (1642), where he stressed the spiritual and introspective quality of his subject - The Night Watch and The Entombment of Christ are classic examples of tenebrism styles which stress the effect of lighting and shade to reveal the subject of the artworks (emphasis of the artwork). These two artworks are among the best paintings in the Baroque arts in the 15th century. Principles of Design - Balance is the gravitational equilibrium in visual arts which depicts the feeling of equality in weight, attention (attraction) of the various elements. Symmetrical (Formal Balance) means identical (one half of a work mirror the image of the other half). Asymmetrical (Occult or Felt Balance) means no formal balance on either side of the artwork but the subjects are placed in parallel position. - Emphasis and Subordination reflects between the more important and less important in artworks. It is concerned in stressing the proper importance to the parts and to whole artworks. - Harmony means that all parts of the visual image are related and complement with each other. There is an agreement between the parts of a composition which result in unity.  - Proportion means the ratio of the one part to another and of the whole that can be expressed in size number and position The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495-96) - This renaissance artwork depicts how Leonardo da Vinci employed the asymmetrical balance to express the feeling of equality. The place Jesus Christ in the center to show the degree of importance in the artwork. As observed from other subjects (the disciples), they are arranged in parallel to both sides and they are equally divided (proportion). Leonardo’s Last Supper is a conventional example of artwork which religiously follows the six principles of design. Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo Buonarroti (1508-1512) Module 3 Part 2: Art History and Development Arts History and Development: Mannerism, Baroque, Romanticism, Modern and Contemporary Art Mannerism Arts - Mannerism Arts refers to the period of European arts that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 and lasted until about 1580 specifically in Italy. This 16th century period of arts was characterized by unusual effects of scale, lighting, perspective, and the use of bright, often lurid colors. Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo da Pontormo, and Rosso Fiorentino were acknowledge as the Early Florencian Mannerists and Michelangelo Buonarotti was one of the great Madonna of the Harpies (1517) by Andrea del Sarto was one of his major contributions to High Renaissance arts. Andrea del Sarto was born in Andrea d’Agnolo on July 16, 1486. He was an Italian painter from Florence whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism Visitation of the Virgin and Saint Elizabeth (1514-16) by Jacopo da Pontormo. This early work (left photo) of Pontomo depicts the influence of the Renaissance artist like his master, Andrea del Sarto which underscores the solidity of the figures, the simplicity of their gestures, and the variety of poses. Pieta by Rosso Fiorentino. Rosso’s Pieta is more detail as compare to La Pieta (sculpture) by Michelangelo. In this Pieta, Jesus Christ as the emphasis was presented naked and rested on the cushion Baroque Arts - Baroque Arts refers to the period of European arts of the 17th and 18th centuries that follows mannerism and it is distinct with ornate detail. Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Versailles are the leading figures and renowned architects in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture. Ecstasy of St. Therese (1647-52) and The Rape of Proserpina (1621-22) by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The sculpture from the left depicts the feeling of Saint Teresa of Avila when she encounters the angel. However, the sculpture in the right depicts the story of Plato and Proserpina (Roman names of Hades and Persephone), or the abduction of Proserpina The Judgment of Paris (c.1636) and The Judgment of Paris (1638-39) by Peter Paul Rubens. The paintings above are two different version of Ruben’s The Judgment of Paris which depict the story of Paris, the son of King Priam who has been tested by the three goddess, Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera. In both paintings, the goddess are presented nude or erotic. The Calling of Saint Mathew (1599-1600) and Judith Beheading Holofernes(1638-39) by Michelangelo Caravaggio. These paintings are among Caravaggio's works which depict a certain story in the Bible. The painting from the left describes how Mathew is called by Jesus and from the right, showing how Judith beheads Holofernes of Syria to liberate her people who lost their faith to God. Romanticism Arts - Romanticism Arts was an art movement originated in the late 18th century that emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of individuality. It was a reaction against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism, and a rejection of rationalism. Romanticism incorporates the struggles for freedom and equality and the promotion of justice as spurred by the idealism of the French Revolution. Titanian and Bottom (c.1790) and The Shepherd’s Dream (1793) by Henry Fuseli. He was one of the prominent figures of the Romantic movement who was born on February 7, 1741 in Zurich, Switzerland. Most of his works connoted fantasy and dreams with erotic subjects and some of his works were based on the novel of William Shakespeare and John Milton. Charles IV of Spain and His Family (1800) and The Third of May (1814) by Francisco Goya. The painting on the left was one of Goya’s paintings which depicted the debonair and elegant of the Royal family in Spain. However, the painting on the right, showed the scene how Napoleon Bonaparte brought end on the reigning of Charles IV Liberty Leading the People (1830) by Eugene Delacroix. This painting depicted the scenario on July Revolution of 1830 after the French Revolution in 1789. It is contemporary in concept because it depicts women empowerment and expressing the significant roles of women in the society particularly in Europe. Liberty as the emphasis in the painting led the people to revolt against the monarchial rule in Europe. Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was born on April 26, 1798 at Charenton, France. He is regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school. Modern and Contemporary Arts The Avant-Garde (aväntˈɡärd) originated from the French word, advance guard or vanguard and it was originally used by French military to refer to a small reconnoitre group which later associated to left-wing by the French radicals. At the end of the 19th century, the term is used to connote to the idea that art is an instrument for social change and this aligns the term to cultural and aesthetic issues. Presently, the term, avant-garde refers to new and unusual or experimental ideas especially in arts. Currently, Avant-garde refers generally to the groups of intellectuals, writers, artists, architects who express ideas and experiments with artistic approaches that challenge current cultural values or norms. These ideas are tantamount with the concepts of the modern and contemporary arts (see the timeline). Modern Arts Impressionism – a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in term of the shifting effect of light and color Impressionism (Impressionist painters) – repudiated both the precise academic style and the emotional concerns of Romanticism, and their interest in objective representation, especially of landscape Pivotal figure: Edourd Manet (from realism to impressionism) Chief exponents: Claude Monet; Pierre-Auguste Renoir; Camille Pissarro; Paul Cezanne; Edgar Degas, and Alfred Sisley Pointillism – a technique of neo-impressionist painting using tiny dots of various pure colors, which become blended in the viewer’s eye Pointillism – was developed by George Seurat with the aim of producing a greater degree of luminosity and brilliance of color Expressionism – a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather impressions of the external world Expressionism – characteristically rejects traditional ideas of beauty or harmony, use of distortion, exaggeration, and other non-naturalistic devices in order to emphasize and express the inner world of emotion Expressionism – emphasized and insisted on the primacy of the artist’s feelings and mood which often incorporating The Spanish Singer (1860) by Edouard Manet. This painting of Manet is one of his earliest works which gained approval of the juries in the Salon and brought better recognition to the artist Olympia (1865) by Edouard Manet. Olympia is one the most controversial works of Manet which depicts a nude woman serving by her servant which seems unacceptable or not decent in the perception of the critics. The woman in the painting is Manet’s wife, Victorine Meurent. Manet’s works are mostly exhibited in the Salon de Refuses. Cubism – an early 20th century style and movement in the field of visual arts, especially in painting. Cubism emphasizes the use of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and later, collage. Cubism is a reaction against the traditional modes of representation and impressionist concerns with light and color Cubism was inspired by the later work of Paul Cezanne and by the African sculpture Cubism was first named by the French critic, Loius Vaucelles (1908) Cubism was popularized by Pablo Picasso and George Braque (synthetic cubism and illusory) Futurism – an artistic movement begun in Italy in 1909 that violently rejected traditional forms which emphasized and incorporated into art like energy and the dynamism of modern technology Futurism (1909) - launched by Filippo Marinetti (Italian poet and playwright who exalted technology; glorified war; and demanded revolution in the arts). Ended in in 1918 but became widely influential, particularly in Russia on figures like Kazimir Severinovich Malevich and Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky Dadaism – an early 20th century international movement in art, literature, music, and film, repudiating and mocking Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) by Pablo Picasso The Portuguese (1911) by George Braque. Alongside with Pablo Picasso, George Braque is considered as one of the pioneering artist in terms of cubism. His style is a combination of abstraction and distortion that create his own style in cubism. This painting is one of his works that marks interesting point in the development of his style. Contemporary Arts Pop Art is both modernist and contemporary art which is based on modern popular culture and mass media, especially as a critic or ironic comment on traditional fine arts values It started out by depicting a more up-to-date reality, using images of film-stars and other celebrities, as well as mass-made consumer goods. But this was rapidly eclipsed by an increasing post-modern focus on impact and style Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola) – painter, graphic artist, and filmmaker. A major exponent of pop art, he achieved fame for a series of silkscreen prints and acrylic paintings of familiar objects (such as Campbell's soup cans) and famous people (such as Marilyn Monroe), that are treated with objectivity and precision Word Art is brand new form of painting or sculpture which used text-based imagery It associated with artist like: Robert Indiana; Jasper Johns; On Kawara; Barbara Kruger; and Christopher Wool Jasper Johns – a US painter, sculptor, and printmaker. A key figure in the development of pop art who depicted commonplace and universally recognized images. (Flags; Number series; and Target). Conceptual art is postmodernist art movement founded on the principle that art is a concept rather than a material object (Dada arts/ Marcel Duchamp) Art in which the idea presented by the artist is considered more important than the finished product (essential component) Loopy Doopy (1999) by Sol LeWitt. This painting is one of the many abstract line paintings of Sol LeWitt. As an iconic artist, he is renowned for establishing the Minimalism and Conceptual Art Subway (1956) by Alla Kaprow Module 3 Part 1 Art History and Development Arts History and Development: Prehistoric; Egyptian; Classicism and Greco-Roman Tradition; Roman; Medieval; and Renaissance, The geographical conditions and the limitation of resources contribute on the civilization and advancement of the ancient’s culture. The limitation of resources compels the ancient people to migrate from one place to other places to search for food for their survival. Ancient people are nomads, no permanent abode who travel from place to place to find abundant vegetation and for successful hunting. The ancient people find their habitation on the river banks: the Mesopotamians on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates river; the Egyptians on the bank of Nile river; the Chinese on the bank of Yangtze river; and the Indians on the banks of Indus and Ganges river. Civilization in ancient times is historically rooted on the banks of rivers. This river civilization gives birth to the Ancient Arts. Ancient Arts are associated with religious functions (sculpture of Horus, Ra, and Osiris) and evident on the building of palaces and temples. The ancient Egyptian arts originate from the building of tombs (pyramids and mastaba) and preserving the remain of dead Prehistoric Arts - Western ancient art is attached to the belief and way of life of the primitive people. The early primitive people paint animals on the wall of cave to have a successful hunting. Their sculptures are associated with magical belief and usually small animal statues are their first subject. - Sculptures like the fertility statues are some of the sculptures during the ancient Western period and these sculptures are made because of the belief that these statues bring many offspring (survival of human species). - The gravestones are the first architectural design and they learned architecture when they discover burying their death. These gravestones like the Menhirs, Dolmens, and the Cromlech are considered as the first architectural design. Seated Female (5600-5000 BC). This Mesopotamian ancient art was believed to exist in the Halaf culture Bhimbetka rock painting (3300- 1700 BC). This India animal cave painting was located at Bhimbetka rock shelter.The Bhimbetka rock shelters compose an archaeological site and World Heritage Site located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Venus of Willendorf (28,000-25,000 BC). This fertility statue was discovered in 1908 by Johann Veran, a workman from the excavation of archaeologist Josef Szombathy. This statuette was found in lower Austria and it is presently exhibited in Naturhisorisches Museum in Vienna, Terracota Army Soldiers (246-206 BC). These terracotta armies were constructed to guard the tomb of the emperor, Qin Shihuang China’s first Emperor. At present, these terracotta sculptures can be seen at the Terracotta Army Museum in Xi’an China and this sculpture were discovered by a farmer in 1974 Ancient Egyptian Deities Horus - oldest and most significant deities in ancient Egyptian religion (son of Isis) Ra – god of energy/ sun god Osiris – god of underworld/ afterlife Ancient Greek Arts - Archaic Period. Arts were influenced by the earlier civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt like the use of geometric art in pottery. This period stresses the nude sculpture such as the kouros (nude male figure of athlete) and the kore (fully clad female figure). - Classical Period. This period is considered as the remarkable civilization of ancient Greek, the “Golden age of Athens” (time of the great philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who exhibit intellectual order or philosophical). In this period, arts achieve  the aesthetic ideals (emphasize forms and follow the principles of design) and sculpture evolve from the frontal and rigid of kouros (plural, kouroi). - Hellenistic Period. This is the end of the golden age of Athens, the time of Alexander the Great (338 BC) who conquered the Greek cities. Sculptures in this period are influenced by the Oriental and the political instability which brings new set of aesthetic ideals particularly in paintings and sculptures Statue of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias (c.430 BC). Phidias, an Athenian sculptor is regarded as one of the greatest of all sculptors of the classical Greece. He is renowned for the Elgin marbles and his colossal (gigantic) statue of Zeus which is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Thomas Bruce (1766-1841), a diplomat and art connoisseur brought the Elgin marbles from the Parthenon in Athens including Phidias’ Elgin marbles in England and in between 1803 and 1812, Doryphoros and Diadumenos by Polykleitos or Polyclitus (5th Century BC). Polyclitus is a Greek bronze sculptor in the fifth and early fourth century B.C. He was known for his statues of idealized male athletes and he was regarded as the most important sculptor of Classical antiquity. The two Roman copies such as the Doryphoros (spear-bearer) and the Diadumenos (youth fastening a band round his head) are his renowned surviving sculptures. Discobolus (c.450 BC) by Myron. Myron (fl.c. 480-440 BC) is one of the prevalent sculptors in the Golden Age of Athens and his fame is rested principally on his representation of athletes. However, none of his works are known to survive, but there are two certain copies, the Discobolus and the Minotaur. Roman Arts - The Roman Visual Arts such as sculptures and architectures imitated the Greek forms and techniques. Similarly, the auditory arts of the Roman were patterned on Greek literature. However, in visual arts the Romans developed new artistic subjects like Still Life, Landscape, and Architectural motifs - Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man -made - Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical elements of landforms such as mountains, hills, water bodies, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions. Arch of Titus (c. 81 AD) - The Arch of Titus is a 1st -century honorific arch located on the Via Sacra, Rome. It was constructed in c.81 AD by the Roman Emperor Domitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus) shortly after the death of his older brother Titus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus). The Baths of Caracalla from Italian: - Terme di Caracalla in Rome, Italy were Roman public baths, or thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216, during the reign of the Emperor Septimus Severus who named the baths for his son Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus Medieval Arts - Medieval Arts were classified into Early Christian Arts; Byzantine Arts; Romanesque Arts; and Gothic Arts. - Early Christian Arts were produced by Christians or under Christian patronage. Arts were influenced by the early Christian symbols like cross, fish, lamb, Alpha, Omega, wreath, grapes, doves, and peacocks. Arts introduced a new sense of values which emphasized spiritual and the life after death. - Byzantine Arts referred to the terms commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about 5th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Byzantine Arts were merged with Classical and Asian artistic tradition which underscored the clarity of line and sharpness of outline. Byzantine arts were known for using icons like Crucifixion, and Mary (Mother of God), Our Lady of Perpetual Help. - Romanesque Arts referred to the arts of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century. Romanesque architectural styles prevailed in Europe around 900-1200 and it spread its fullest development in central and northern France. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, (359 C.E). This marble coffin is one of early Christian sculpture which depicts scenes from the Bible like Adam and Eve, the sacrifice of Abraham, Jesus entering Jerusalem, Judgement of Pilate, and others Christ Pantocrator, (11th century). This mosaic of Christ was found in the Interior monastery church at Daphne, Greece. This Byzantine art reflects Christ as the ruler of the universe and it can be considered as the origin of Gothic stained glass. Renaissance Arts - Renaissance Arts underscored the dominance of man (homocentric), “Man as the measure of all things”. Arts centered on person’s thoughts, feelings and imaginations. Its artistic standards derived from the ideals of classicism. The subjects of art in this period remained religious by nature and the ideal man, “jack-of-all-trade” was the center of attraction. - The prevalent artists in this period were the like of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Filippo Brunelleschi, Giotto di Bondone, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donato di Niccolo (Donatello), Alessandro di Vanni (Sandro Botticelli), Leon Battista Alberti, Fra Filippo Lippi, and Albrecht Durer. Madonna of the Carnation (c.1469) by Leonardo da Vinci. This painting is one of the notable works of Leonardo da Vinci after leaving Verrocchio studio in Florence, Italy. Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15,1452 in Vinci Italy. He was born out of wedlock to Piero da Vinci and Caterina Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (c.1503-06) by Leonardo da Vinci. This painting is one of the intriguing works of da Vinci. The lady in the portrait is Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo and this painting became intriguing because of her mysterious smile and the absence of her eyebrows. Some historians believe that Mona Lisa is a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. Statue of David (c.1501- 04) by Michelangelo Buonarotti. This full standing sculpture is one of the renowned works during the Renaissance period. Michelangelo created this sculpture out of a marble block from the quarries of Carrara and he took three years in completing this threedimensional sculpture. La Pieta (c.1497-1500) by Michelangelo Buonarotti. He curved this full standing statue when he was 24 years old. His La Pieta (from Italian pietas) means dutifulness, depicts the pietas and love of Mary to her son, Jesus who laid on her lap after the crucifixion. Michelangelo di Lodovivo Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) known as Michelangelo, was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo Tuscany. He was an apprentice of Italian painter, Domenico Ghirlandaio and he studied sculpture to Bertoldi di Giovanni David (c.1430-60) by Donatello. Donato di Betto Bardi was born around 1386 in Italy, known as Donatello who is considered as one of the pioneers of scientific perspective and he was renowned for his lifelike sculptures, including the bronze statue of David. The Birth of Venus (c.1484-86) by Sandro Botticelli. The Birth of Venus and Primavera (c.1478) are two notable mythological works of Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi knowns as Sandro Botticelli. Renowned Renaissance Artists Filippo Brunelleschi - Born in1377 – April 15, 1446 One of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance Most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy Giotto di Bondone - Born in 1266 – January 8, 1337 better known simply as Giotto An Italian painter and architect from Florence the late Middle Ages Module 4 Philippine Arts and the Asian Arts Indigenous Philippine Arts Pre-Colonial Arts Pottery - In the pre colonial philippines was primary used for functional purposes like storage and burial - The Manunggul Jar is a prime example of this. It served as a burial jar, depicting two figures rowing a boat, symbolizing the belief in an afterlife - Purpose: Pottery was used for burial and storage, often decorated with intricate designs, indicating spiritual and symbolic meanings - The Bulul is a carved wooden figure from the narra tree, representing the ancestral spirit and granary god of the Ifugao people in the northern Philippines. It is believed to protect the rice crop from rats, thieves, and spoilage - According to Ifugao mythology, as recounted by Ocampo (2016), the deity Humidhid created the first bulul from a narra tree that cried out to be carved. After an encounter between Bugan, Humidhid’s daughter, and a bulul, they married and had children. The Sarimanok - is the legendary bird that has become an ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art. It is depicted as a fowl with colorful wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons. The head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs. It is said to be a symbol of good fortune  - The figure represents a fowl wings, feathered tail, and a head decorated with ornaments of scrolled and painted motif of leaves, spirals, and feather like forms. It usually stands on a fish and another one hangs from its beak. This wooden figure, usually perched atop a bamboo pole, stands among decorative flags during weddings and other festive occasion. The Torogan is the traditional house of Maranao royalty, serving as the residence of the sultan, his family, and servants, and as a venue for community gatherings. There are three traditional Maranao shelters: The Torogan (reserved for nobility) The Mala-a-walay (the big house) The Lawig (the small house). - The Torogan is elevated using large tree trunks and features a central post surrounded by 25 supports, with stones acting as shock absorbers for stability. The second floor, known as the poro, is the main living space, while the ground floor (dorung) is multi-purpose. The house is adorned with okir carvings, including the panolong—distinct end-beams with serpent designs—and has a roof made of cogon grass supported by beams. - The Tingguians’ bamboo crafts and the art dyeing are some of the prides of Abra. The Tingguians, also called Isneg are the indigenous highland people of Abra who are known for their bamboo crafts and natural dye makers. The various bamboo crafts of Abra lead to position itself to be the Bamboo Capital of the Philippines. Claiming as the Bamboo Capital of the Philippines, Abra celebrates its annual Abrenian Kawayan Festival on the 6th to 9th day of March Christian Arts in the Philippines - The early Christian arts or religious arts in the Philippines are found on the old churches built by the Spaniards from the 17th to 19th centuries. These religious images are carved wooden saints (santos) made by the unknown artists. - The retablo (altar piece, left picture) is one of the religious arts found on the different churches in the Philippines which reflect the intricacies and detailed designs during the baroque period. - Among the identified Baroque Churches in the Philippines are the following: Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Miag-ao, Iloilo; San Agustin Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte; San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila; Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur; Nuetra Senora de Gracia Church in Guadalupe Viejo, Makati; Our Lady of Remedies Parish Church in Malate, Manila; Parish Church of San Ildefonso in Tanay, Rizal; and Parish Church of Santiago apostol in Betis, Pampanga Islamic art - in the Philippines is distinguished by the use of floral, plant, and geometric designs, which are seen in calligraphy, architecture, clothing, and fine arts. Introduced by traders and missionaries in the 13th century, Islamic art merged with local ethnic culture, creating Filipino Muslim art. Each Muslim ethnic group has its own unique style, visible in homes, clothing, and places of worship. Islamic architecture - in the Philippines is most evident in mosques. Early mosques were built with light materials like wood and bamboo, but modern mosques now resemble Middle Eastern designs. One uniquely Filipino Islamic art form is Okkir, a decorative style featuring geometric and floral motifs, often incorporating dragon or serpent imagery, influenced by Hindi and Chinese art This style is also present in Torogan Well-known Filipino Artists Juan Luna (1857-1899) – known Filipino visual artist who succeeds in art competitions in Madrid, Spain. His first winning art was the La Muerte de Cleopatra (awarded silver medal) at Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes. His Spolarium (picture on the left side) was awarded three gold medals and garnered him critical praise in 1884. In 1885, he painted El Pacto de Sangre in Paris, France. In 1887, he returned to Madrid, Spain and his painting, La Batalla de Lepanto and Rendición de Granada won high acclaim. “The Parisian Life” is one of his many art works of Luna which gained negative criticism when the GSIS bought this painting worth 46 million pesos. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (1855- 1913) – known Filipino visual artist, contemporary of Juan Luna who has been awarded second place for his painting, Las Vírgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Popolacho (picture on the right side) during the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes. Félix Resurrección Hidalgo won several prestigious international awards for his artworks. His notable pieces include "Oedipus y Antigone" and "El Violinista" (which earned him a gold medal). Other significant works are "La Barca de Aqueronte" (The Boat of Charon) and "Laguna Estigia" (The Styx), which also received gold medals. "La Barca de Aqueronte" has a special place in art history, having been exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Paris, where it won a silver medal, and later receiving gold medals at the Exposición General de Bellas Artes in Barcelona and the International Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) - was a renowned Filipino visual artist. His career began after the tragic death of his father, Pedro Amorsolo, which forced him to support his family by selling sketches at age eleven while working with his uncle, Fabian dela Rosa In 1914, with the help of his mother, Bonifacia Cuento, Amorsolo earned his fine arts degree from the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts. At age 25, Amorsolo designed the famous Ginebra San Miguel logo, “Marca Demonio,” which caught the attention of Don Enrique Zobel. This led to Amorsolo being sent to Madrid, where he was accepted as a professor, not a student, after his work impressed the Academia de San Fernando During his time in Madrid, he studied the works of great artists such as Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Francisco Goya, and others. Amorsolo faced challenges during the Japanese occupation in 1941, including the execution of his younger brother, Pablo. The war deeply influenced his art, shifting his focus to themes of human suffering. His major works include "Maiden in a Stream" (1921), "El Ciego" (1928), "Dalagang Bukid" (1936), "The Mestiza" (1943), "Planting Rice" (1946), and "Sunday Morning Going to Town" (1958). Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) – known Filipino visual artist, contemporary of Amorsolo who accidentally became known artist when his work “Filipinos Ilustres” (picture on the left side) was transferred to lithographic stone by Jorge Pineda who printed 1,500 copies and sold at 80 cents per copy which then spread in every Filipino homes (Mojares, 2010). As cited by Mojares, 2010, Tolentino’s first artwork, “Filipinos Ilustres” (Grupo de Filipinas Ilustres) became the best-known gallery of Filipino heroes which depicted the thirteen men arranged in some order of precedence: Jose Burgos, Antonio Luna, Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Apolinario Mabini (seated left to the right); and Clemente Jose Zulueta, Jose Ma. Basa, Pedro Paterno, Juan Luna, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Miguel Malvar, and Antonio Ma. Regidor (standing behind). In 1973, he was conferred the title of National Artist and among his known sculptures were the following: the iconic UP Oblation; Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan City; Pres. Manuel L. Quezon at Quezon Memorial Circle; and the life-size bust of Dr. Jose P. Rizal in UP and University of the East campuses (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2020) Glimpse on the Asian Arts: Chinese; Japanese; Indian; and more Traditional Japanese Art (Bijutsu) and Craft (Kogei) - entails cultural expression connected with the past that conveys specific ideas of “Japaneseness”, such as tea ceremony, flower arrangement, martial arts, woodblock prints and ceramics (Morais, 2019). - In 1885, the term, bijutsu kogei (artistic crafts) was used to stress the position of handicrafts as an art form and to distinguish it from manufacturing industry, likewise, to establish its cultural role as a uniquely Japanese form of art (Morais, 2019). - Geijutsu (art) was originally used to refer to the six skills (rikugei) such as moral behavior; music; archery, equestrian art; calligraphy; and mathematics (Doshin Sato, 2011 cited by Morais, 2019).  - The Japanese arts are reflected from the following: Chado (way of tea); Ikebana-kado (traditional flower arrangement); Shodo (Japanese Calligraphy); Bonsai (potted miniature tree); Origami (art of folding a piece of paper); Ukiyo-e (type of woodblock print and paintings of the floating world); Uchiwa (traditional paper fans); Haiku (traditional poetry); Kireji (mounting scroll); Kutani (Japanese porcelain); Chabana (flower arrangement in tea ceremony); Koto (traditional stringed instrument); Kabuki (classical dance-drama); and sumie (ink and wash painting) Traditional Chinese Arts and Crafts - are seen from Bronze Vessels, Folk Toys, Embroidery, Calligraphy, Music, Opera, Painting, Cloisonne, Jade, Kites, Lacquer Ware, Paper-Cuttings, Porcelain, Pottery, Seals, and Silk which are the vivid reflection of their culture likewise the embodiment of both the local people. The following are excerpted from Travel China Guide retrieved from - Bronze Vessels (5,000 years ago) led the ancestors of modern China from the Stone Age into a new era, the Bronze Age. The bronzes produced being delicately decorated with a diverse range of designs and motifs and were widely used in many aspects of life, such as musical instruments, ceremonial offerings and weapons of war being of great significance in the history of China. - China Calligraphy - a highly stylized form of writing - has been developed by many eminent calligraphers of many different dynasties. Referred to as the 'four treasures of study' (writing brush, ink stick, xuan paper, and ink slab) are regarded as the indispensable tools when writing. - Chinese Cloisonne is an enamel artwork with the primary color being blue. It is renowned for its use of high-quality material, complex manufacturing process and its use of bright and vivid colors. - Chinese Jade has a history of four thousand years. Jade symbolizes merit, grace and dignity and occupies a special position in people's consciousness. It is used both to decorate rooms, and as jewelry by people hoping for a blessing. - Chinese Embroidery originated in the Shang Dynasty (16th - 11th century BC), and now has four major traditional styles: Su, Shu, Xiang, and Yue. It is also an accomplished skill for the ethnic minority groups such as the Bai, Bouyei and Miao. - Chinese Kites being delicately made of paper and bamboo have numerous shapes such as swallow, centipede, butterfly etc. Regarded as an artistic marvel, the kite makers' skill in both painting and in the design of the kites' flexible flying movement are well renowned. - Chinese Lanterns are to some extent the symbol of the country's extensive festival culture. With long history and interesting traditions, lanterns now have abundant variations, decorating many festive occasions. - Chinese Painting is divided into three genres - figures, landscapes, and birds-and-flowers and each type has its distinctive characteristics. In addition, difficult skills are required to the painters. - Chinese Porcelain derived from the Shang Dynasty (16th - 11th century BC). It is characterized with fine texture, bright colors, and distinctive shapes and styles.  Jingdezhen, located in Jiangxi Province is the Porcelain Capital of the world and attracts countless people from near and far to appreciate, and buy the choicest Jingdezhen Porcelain around. - Chinese Pottery has a history of over 8,000 years and known as the oldest artwork of human beings. The accomplishments in pottery works can be seen from Terra Cotta Warriors, in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, and the Tricolor Glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) and so on.