Ancient-Civilization-Sumerian2.pdf

SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology: Sumerian Civilization Consolidated by: Mrs. Lorna C. Aban Center for Natural Sciences...

SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology: Sumerian Civilization Consolidated by: Mrs. Lorna C. Aban Center for Natural Sciences School of Health and Natural Sciences  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Objectives Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Sumerians and Mesopotamia The heartland of Sumer lay between the Euphrates and Tigris Reference: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer rivers, in what the Greeks later https://www.khanacademy.org/humanitie s/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near- called Mesopotamia. east1/sumerian/a/the-sumerians-and- Mesopotamia The ancient Sumerians, the Image from http://armchairprehistory.com/2011/08/1 "black-headed ones," lived in the 0/the-black-haired-sumerian-elite/ Map from southern part of what is now https://slideplayer.com/slide/11744303/ Iraq.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Sumerian Civilization The Sumerians were characteristically inventive, and are likely to have been responsible for the development of the first writing. Well before 3000 B.C.E. Sumerians were recording their language using simple pictures. They wrote on tablets of clay, later evolving the Cuneiform tablet still in its clay case: legal case script that to us is known as from Niqmepuh, King of Iamhad (Aleppo), 1720 cuneiform, or "wedge-shaped." B.C.E., 3.94 x 2" (British Museum) References: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/sumerian/a/the-sumerians- and-Mesopotamia  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Sumerian civilization Book-keeping and very detailed records on clay tablets of offerings, rations, taxes and agricultural work were features of Sumerian life They were energetic farmers, traders and sailors. Their religion recognized many gods, rituals as well as parties were References: enlivened by skillful harpists and https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities singers, and Sumerian musical /ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near- east1/sumerian/a/the-sumerians-and- instruments have even been Mesopotamia excavated by modern archaeologists.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Uruk City Uruk was the first major city in Sumer built in the 5th century BC, is considered one of the largest Sumerian settlements and most important religious centers in Mesopotamia. It was continuously Reference: https://staff.cdms.westernsydney.edu.au/~anton/Research/Uruk_Pro ject/History.html#:~:text=Uruk%20was%20the%20first%20major,to% inhabited from about 20the%205th%20century%20AD. image from https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places- 5000 BC up to the 5th asia/uruk-sumerian-003653 century AD.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines The great ziggurat of Ur Ziggurat or mountain of god Constructed using the sunbaked bricks Sacred place, only their priests were allowed to enter The temple showcases the – the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture – remarkable technology used to build it Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved Image from https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/great-ziggurat-ur-001767  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Irrigation and Dikes Built to bring water to farmlands To control flooding of rivers Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works Year-long farming and increased food production Reference: Ancientmesopotamia5.wordpress.com Irrigation Systems, Ancient - dam, building, river, important, salt...water encyclopedia  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Sailboats Main mode of transportation was through waterways Used to carry large quantities of products (for trading) To cover large distances (foster culture, Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved information, and https://historyplex.com/important-inventions-of- sumerian-civilization technology  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Wheel and plow For farm works and food processes (for mass production) To dig the earth in a faster pace, so as to plant the seeds Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved Images from https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia- history/top-11-inventions-and-discoveries-of-mesopotamia/ https://mesopotamiaapworld.wordpress.com/achievements/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines roads To travel faster and easier Made of sunbaked bricks laid on the ground, used bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved https://www.history.com/news/sumerians- inventions-mesopotamia#section_7  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Cylinder seal is a small Other inventions round cylinder with figurative scenes or written characters or both etched on them. Invented around 3500 BC in southern Mesopotamia, they were used as an Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, administrative tool, a form Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved https://stillunfold.com/history/10-inventions-of- of signature, jewelry and as sumerian-civilizations-we-re-using-even-today https://www.historyonthenet.com/mesopotamian- magical amulets. cylinder-seals  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Copper fabrication Sumerians were known to be the first users of copper – the earliest non-precious metals. The archeological evidence states that they harnessed the skill of extracting and working with copper around 5000-6000 years ago. Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Sumerians used copper in making heads of Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and arrows, razors, harpoons and many other small Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All objects. Rights Reserved https://interestingengine ering.com/11- they also began making vessels, chisels, and fascinating-sumerian- inventions-that-changed- jugs from copper, which reveal excellent the-world craftsmanship of the Sumerians.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Time The world was definitely aware of the day and night system but, yet again, Sumerians were the first ones to divide the passage of time. They introduced passage of weeks, https://interestingengineering.com/ 11-fascinating-sumerian-inventions- months and years to the world. that-changed-the-world https://www.ancient- The Sumerians did the astronomical origins.net/history/sumerians- looked-heavens-they-invented- calculation in the base 60 system. system-time-and-we-still-use-it- today-007341 Their work was appreciated and https://www.ancienthistorylists.co accepted throughout Eurasia. m/mesopotamia-history/top-10- sumerian-inventions-followed- many-civilizations/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Lunar calendar It is believed that the Sumerians were possibly the first to develop the lunar calendar. entirely based on the recurrence of lunar phases which means, the phases of the moons were used to count the 12 months. The Sumerians observed two seasons – https://interestingengineering.c summer and winter and the sacred om/11-fascinating-sumerian- inventions-that-changed-the- marriage rites were performed on New world https://www.crystalinks.com/su Year. They used the phases of the moon mercalendars.html to count 12 lunar months as a year.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Another significant invention by numeral system Sumerians Known as Sexagesimal, The reason behind this invention was out of an urgent need of keeping the records for their traded harvests. Gradually, they started using a small clay cones to denote the number one. https://interestingengineering.com/11- Similarly, a ball denoted the fascinating-sumerian-inventions-that- changed-the-world number ten and a large clay https://historyplex.com/important- inventions-of-sumerian-civilization cone denoted sixty.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Record of Sumerian achievement in science and technology as presented by Kramer (1948) and Brinkman (1990) are amazing and far-reaching, particularly in mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture, transportation, and medicine. Sumerian doctors made use of assorted botanical, zoological, and mineralogical ingredients as materia medica in their prescriptions. The Sumerian civilization was gradually absorbed by the Semitic people who migrated to Mesopotamia from Arabia during the 2300 BCE and founded the great empires of Babylonia, Assyria, and Persia. [materia medica: the body of remedial substances used in the practice of medicine.]  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines What do you think is the most vital contribution of the Sumerian civilization? Explain briefly.